Especially after the Qing Dynasty experienced the Long Hair Rebellion, a group of foreign ministers emerged. They learned to build advanced industrial equipment in Thailand and the West, and sent children to study in Thailand and the West, such as Rong Ma-te, Zhan Tianyou, Yan Fu, etc. At the same time, they bought advanced foreign guns and cannons. At the same time to buy advanced foreign guns and foreign artillery, efforts to build national defense. Such as Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, Zhang Zhidong, Shen Baozhen and so on. Finally created a modern naval division "Beiyang Marine Division"
And Japan experienced the Black Ship incident, has awakened. The Emperor Meiji was very enlightened at the time and worked hard to revitalize the country. He hired German instructors for the army and British instructors for the navy. The army hired German instructors, the navy hired British instructors, and the economy was dependent on Britain, and they were trying to build up their industries internally and develop their markets externally.
During the same period of the Qing Dynasty, the ruler Cixi was only greedy for enjoyment, and the Beiyang navy was established from 1888 to 1894 without a ship in service. The annual naval expenses were diverted to prune the Summer Palace, which was eventually torched under the Eight-Power Allied Forces.
Of course, the Qing Dynasty's heritage is not comparable to that of Japan. Japan's national efforts to develop industry, and the army and navy. At that time, the Qing Dynasty easily established the Beiyang navy, when the two ships were in service, Japan was to defeat the two ships as the goal.
The corruption of the rulers, which ultimately led to the demise of the Qing Dynasty, when a sentence "would rather be with a friend, not a slave" died how many Chinese children's blood. Japan, the opening of the waves, the cloth of the country's prestige in the sea, is a true reflection of the rulers of the time.
Japan, after all, is a small country, the country's territory is small, limited resources, relying on British funding. And at that time, the construction of the following industries:
First, in 1884, the Jinling Manufacturing Bureau for the first time made a movable wheeled 37mm 2-pound breechblower. The gun for the frame retreat type, has a perfect bolt, easy and rapid loading; gun materials from bronze or cast iron to ordinary steel or manganese steel, improve the strength of the barrel; shells are also changed from spherical to long, and attached to the cartridge belt. These technical improvements increased the speed of fire and accuracy of the gun, which was much better than the front-loading guns produced in the past. After the success of the trial production, the gun was put into mass production. In the Sino-French War, the Jinling Manufacturing Bureau produced this breechloader played a great role.
Two, in 1863, suzhou foreign artillery bureau produced a short bombardment gun (front-loading gun), commonly known as Tianji gun, known as the foreigners day gun. It is characterized by a short body, light weight, large angle of fire, the air resistance of the projectile is small, and thus a longer range. Due to the curved trajectory, it was very effective in striking targets behind cover and covered fortifications. The gun was the only more advanced weapon in China at that time.
Three, in 1884, the Jinling Manufacturing Bureau began to manufacture the American Gatling roundhouse machine gun (commonly known as the ten-gun repeating gun), which was invented by the Americans in 1861. The gun has a caliber of 11 mm and a barrel with 12 rifling lines; it is equipped with 6 to 10 barrels, which can be loaded and fired in sequence by rotating on a fixed central axis. It can fire 350 rounds per minute continuously and has a range of up to 2,000 meters. In the Sino-French War, the Bureau produced this gun and breechloader also played a great role.
The Jinling Arsenal also made the Type 24 Maxim heavy machine gun.
Four, 1896 (Qing Guangxu 22), Hubei Gun Factory imitated the German 88 type Mauser rifle and improve, named "Hanyang type" rifle, commonly known as "Hanyang made".
September 6, 1890, Zhang Zhidong in the Dabie Mountain to find the factory site, 600 feet long, 100 feet wide, the south pillow mountain, north of Han, west of the river, and the provincial capital of the opposite bank. But need to build foundation 9 feet, and increase the height of the embankment to prevent flooding. That is, set up in the local ironworks, gun factory and gun factory, in August 1895 began to produce a small amount of winter reconstruction is completed, began to produce, imitating the German production of 1888 type Mauser rifle, because it is imitation of the German M1888 type, so it is designated as the 88 type, and its full name is 7.92 cm 88 type Mauser rifles. A round cartridge was used. Bullets were also produced, capable of producing 130,000 rounds per month.
Production began in 1896. 1300 rifles were produced in the first year.
In 1901, 2,500 rifles and 316 horse guns were produced. Carrying gun 53 rods. Xu Jianyin succeeded in producing cotton smokeless gunpowder.
On September 26, 1904, Zhang Zhidong requested that the Hubei Gun Factory be renamed the Hubei Arsenal. At that time, it could produce 50 rifles per day. Bullets 12,000.
In 1904, Hubei Gun Factory also improved the 88-type, improved 88-type rifle and the German M1888-type differences are: the German M1888-type barrel outside a sleeve, commonly known as the old sleeve,
In 1907, the Ministry of War issued a circular order to the provinces to purchase Hubei Arsenal firearms. In addition to special needs, should not be purchased from foreign countries, all from the Hanyang factory, and pay on schedule. In that year, 9,000 rifles were produced.
Fifth, September 20, 1865, Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang in Shanghai to establish the Jiangnan General Administration of machine building. This is the largest modern military enterprise opened by the foreign affairs faction of the Qing government. Also known as the Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau, Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau, Shanghai Machine Bureau, Shanghai Manufacturing Bureau. 1865 Li Hongzhang to 40,000 taels of silver in Hongkou to buy the U.S. flag Iron Works, and will be part of the Suzhou Bureau of foreign artillery machine and Zeng Guofan sent Yung Ma-teung from the U.S. to buy back the machine, the above Ocean Artillery Bureau and into the Iron Works, the establishment of the General Administration of the Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau. Made more than 540,000 taels of funding, and later repeatedly expanded, by the Qing government assigned Shanghai Customs tax 20% as perennial funding. Employing more than 2,000 workers. 1867 moved to Gaochangmiao town, expanding equipment, built machine shop, gun building, steam furnace (boiler) factory, foundry, shipyard, etc.. Covering an area of more than 70 acres. To the 80's and successively built shell factory, mine factory, steel mill, maroon gunpowder factory, smokeless gunpowder factory, etc.. The bureau mainly produces guns and bullets, supplemented by repairing ships and ships, and attached to the translation hall, mechanical school, training technicians, translating books related to military and engineering, but also a small number of books on history and politics and law.
This by Zeng Guofan and Li Hongzhang single-handedly built up the modern military factory is located in Shanghai Gaochang Temple, is the end of the Qing Dynasty China's important arms production base. Guns and cannons used in Thailand and Western countries, a variety of ingenious, ever-changing. Check out the German Klub factory made a new type of all-steel breech cannon, and the British Amsterdam factory made by the same, more than the usual gun position every put one out, can be put up to four or five out, nimble exception, to place the battery, the military wheel, Xun said that the sharpshooter. Functional Road Ki Cheung before in foreign countries, had seen, and here and the Chinese and foreign craftsmen discussed again and again, proposed by the Bureau to try to imitate. This kind of breechloading new cannon, which the key pieces, are close together, a lot of twists and turns, if the empty copying drawings, model test manufacture, I am afraid that the difference is not even close to a thousand miles, to be purchased by the foreign a fast cannon to the bureau as a sample, in order to dismantle one by one, modeled on the production of the match, so as to have a grasp of the ...... ".
From this report can be understood, the Jiangnan Production Bureau request for imitation is a kind of "normal gun position each put one out, can be put up to four or five out" of the rapid-fire artillery, ready to use the imitation method is to purchase a foreign rapid-fire artillery, and then disassembled piece by piece, all the parts to copy, and then finally combine these parts to assemble into a cannon. The last step was to combine these parts and assemble them into a cannon. In the case of not fully grasp the specific production technology of rapid-fire artillery, this is a feasible method of imitation.
The governor of the two rivers was quite interested in this report, and approved the request of the Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau at the same time, emphasized the quality of the artillery, and asked: "to be prudent in preparation, and seriously seek to make sure that the foreign rapid-fire artillery with the same firm to be effective". At that time, the western production of rapid-fire artillery is mainly Britain and Germany, after some comparison, Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau finally introduced a British Armstrong's "all-steel breech cannon", "disassembled piece by piece, according to the same system to match", and thus began the history of China's manufacturing of rapid-fire artillery.
From the submission of imitation report counting, after nearly 3 years, China's production of rapid-fire artillery finally to show in front of the world. 1893 June day, the Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau tested the new artillery, the General Manager Liu Qixiang invited a large number of Chinese and foreigners to come to watch. At that time for the test *** there are two guns, respectively, 800 pounds of sub-breech cannon and 40 pounds of sub-steel cannon, which 40 pounds of sub-steel cannon is a copy of the 120mm caliber rapid-fire guns. The result of the trial was so successful that "the Chinese and Western observers marveled". Xue Fucheng, who had been minister of the four countries of Britain, France, Italy and Belgium, recorded in his diary the performance parameters of this rapid-fire artillery: "the cannon weighed two tons of strange, 16 feet 2 inches long, caliber of 4 inches and 7 minutes, 12 pounds of black gunpowder to eat, eat only five and a half pounds of smokeless gunpowder. A second when you can put twelve feet, bullet exit every second feasible two thousand and eighty feet, the bullet can hit eighteen miles away", and that "the fast cannon most conducive to the military ship. From these data can be seen, the performance of this gun at the time is relatively advanced.
From 1892 (Guangxu 18 years) trial production began, as of the Sino-Japanese War in 2 years, Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau **** production of 12 120mm rapid-fire guns.
Performance Parameters of 120mm Ship's Table Rapid Fire Guns Recorded in the Records of Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau
Caliber 120mm
Hull length 16.4 feet
Hull weight 2 tons, 728 pounds
Frame weight 2 ? tons
Rebounding lines 22
Rebounding line length 14.4 feet
Bullet weight 40 pounds
Charge smokeless gunpowder 4 pounds and a half; 12 pounds of stone powder
Range of 7200 meters
July 2, 1894 (Guangxu 20, May 29), the Beiyang Minister Li Hongzhang's paper message to the Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau Chief Liu Qixiang hands: "Bureau of the system of 40-pound cannon, in addition to should be allocated to the four, has been instructed to prepare the Bureau of the shipment of Wei Wei, should be the ammunition, copper shells, and the shells, and the shells, the shells, the shells, the shells, the shells, the shells, the shells, the shells, and the shells. In addition to the Bureau of forty-pound cannon should be allocated four, has ordered the Bureau to prepare the ship to transport Wei, should be the medicine and ammunition, copper shells discretionary Qi waiting for allocation. Navy still need to add fast guns, the Bureau heard that there are still six, also pray for all the ammunition and allocated to go round", asked the Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau will be made of 120mm rapid-fire guns together with ammunition shipped to Weihai. So in the Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau's file there is a record: the 20th year of Guangxu allocated to the Haiphong Ordnance Bureau "Amsterdam Lang 40-pound all-steel rapid-fire guns four; flower, solid bullets, each of 1,600; steel bullets, 400; rapid-fire bullets, copper shells, 500; the door of the gun electrical self-fire 1,000; door of the door of the gun copper pipe striking fire, 2,600; gunpowder bags, one hundred and sixty; smokeless gunpowder 800 pounds. pounds of smokeless gunpowder". As for Li Hongzhang telegram asked in the other six rapid-fire artillery is somehow, all by the Minister of Nanyang transfer away. In this way, the successive north of Jiangnan-made 120mm rapid-fire artillery cumulative total of five.
Ding Ruchang had several applications for "Jingyuan", "Laiyuan" ship to add tail guns and unsuccessful, Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau of 120mm rapid-fire guns arrived in Weihai, Li Hongzhang telegram Ding Ruchang, asked to quickly install these rapid-fire guns to the "Jing, Lai" ship. "by, to" warships as a tail gun. But perhaps because of time constraints, too late for the warships to carry out major renovations ("Jingyuan", "Laiyuan" in Germany to build Li Hongzhang raised the issue of the tail gun, the Voltaire factory's reply was that, because the bottom plate has been cast, can not add the tail gun) until the end of the Sino-Japanese War. (Until the end of the Sino-Japanese War, did not see "by, to" two ships have a tail gun. But surprisingly, in not the direct line of the Beiyang "Guang" size warships appeared on the 120mm rapid-fire guns.
Turning over the Japanese "Meiji 278 years of Japanese and Qing war history", in the schedule can be seen, "Guang B", "Guang C" two ships carrying weapons under the column, clearly documented is 120mm rapid-fire guns. Not coincidentally, the Beiyang fleet in the foreign member of the Ma Jifen in the "Yalu River outside the naval war" article also mentioned, in the Yellow Sea battle in the Chinese warships, "Guang C" ship equipped with three large-caliber rapid-fire guns, and the Yellow Sea battle after the inspection of the Beiyang Navy on orders of Xu Jian Yin (Hanyang steelworks of military engineering scientists, the modern famous scientists, Xu Jianyin (Hanyang Iron and Steel Works of military engineering scientist, modern famous scientists, translators, served as the Hanyang Iron and Steel Works, Hanyang Steel Works, Hanyang Steel Works, Houxidao. 31 March 1901 in Hanyang, experimenting with smokeless gunpowder explosion, Xu and other 13 people killed in the line of duty) in the inspection report is also clearly documented in the "Guangbian" ship equipped with three "twelve sheng special rapid-fire gun" (i.e., 120mm rapid-fire guns) "(i.e. 120mm rapid-fire guns). It can be seen, during the Sino-Japanese War in the Beiyang Fleet, "Guang B", "Guang C" two warships equipped with 120mm rapid-fire guns.
"Guang" size warships belong to the Guangdong navy, is the only a few main ship of the Guangdong navy. 1894 May, according to the "naval parade statute", the three "Guang" ships together to the north to accept the parade. After the end of the naval parade, when Sino-Japanese relations are tense, the ships do not want to return to Guangdong, so they all stay in the North China Sea to help the war, and later participated in the Sino-Japanese War.
"Guang" word in the ship "Guang B", "Guang C" belongs to the steel coercion steel-hulled torpedo ship, built by the Fujian Shipbuilding Administration, respectively, on November 30, 1890 and They were built on November 30, 1890 and December 18, 1891 respectively. The two ships belonged to the same type of ship, various performance parameters are close, the gun layout is slightly different. However, according to the data when they were first built, "Guang B" was equipped with one 150mm gun and two 120mm guns, while "Guang C" was equipped with three 120mm guns, all of which were the old type of breech-loading guns. Replacing the five 120mm guns with newer rapid-fire guns could only be done after the second ship was completed.
Guangdong Province in the order to build "Guangyi", "Guangcheng" ship already appeared in the ship purchase of insufficient funds, and later the "Guangding" ship even more because of the inability to pay the price of the ship, but the helpless was incorporated into the Fujian Province. The "Guang Ding" ship was even unable to pay the price of the ship, and had no choice but to be merged into the Fujian Shipbuilding Marine Division, became the "Fu Jing" ship. In the case of even "Guang Ding" ship only 200,000 taels of the cost of construction are unable to pay, the Guangdong naval division can spend a huge amount of money to purchase their own 120mm rapid-fire guns is inconceivable.
From the various historical data, in the case of the inability to buy rapid-fire guns from abroad at that time, the only thing that can be associated with the two "Guang" ships is the Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau shipped to Weihai rapid-fire guns, and the number of the "Guang" ship original 120mm guns match. The number of 120mm guns matched the original 120mm guns of the "Guang" ships, both of which were 5 guns. But these originally will be used as "Jingyuan", "Laiyuan" tail gun of the rapid-fire artillery was replaced to the two non-direct lineage of the "Guang" size warships up? And the time and process of the replacement? The record has not yet been found, to be further explored.
Now it is absolutely certain that there are a number of Chinese-made rapid-fire artillery accompanied by the Beiyang fleet to participate in the Sino-Japanese War, although due to the number of too few, did not play an important role in the naval battle. But the view that there was not a single rapid-fire gun in the Beiyang fleet should be revised.
The rapid-fire gun is a high-tech product of the Western powers at the end of the 19th century. China's military engineers and technicians, who were still in a semi-feudal society at the time, introduced it, copied it and actually used it in wars against foreign enemies, an effort that China's early military engineers and technicians still respect today.
Sixth, Mawei shipyard from 1866 founded, to 1907 stopped manufacturing 40 years, built 40 large and small ships, the total tonnage of forty-seven thousand three hundred and fifty tons. She made significant contributions to shipbuilding, naval construction, cultivation of scientific and technological talents, as well as laying the foundations of many industrial fields and pioneering in modern China, writing a glorious chapter in China's modern history.
Zuo Zongtang once proposed to 'use machines to make ship steam engines', and many machines in the turbine factory were bought from Europe in those years. The steam engine triggered the industrial revolution in the West, and the first marine steam engine made by the Chinese themselves was built in this shipyard in 1871.
The Mawei School of Maritime Administration is not only the cradle of China's navy, but many of the students who graduated from the school were also active in various fields of modern Chinese science and technology, culture, diplomacy and economy, such as the "Enlightenment thinker" Yan Fu, "the father of China's railroads" Zhan Tianyou, and the "brilliant minds of the world". Yan Fu, "Enlightenment thinker" Zhan Tianyou, "the father of China's railroads", Wei Han, a shipbuilding expert with the reputation of "Kuangshi Liangcai", Ba Yuzao, who designed China's first airplane, and Chen Jitong, a famous diplomat, are their outstanding representatives.
Ma Wei Shipyard opened soon reached a considerable scale, the ship platform, dock, lifting equipment and other equipment are very perfect, then the factory is equipped with 60 tons of cranes, can build three thousand tons of ships, and cover more than fifty workshops. It can be said that the Mawei shipyard at that time in China and the entire Far East are second to none.
Mawei shipyard was built in December 23, 1866, is China's late Qing dynasty foreign affairs movement produced the first machine shipbuilding factory, then prime minister of shipbuilding Shen Baozhen, the force of resistance, reform of the old system, boldly introduced the European advanced shipbuilding technology, equipment and engineers and technicians, hired the French Ri Yigui for the ship is supervised, appointed foreigners to teach the shipbuilding, machine-building skills. 1869, the first 1,000-ton ship was built in China, the first 1,000-ton ship was built in China. In 1869, made our country's first thousand-ton ship, in 1871, the birth of our country's first steam engine; 1882, made our country's largest tonnage of iron ribbed wooden hulled warships; 1889 made our country's first offshore defense ironclad ship "Pingyuan" ship.
"Pingyuan" ship, is Fuzhou (FooChow) shipbuilding 29th ship, is the Fuzhou shipbuilding bureau in reference to the French designer BaiLaoYi (Louis-?mileBertin) design "Ko attack German" ("CaoXiDe"). Cocyte", "Styx", "Phlegetang", "Phlegette", "Phlegetang", "Phlegetang", "Phlegetang", "Phlegetang", "Phlegetang", "Phlegetang", "Phlegetang" and "Phlegetang". "(Phlegeton) and other three offshore defense warships based on the design and manufacture of China's first all-steel armor warships, representing the highest level of China's shipbuilding industry at the time. The ship by Wei Han, Chen Zhao Ao, Zheng Qinglian, Wu Dezhang, Li Shoutian, Yang Lianchen supervised the construction, December 7, 1886, launched on January 29, 1888, completed on May 15, 1889, named "Long Wei", on October 4 of the same year, sailed to Shanghai, and the Peking fleet to meet. The Beiyang Navy General Chalang Weili (Lll on the ship after inspection was very satisfied, on May 28, 1890 transferred to the Beiyang Navy, renamed "Pingyuan".
"Pingyuan" ship information: 59.99 meters long, 12.19 meters wide, 4.19 meters bow draft, 4.4 meters transom draft, the main Converse area of 76.88 square meters, the normal displacement of 2,150 tons, full load displacement of 2,640 tons, the power of the Fujian shipbuilding government to build their own 3 expanding reciprocating horizontal steam engine, 4 round high type horizontal steam engine. Steam engine, 4 round high type coal-fired boilers, double shaft propulsion, power 2400 horsepower, speed 10.5 knots, coal bunker capacity of 350 tons, armored deck thickness of 2 inches, waterline belt armor thickness of 9.4 inches, gun mounts and command tower armor thickness of 5 inches, gun shield thickness of 1.5 inches, the establishment of 202 people.
Main armament: 1 Krupp 260mm front main gun (35x caliber), 2 Krupp 150mm secondary guns, 2 57mm Haji Kaiser guns, 2 47mm single-barrel Haji Kaiser rapid-fire guns, 4 37mm 5-barrel Haji Kaiser machine guns, and 4 18-inch torpedo tubes. (yellow sea dandonggou sea battle equipment situation)
Attachment: "pingyuan" ship combat experience
1894, due to the Korean Incident, China and Japan broke out between the Sino-Japanese War. 16 September, the north yanghai navy main force to escort reinforcement of pyongyang war army to the mouth of the yalu river dandonggou landing, after arriving at the. "Pingyuan" and the same fleet ship "Guangbian" as the second echelon, was configured in the mouth of the Dadonggou outside, take on the task of guard, this offshore defense ironclad since its birth, the first time to really perform the task of offshore defense, and the rest of the Beiyang Navy's 10 major ships are As a line of main force, 12 nautical miles outside the mouth of the anchor. September 17 at noon, outside the mouth of the Beiyang Navy's main fleet and the Japanese combined fleet encountered a fierce battle, the distance from the battlefield is farther away from the "Pingyuan", "Guangbian" and torpedo boat "Fulong", "left one" in the distance after seeing the smoke filled, immediately together with the battlefield, support the main force of the Beiyang fleet in combat.
After 2:00 p.m., "Pingyuan", "Guangping" two ships cooperate with each other, to the flagship of the Japanese fleet, the French cruiser "Matsushima" launched an attack. "Hiro-Bi" was ready to fire torpedoes at "Matsushima", but was forced to retreat due to the ferocity of enemy fire. Pingyuan", which had stronger protection ability, was under the command of Captain Li and rushed towards "Matsushima" in the rain of bullets. 2:34 p.m., the distance between the two sides gradually approached to 2,200 meters, and "Matsushima" was attacked by the rapid fire from the side of the ship. The rapid-fire guns on the side of the "Songdo" frantically poured out a rain of bullets to the "Pingyuan", and "under the bombardment of countless rounds of shells, holes appeared on the side of the side of the ship, and smoke and flames appeared from the ship", and almost at the same time, the "Pingyuan" was attacked by the "Songdo" and the "Pingyuan". "Almost at the same time, a steel shell fired from the 260mm main gun on the bow of Pingyuan hit Matsushima, slanting through the medical room on the lower deck in the middle of the port side of Matsushima, penetrating a 1-inch thick steel wall and passing through the center torpedo wall. The shell slid through the medical room on the port side of Matsushima's center lower deck, penetrated a 1-inch thick steel wall, passed through the center torpedo room, and struck the mechanism under Matsushima's 320mm main turret, causing an explosion that shattered the 320 gun's gun cover and prevented the gun from rotating. As the shell passed through the center torpedo room, it "shook all the rooms of the ship so violently that the smoke filled the room, making it difficult to recognize people at close range and suffocating them," and as a result, four Japanese torpedo men suffocated and died.
3:10 p.m., "Pingyuan" ship equipped with a 47-mm HARKEYS five-barrel small rapid-fire guns and successive hits "Matsushima" in the central torpedo room and the mast, "shrapnel in all directions, indoor surrounding walls The walls around the room were splattered with bone and flesh fragments, and the deck was streaming with water mixed with blood and flesh, making it difficult to walk ...... ", and a number of Japanese torpedo men were seriously injured, and the torpedo firing circuits were interrupted. According to post-war statistics, in the entire Yellow Sea naval battle, the Japanese flagship "Matsushima" **** hit by 13 rounds, was killed 35 people, in this performance, the Beiyang Fleet "replacement" of the "Pingyuan "
These are the most important of all, and the most important of all is the fact that they are the most important.
Just a few minutes later, at 3:20 p.m., 3:30 p.m., "Matsushima" sister ship "Itsukushima" was hit by "Pingyuan" again in succession, killed 4 people.
Before the war was not included in the first lineup of the "Pingyuan" ship, despite entering the battlefield at a later time, a shorter time to participate in the war, but has achieved remarkable results. On the one hand, reflects the "Pingyuan" ship's own weaponry and protection of the advanced, and at the same time to the management of the Li and as the head of the ship's courageous spirit, but also an important determinant of its ability to achieve such results.
From the establishment of the factory to 1907, Mawei Shipbuilding experienced from the foreigners to learn to build wooden hulled steamships to the 1875 dismissal of foreign technicians, their own design and construction of ships, to achieve independent construction of wooden hulls - iron and wood - steel ship qualitative transformation, *** manufactured more than 40 small and large ships, became the largest, the most shipbuilding shipbuilding. It became the largest shipyard in China at that time with the largest number of ships, and also the largest shipbuilding base in the Far East at that time. After the Xinhai Revolution, Mawei Shipyard was changed to Fuzhou Shipyard, and created the Aircraft Manufacturing Agency. Graduated from the Department of Aeronautical Engineering of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the United States of America, Ba Yuzao, Wang Xue, Zeng Yi Jing and other young Chinese scientists, after more than a year's hard work, in August 1919, the manufacture of China's first "A-type one" biplane seaplane (in 1910, France's Fei Bo successfully solved the problem of landing and taking off of a seaplane, made the world's first seaplane. the first seaplane in the world). Since then, the company has built 17 other airplanes, including two-seat trainers, coastal patrol planes, and torpedo bombers, and trained our own pilots. This made Fuzhou Shipyard not only the birthplace of ships, but also the cradle of China's aviation industry.
Seven, Shanghai Jiangnan Shipyard in 1918 to 1919 to accept orders from the United States, manufacturing four of the same type of 10,000 tons of cargo ships, are fully covered deck, steam engine type cargo ships. Named "Government" (MANDARIN), "Dynasty" (CELESTIAL), "Oriental" (ORIENTAL), "AURORA" (CATHEY). Captain 135 meters, 16.7 meters wide, 11.6 meters deep, displacement 14,750 tons. One of the first "Government House" was launched on June 3, 1920, the four ships by the U.S. Department of Transportation acceptance, engineering solid, well configured, the U.S. Government is very satisfied with the quality of its construction. Said "after the liberation of" China can only build tons of ships, the fact is that this is the case?
There are many more, too numerous to mention.
Here are some of China's firsts
China's first rolling mill: 1887, Zhang Wanxiang Fuji Iron Works, Shanghai.
China's first folio flatbed printing press: 1900, Cao Xingchang Machine Factory, Shanghai.
China's first reeling machine: 1900, Shanghai Yongchang Machine Factory.
China's First Oil Rolling Combined Equipment: 1905, Hanyang Zhou Hengshun Machine Factory.
China's first large warship: 1906, Ningshao, displacement 3074 tons, 3000 horsepower, Fuzhou Ship Bureau.
China's first pumping machine: 1907, 15 hp, Hanyang Zhou Hengshun Machine Factory.
China's first winch: 1907, 60 hp, Hanyang Zhou Hengshun Machine Factory
China's first steam hammer: 1868, Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau.
China's first planer: 1868, Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau.
China's first gear milling machine: 1870, Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau.
China's first high-powered warship: 1872, Hai'an, with a displacement of 2,800 tons and 1,800 horsepower, Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau.
China's first simple steam locomotive: 1881, converted from steam boiler, Kaiping Mining Bureau Engineering Works.
China's first standard steam locomotive: 1882, China Rocket, Kaiping Mining Bureau Engineering Works.
China's first steam engine: 1862, Anqing Ordnance Works.
China's first ship: 1865, Yellow Bird, Anqing Ordnance Works.
China's first lathe: 1867, Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau.
China's first modern warship: 1868, Tenji, displacement 600 tons, Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau.