Oil field ------ the combination of a group of reservoirs within the same area under the control of a single tectonic structure.
Gas field ------ the sum of several or a dozen vapor reservoirs under the control of a single structure.
Oil ------ A brown color with a mixture of hydrocarbons of different structures as the main constituent. A dark green or black liquid.
Natural gas ---- A combustible mixture of various vapors composed mainly of hydrocarbons.
Oil-bearing layer ---- A layer of rock that once produced oil in ancient times.
Oil and gas transportation - the process by which oil and gas move arbitrarily within the earth's crust in the presence of pressure and concentration differences.
Vertical transport - i.e., up and down movement of oil and gas in a direction that is nearly perpendicular to the stratigraphic level.
Metrological transport - that is, the direction of oil and gas transport is nearly parallel to the stratigraphic level of lateral movement.
Reservoir ----- Formation that allows oil and gas to flow, collect and be stored in its pores and fractures.
Oil-bearing layer ----- A reservoir containing oil and gas.
Capture ---- Any site that prevents the flow of oil and gas through a reservoir and gathers it together.
Cap ---- An impermeable rock layer immediately above and below a reservoir that prevents the spread of oil and gas.
Separation ---- impermeable rock layer sandwiched between two neighboring reservoirs that prevents them from communicating.
Obscuration ---- a condition or object that prevents the transportation of hydrocarbons.
Oil-bearing area---- area enclosed by an oil-bearing inner boundary.
Oil-water boundary---- boundary where oil and water come into contact.
Oil storage area ----- The flat area within the oil-bearing boundary in an oil storage structure.
Industrial oil and gas reservoirs ----- oil and gas reservoirs that have extraction value under current branching conditions.
Tectonic oil and gas reservoir ----- by with tectonic movement make rock layer deformation and displacement and formed by the circle closure.
Stratigraphic oil and gas reservoirs ----- by the stratigraphic factors caused by the sheltering conditions of the trap.
Rocky oil and gas reservoirs ----- circle closure caused by the change of lithology of the reservoir.
Reservoir structure ----- Any geologic structure capable of gathering oil, gas.
Geological formations----- formations in the earth's crust where deformation and dislocation have occurred as a result of crustal movement.
Sedimentary phase ---- refers to the sum of sedimentary features formed in a certain depositional environment.
Sedimentary environment ----- refers to the natural geographic conditions, climatic conditions, biological development, physical and chemical properties of the sedimentary medium, and geochemistry of the rocks in the process of deposition and diagenesis.
Sedimentary environment refers to the natural geographic conditions, climatic conditions, biological development, and chemical properties of the sedimentary medium.
Simple medium ----- only exists a pore structure of the medium is called simple medium. Such as pore media, fracture media.
Multiple media ---- at the same time there are two or more pore structure of the medium is called multiple media.
Homogeneous reservoirs ----- have the same properties throughout the reservoir.
Non-homogeneous reservoirs ----- have different properties of the reservoir, including dual-media reservoirs; fractured western individual reservoirs; multilayer reservoirs
Elastic convergence ----- oil wells open the pressure drops, the liquid in the formation will be elastic expansion account, the volume increases, and the crude oil pushed to the bottom of the well.
Water pressure tends to ---- rely on reservoir side water. Bottom water or injection water pressure effect to push the crude oil to the bottom of the well.
Geological reserves ---- the total amount of crude oil stored in a reservoir that has the capacity to produce oil and gas under the original conditions of the formation.
Recoverable reserves ---- The amount of oil that can be recovered from a reservoir under current process and economic conditions.
Remaining Recoverable Reserves ---- The difference between the recoverable reserves and the cumulative recovery after the field is put into development.
Recovery rate ----- The percentage of oil recovered from a field in relation to the geologic reserves.
Final Recovery Rate ---- Percentage of cumulative oil recovered from field development unbundling versus geologic reserves.
Level of recovery - the ratio of cumulative oil recovered from a field at a given time to the geologic reserves.
Rate of oil recovery ---- The ratio of annual oil recovery to geologic reserves.
Crude oil density ---- refers to the mass of crude oil per cubic meter under standard conditions (20 degrees,0.1MPa).
Relative Density of Crude Oil ---- refers to the ratio of the density of crude oil to the density of pure water at 4 degrees under standard conditions (20 degrees,0.1MPa) on the ground.
Crude oil freezing point ---- is the highest temperature at which flow is lost under certain conditions.
Crude oil viscosity ---- crude oil flow, the molecules produce each other sassafras resistance.
Crude oil volume coefficient ---- ratio of crude oil per unit volume under stratigraphic conditions to the de-vaporized volume under standard ground conditions.
Crude oil compression factor ---- rate of change in volume per unit volume of formation crude oil at a pressure change of 0. 1 MPa.
Dissolution coefficient ---- at a certain temperature pressure per contention plus 0. 1 MPa when the unit volume of crude oil in the dissolution of the amount of natural combustion vapor.
Porosity ---- the ratio of the volume of pores in a rock to the total volume of the rock.
Absolute porosity---- ratio of the volume of all pores in a rock to the total volume of the rock.
Effective porosity----- ratio of the volume of interconnected pores in a rock to the total volume of the rock.
Oil saturation ----- The ratio of the volume of pore space occupied by crude oil in a formation to the total pore volume of the rock.
Water saturation ----- In oil formations, the ratio of the volume of pore space occupied by water to the volume of rock pore space.
Stabilized seepage ----- In seepage, if the elements of motion are independent of (e.g., pressure and flow rate) time, it is called stable.
Unstable seepage ----- In seepage, if the elements of motion are time dependent, it is called unsteady.
Isopressure line---- line joining the points in the formation where the pressures are equal is called isopressure line.
Flow lines ----- lines that are orthogonal to isobars are called flow lines.
Flow field diagram ---- A graph consisting of a set of isobars and a set of flow lines is a flow field diagram.
Single-phase flow----- flow of only one fluid is called single-phase flow.
Multiphase flow------ simultaneous flow of two or more fluids is called two-phase or multiphase flow.
Permeability---- ability of a rock to allow the passage of a fluid under a certain differential pressure is called permeability, and the magnitude of permeability is expressed in terms of permeability.
Absolute permeability---- permeability of an oil formation measured by air vapor.
Effective permeability---- permeability of a phase of a fluid measured when two or more fluids pass through the rock.
Relative permeability---- ratio of effective permeability to absolute permeability.
Oil-in-water ---- The form of fine oil droplets present in an aqueous medium.
Water-in-oil ---- the form of fine oil droplets existing in an aqueous medium.
OIL SUPPLY RADIUS ----- The radius of a circle after converting the oil supply area of an oil well to a circular area.
Stratigraphic coefficient---- product of the effective thickness of a formation and its effective permeability.
Flow Coefficient---- ratio of the formation coefficient to the viscosity of the crude oil in the subsurface, indicating the ease with which a fluid can flow through a formation.
Pressure conductivity ----- parameter that indicates how well a formation transmits pressure.
Continuing flow ----- after the ground shutdown of an oil well, the well still has oil flow from the formation to continue to flow into the borehole, this phenomenon is called continuing flow.
Wellbore storage effect----- phenomenon that occurs when an oil well is just shut in.
Conversion radius ---- The effect of various factors (imperfections or super-perfections) on the pressure of an actual well into an equivalent effect on the pressure
due to a certain diameter of the well, which is called the conversion radius.
The degree of perfection ----- refers to the ratio of the working differential pressure of an ideally perfected well to the working differential pressure of an actual well.
Perfection index ----- the ratio of the actual well working differential pressure to the slope of the pressure recovery take limit line segment.
Surface effect ----- the ratio of the additional pressure caused by each non-perfecting factor of the actual well to the permeability resistance of the formation. It is a phenomenon that produces a pressure drop as crude oil flows from the formation into the well
bore.
Inter-well interference ----- the phenomenon of dynamic influences generated between wells.
Oil recovery index ---- The amount of oil added to a well for each 0.1 MPa increase in production differential pressure.
The raster diagram ------- indicates the lithology of the oil formation in all directions, the change of lithology, interlayer; interwell connectivity.
The main oil layer ----- oil layer thickness is large, high permeability, the good oil layer.
Succession layer ----- oil layer that plays the role of succession in stabilizing the production of the oil field.
See water stratum ----- injected water along the connecting layer to the oil well, so that the oil well a layer of water.
Incoming water direction ----- oil extraction wells subject to the effect of water injection in a certain direction injection wells to make the dynamic change is called the incoming water direction.
Sweeping area coefficient ----- refers to a group of extraction wells, has been flooded by the water of the oil layer area and the ratio of the area controlled.
Injection and recovery balance ---- the volume of water injected into the formation is equal to the underground volume of oil recovered.
Injection and extraction ratio----- ratio of the underground volume of the injectant (water,gas) of an oil field to the underground volume of the extracted fluid volume (oil,gas,water).
Absorption index---- daily volume of water injected into an injection well per unit of injection differential pressure.
Injection intensity---- daily water injection volume of an injection well per unit effective thickness of the oil formation.
Pressure balance ----- The pressure recharged to the formation by an injection well is equal to the pressure at which the oil is extracted. The pressure at which the water is chipped is equal.
Subsurface deficit ---- The volume of water injected into the subsurface that is less than the volume of fluid recovered.
Water content---- water-bearing well, the percentage of daily water production to the daily volume of fluid produced.
Well Categories---- wells are categorized according to the purpose of drilling and the requirements of development.
Exploratory wells ---- after geophysical exploration to confirm the promising geological formations in order to explore the underground situation, looking for oil. Wells are drilled in order to find oil and gas fields.
Information wells----- coring wells drilled for the purpose of compiling information necessary for the preparation of an oil field development program.
Production well ---- A well used to extract oil.
Injection well---- well used to inject water into an oil formation.
Observation wells---- wells used specifically to observe the underground dynamics of an oil field.
Inspection wells---- wells drilled to check the effectiveness of oil formation development.
Renewal wells -----New wells are required to be drilled in order to improve the injection and recovery system, and these newly drilled wells are called renewal wells.
Adjustment wells ---- on the basis of the original network of wells, in order to improve the development effect of the oil field, and supplement the drilling of a number of other scattered wells or batches of rows of encrypted wells.
Positive injection wells---wells that inject water into the formation from the tubing are called positive injection wells.
Reverse injection wells---Wells that inject water into the formation from the casing are called reverse injection wells.
Well network---- arrangement and distribution of oil, gas and water wells on an oil field.
Accuracy ---- reflects the degree to which the size of errors in test instruments; meters and measuring instruments.
Error---- difference between the measured value and the true value.
Oil patch distance ---- distance from the hanging plane of the oil pipe to the center of the drill plate patch.
Casing fill distance ---- Distance from the plane of the casing's last knuckle hoop to the center of the drilling disk's fill.
Static water column pressure ----- The water column pressure from the wellhead to the middle of the formation.
Original formation pressure----- pressure in the middle of the formation measured in an exploratory well before the field has been put into development.
Current formation pressure ----- pressure in the middle of the formation measured at some time after the field was put into development.
Oil pressure ---- The residual pressure at which crude oil flows from the bottom of a well to the wellhead.
Sleeve pressure ---- The compressed vapor pressure in the annular space of the oil jacket.
Stream pressure---- pressure in the middle of the formation measured during normal production of the well.
Static pressure---- pressure in the middle of the formation measured after the well is put into production, using short-term shut-in, when the bottomhole pressure is restored to stability.
Saturation pressure---- pressure at which the natural combustion vapors dissolved in crude oil have just begun to separate.
Baseline pressure ---- In the process of oilfield development, in order to correctly compare the high and low forces between wells, the pressure is discounted to the same altitude depth
for comparison, the same altitude depth pressure is called the baseline pressure.
Pressure coefficient ---- refers to the ratio of the original formation pressure to the hydrostatic column pressure.
Total differential pressure ----- the difference between the current formation pressure and the original formation pressure.
Oil recovery differential pressure ------ the difference between the current formation pressure and the flow pressure.
Stream saturation differential pressure ---- is the difference between the stream pressure and the saturation pressure.
Ground saturation differential pressure ---- means the difference between the current formation pressure and saturation pressure.
Injection differential pressure ----- refers to the difference between the flow pressure and the static pressure at the bottom of an injection well.
Fluid pressure gradient---- pressure generated per meter of fluid column during normal well production.
Static pressure gradient----- pressure per meter of fluid column generated when the bottomhole pressure is restored to stability after the well is shut in.
Machine ring oil recovery ----- A method of extracting oil to the surface using various machine rings.
Pumping machine ---- is a surface machine ring that works in place of a downhole pump.
The pumping rod ---- is a slender rod of the pumping machine well, which is connected to the total rod, and the pumping pump plays the role of transmitting power.
The light rod ---- is a steel round rod, which is connected to the pumping machine and the pumping rod to transmit power.
The rope suspender ---- is the connecting device between the donkey head and the light pole.
Pumping pump ----- is driven by the pumping engine to lift the crude oil in the well to the surface of the downhole device.
Casing ---- is a steel pipe cemented to the wall of a well and serves to seal off the oil vapor layer. Reinforcement of the oil layer. The role of the well wall.
Tubing ---- seamless steel pipe lowered into the center of the casing.
Static liquid level ---- The liquid level in the annulus that stabilizes after the pumping unit shuts down the well and rises slowly to a certain position.
Dynamic liquid level ---- pumping machine normal production, the wellhead to the liquid level of the distance.
Pump efficiency---- ratio of the pumping pump's actual displacement to its theoretical displacement.
Submergence ----- The difference between the pump depth and the moving fluid level.
Stroke ---- The distance between the high and low points where the donkey head reciprocates and drives the light rod into motion.
Stroke ---- the number of times per minute the pumping piston reciprocates in the working cylinder.
Fill factor ---- the ratio of the volume of oil entering the pump to the volume let out by the piston when the pumping piston completes a stroke.
Airlock ----- deep when the deep well pump into the gas, so that the pump pumping can not pump oil phenomenon.
Objectivity diagram ----Objectivity meter in the pumping machine a pumping cycle measured closed curve.
Fracturing----- method of using hydraulic forces to create fractures in an oil formation.
Combined fracturing ---- refers to the simultaneous fracturing of each of the smaller layers of a producing formation group in a daily well.
Single-layer selective fracturing ----- is the selection of a small layer or section of a layer group for fracturing.
Formation fracture pressure ----- is the pressure at which a formation is fractured or the pressure at which the formation just begins to absorb water.
Contaminated Wells - A formation with a contamination factor greater than zero is a contaminated well.
Perfected wells---Formations with a contamination coefficient equal to zero are perfected wells.
Super-perfected wells --- Oil formations with a contamination coefficient less than zero are super-perfected wells.
Souring wells --- Oil formations with a contamination factor of less than -3 are souring wells.
Suction Starting Pressure ---- The pressure at which a formation just begins to absorb water is called the suction starting pressure.
Driving method ---- The method of power source that drives the flow of crude oil to the bottom of the well is called driving method.
Injection intensity ----- The amount of water injected per unit of effective thickness per day is called injection intensity.
Water content ----- The ratio of daily water production to daily fluid production is called water content.
String groove - the stringing of each layer section along the casing of the well with the cement ring or between the cement ring and the well wall.
Completion depth ---- the distance from the bottom of the completed well to the top surface of the square fill core.
Cement return height ---- The height of cement rise between the casing and the well wall.
Artificial Well Bottom ---- The top surface of the section of cement left in the lowermost part of the casing by the cementing completion.
Cement plug ---- the column of cement from the bottom of the completion to the bottom of the artificial well.
Fluidity----- ratio of the number of gaps in the formation to the viscosity of the crude oil in the subsurface is called fluidity.
Machine Commandment Oil Recovery ---- The method of extracting oil to the surface using various machine commandments is called machine commandment oil recovery.
Surface factor----- severity of the nature of the surface effect is called surface factor.
The depth of the middle of the oil formation ---- 1/2 of the section (top to bottom) from the wellhead of an oil or water well to the injection well.
Oil supply radius - in the case of multi-well production, oil and water wells in the subsurface to control a certain range of oil-containing area oil-containing area of the half meridian is called oil supply half meridian.
Petroleum knowledge---knowledge of oil and gas exploration
Doctrines of petroleum genesis
There are mainly inorganic genesis and organic genesis doctrines. Most scholars believe that oil is mainly organic genesis.
Oil-bearing rocks
According to the theory of organic genesis, a large number of microscopic biological remains and mud and sand or carbonate sediments buried in the ground, after a long period of physicochemical action, the formation of organic-rich rocks, in which the biological remains are transformed into oil. This rock is called oil-bearing rock.
Reservoir
The reservoir
Reservoirs are rock formations that are capable of storing and percolating hydrocarbons, which must have storage space (porosity) and a certain degree of connectivity (permeability) in the storage space. Reservoir can prevent the oil and gas to continue to move forward, and in which the storage of a place to gather up, known as the trap or storage of oil and gas trap.
Oil and gas reservoirs
A considerable amount of oil and gas is stored in a trap, it is called an oil and gas reservoir.
Oil and gas field
In the geological sense, an oil and gas field is a general term for oil and gas reservoirs within a certain (continuous) oil-producing area. This oil-producing area is a geologic unit controlled by a single or multiple geologic factors.
Oil and gas gathering belt
Oil and gas gathering belt is the sum of a series of oil and gas reservoirs or oil and gas fields with similar conditions of oil and gas gathering and neighboring locations. It has a clear geological boundary. The zone has an annual production capacity of 4.3 million tons of crude oil and 380 million cubic meters of natural gas.
Oil and gas basin
Sedimentation area in a certain period of geologic history, accepting sediments from the same period, with a unified boundary, in which the geological unit that can be formed and stored oil and gas is called an oil and gas basin.
Oil-bearing threshold
Oil-bearing rock in geological history, with the depth of burial in the ground increases, the pressure and temperature increases, the organic matter gradually transformed into oil or gas. When the burial of oil bearing rock reaches the depth (and also the temperature corresponding to the depth) where a large amount of oil is generated, it is called entering the threshold of oil production.
Geological reserves of oil and gas and its classification
Geological reserves of oil and gas is the amount of oil and gas in the underground reservoirs or oil fields, oil is measured by weight (tons) as a unit of measurement, gas is measured by volume (cubic meters) as a unit of measurement. Geological reserves are divided into predicted reserves, controlled reserves and proved reserves according to the degree of control and accuracy from low to high. Located in the Nanyang Basin in southwestern Henan, the mine area spans the cities of Nanyang, Zhumadian and Pingdingshan, and is distributed in eight counties, including Xinye and Tanghe. It has found 14 oil fields with proven geological reserves of 170 million tons and an oil-bearing area of 117.9 square kilometers. In 1995, the annual output of crude oil was 1.92 million tons.
Oil (gas)
Oil (gas)
By the value of final recoverable reserves can be divided into four types: large oil (gas)
Fields: oil final recoverable reserves of more than 700 million tons (5 billion barrels) of oil fields. Natural gas can be converted to 1137 m 3 gas = 1 ton of crude oil. Large oil (gas) field: an oil (gas) field with ultimate recoverable oil reserves of 0.7 to 700 million tons (5 to 5 billion barrels). Medium-sized oil (gas) fields: oil (gas) fields with ultimate recoverable oil reserves of 7.1 to 71 million tons (0.5 to 500 million barrels). Small oil (gas) fields: oil (gas) fields with ultimate recoverable oil reserves of less than 7.1 million tons (50 million barrels).
Dividing oil and gas reservoirs according to the type of closure
There are three major categories: tectonic reservoirs, stratigraphic reservoirs, and lithologic reservoirs. The latter two categories are more difficult to find, exploration is difficult, known as hidden enclosure oil and gas reservoirs.
Rock classification
Rocks are divided into three categories: sedimentary rocks, igneous rocks and metamorphic rocks. Most oil and gas are stored in sedimentary rocks, and oil and gas can also be stored in igneous and metamorphic rocks. Common sedimentary rocks include sandstone, conglomerate, mudstone, shale, limestone and dolomite.
Stratigraphy and its units
Rocks (especially sedimentary rocks) are often arranged in layers, from old to new, and are collectively called strata. Stratigraphic units are large and small, due to their cause and age and work can be arranged together into different stratigraphic units and systems.
Division of stratigraphic era
Stratigraphic formation of the age of old and new, usually the age of stratigraphy from the old to the new is divided into the Taikooi period, the Yuanxu period, the Paleozoic period, the Mesozoic period, the Cenozoic period, and so on, and the "generation" corresponding to stratigraphic unit is called the "boundary". The stratigraphic unit corresponding to the "generation" is called the "boundary", such as the Paleozoic boundary, ...... Cenozoic boundary, etc. Generation" can be subdivided into "epochs", such as the Mesozoic Era is divided into the Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, and the Cenozoic Era is divided into the Tertiary and Quaternary Era, etc., and the stratigraphic unit corresponding to the "epochs" is called "system". The stratigraphic units corresponding to the "phases" are called "systems", such as the Jurassic and Tertiary systems. The "Era" and "System" can also be further divided in detail, such as oil and gas exploration and development work commonly used in the "××× group" and "××× layer ", is a smaller stratigraphic unit.
Three-dimensional seismic exploration
Since the seismic survey line only provides two-dimensional information, to understand a certain area of the subsurface needs to be compared to the seismic profile of the line, to find out the relevant information to infer the subsurface between the line, in order to form an overall concept, which may produce considerable human error. Three-dimensional seismic is a method that employs subsurface seismic information over a certain area, which can provide a three-dimensional (three-dimensional) understanding of the subsurface geologic structure. This method can provide section, plane, three-dimensional underground geologic map of the tectonic image, greatly improving the accuracy of seismic exploration, the underground geological structure of the complex and changeable region is particularly effective.
Highly condensable oil
Crude oil with freezing point above 40℃ and high wax content is usually called highly condensable oil. The Shenyang oil field in Liaoning province is the largest high condensate field in China, and its crude oil has a maximum freezing point of 67℃.
Thick oil
Thick oil is asphaltene and colloidal content of higher viscosity crude oil. Usually the ground density is greater than 0.943, the viscosity of the ground is greater than 50 centipoise of crude oil called thick oil. Because of the density of thick oil, also called heavy oil. China's first annual production of millions of tons of thick oil oil field is Liaoning Province, Gao Sheng oil field.
Natural gas
Combustible gas extracted from the ground is called natural gas. It is a mixture of low-molecular saturated hydrocarbon gases of the paraffin family and small amounts of non-hydrocarbon gases. Natural gas is generally divided into three categories according to the cause: with petroleum *** born called oil-type gas (petroleum associated gas); with coal *** born called coal gas (coal-type gas); organic matter by the bacterial decomposition and fermentation is called biogas. The main component of natural gas is methane.
Dry gas and wet gas
The associated natural gas of an oil field, after dehydration, purification and light hydrocarbon recovery process, to extract liquefied gas and light oil, the main component is methane of the processed natural gas is called dry gas. Generally speaking, natural gas with methane content above 90% is called dry gas. Methane content of less than 90%, and ethane, propane and other alkanes in the content of 10% or more is called wet gas.
Difference between natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas
Natural gas is a flammable gas contained in the earth's strata, mainly a mixture of low molecular alkanes, which can be divided into two kinds of natural gas: dry gas and wet gas. Dry gas is mainly methane, wet natural gas in addition to a large number of methane, but also contains more ethane, propane and butane. Liquefied petroleum gas refers to the gas produced in the refinery production, especially catalytic cracking, thermal cracking, coking, compressed, separated and obtained by a mixture of hydrocarbons, the main components are propane, propylene, butane, butene and so on.
Sedimentary phase
Rock assemblage formed under a certain depositional environment. In the depositional environment plays a decisive role is the difference in natural geographic conditions, generally divided into land phase, sea phase and sea-land transition phase.
Numerical simulation technology of oil and gas basin
Numerical simulation technology of oil and gas basin mainly starts from the mechanism of petroleum geological genesis in the basin, combines the generation, transportation and aggregation of oil and gas as a whole, and fully researches all kinds of geological parameters, establishes a digital dynamic model, and forms a one-dimensional~three-dimensional computer software, which can comprehensively describe the formation of oil and gas resources in a basin and its geological evolution process.
Petroleum exploration
The so-called petroleum exploration is in order to find and identify the oil and gas resources, and the use of a variety of exploration means to understand the geological conditions of the subsurface, to recognize the conditions of oil production, oil storage, oil and gas transportation, aggregation, preservation, etc., and a comprehensive evaluation of the prospects of oil and gas, to determine the favorable areas of oil and gas aggregation, to find the storage of oil and gas closure, and the area of oil and gas fields, and to understand the situation of oil and gas layers and the output The process of the oil and gas field area, the oil and gas layer situation and the output capacity.
Seismic exploration
Seismic exploration is one of the most important methods of geophysical exploration. Its principle is to create a strong vibration (generally not deep in the underground explosion) caused by the elastic wave propagation in the rock, when encountered with the interface of the rock layer, it will produce reflected or refracted waves, when it returns to the ground with a highly sensitive instrumentation recorded, according to the wave propagation routes and time, to determine the reflected or refracted waves occurring in the interface of the rock layer of the depth of the buried interface and the shape of the understanding of the underground geological structure, in order to find the oil and gas trap.
Multiple times, the waves are recorded by highly sensitive instruments, which are used to search for oil and gas traps.
Multiple Coverage
Multiple coverage refers to the method of collecting seismic wave signals by using a certain observation system to obtain repeated observations of each reflection point in the subsurface. It can eliminate some of the local interference, and is conducive to finding more accurate signals.
Seismic profile
Seismic exploration method is to lay out a line of measurement on the ground, along the line of seismic construction to collect seismic information, and then through the computer processing of a seismic profile map. The geologically interpreted seismic profile is like a cut from the ground downwards, showing the underground geological structure in two dimensions (length and depth direction).
Seismic exploration data processing
The recording of seismic information collected on the tape of a large number of data input to a special electronic computer, according to different requirements with a series of different functions of the program processing operations, the data for the categorization of the arrangement, highlighting the effective, remove the invalid and erroneous, and finally after a variety of processing of the data in the form of waveforms, lines drawn on the film or electrostatic paper. Finally, the processed data are plotted in the form of waveforms and lines on film or electrostatic paper to form a seismic profile. This process is called data processing.
Seismic exploration of the said speed
Seismic exploration of the said speed is the propagation speed of seismic waves. Commonly used is the average velocity, it is the seismic wave vertically through the interface of a rock layer above the total thickness of each layer and the sum of the propagation time of each layer ratio, can be used to convert the seismic record time to depth (distance). In addition, there are layer velocities, root-mean-square velocities, and stacking velocities.
Horizontal superposition profile
In the process of processing seismic data acquired by the multiple coverage method, the *** with the reflection point of many channels of the record by the dynamic correction after the superposition, in order to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (the ratio of the high signal to the noise), suppression of the interference, with this method of processing the seismic profile is called the horizontal superposition of the profile.
Stacked offset profile
In seismic data processing, based on the horizontal stacking, to realize the spatial automatic homing of the reflection layer, the seismic profile obtained by this method is stacked offset profile.
Vertical seismic section
The seismic source is placed on the ground, and the receiving geophones are placed in deep wells, and the geophones at different depths receive the seismic signals after the ground excitation vibration, and the seismic signals obtained by this method are one-way rather than reflected or refracted, which makes it more accurate for analyzing and understanding the underground geological structure.
Seismic data interpretation
Seismic data interpretation is the process of turning the processed seismic information into geologic results, including the use of fluctuation theory and geologic knowledge, synthesizing geological, drilling, logging and other information, making tectonic interpretation, stratigraphic interpretation, lithology and hydrocarbon testing interpretation and comprehensive interpretation, drawing the relevant results of the map, the survey area to make oil and gas evaluation, and put forward the drilling location. The seismic data will be used to make tectonic interpretation, stratigraphic interpretation, rock and hydrocarbon testing interpretation and comprehensive interpretation.
Seismic stratigraphy
Seismic stratigraphy is a method of applying the research results of stratigraphy and sedimentology, especially lithology and petrography, to seismic interpretation, making full use of the information on stratigraphy and sedimentary characteristics contained in seismic data, and making systematic interpretation.
Seismic stratigraphy
Seismic stratigraphy is the reflection of sedimentary stratigraphy on the seismic profile. When two neighboring interfaces reflecting the contact of stratigraphic unconformity are identified on the seismic profile, the stratigraphy between the two interfaces is called a seismic sequence. However, because of the influence of the unconformity, the stratigraphy in between is incomplete, and the seismic sequence will be complete only after the stratigraphy is integrated by tracing the unconformity along the unconformity.
Sequence stratigraphy
Sequence stratigraphy is a new discipline developed on the basis of seismic stratigraphy, which is a synthesis of geologic and seismic data, and the detailed delineation and establishment of the sequence of the underground strata, so as to study its tectonic activities, changes in the depositional environment, and the distribution of petrography, etc.
Sequence stratigraphy is a new discipline developed on the basis of seismic stratigraphy.
Seismic phase
Seismic phase refers to the sum of the main features of sediments (rock layers) reflected in the seismic profile. Seismic phase signatures are categorized into: internal reflection structure; reflection continuity; reflection amplitude; reflection frequency; and external geometry and its associations.
Synthetic Seismic Record
Synthetic seismic record is a seismic record (seismic trace) that is artificially converted from acoustic logging or vertical seismic profile data. It is one of the most widely used seismic modeling techniques, and is also the basis for layer calibration, reservoir description and other work, and is the intermediate medium for transforming geological models into seismic information.
Oil and gas detection technology
Oil and gas detection technology is a kind of method that comprehensively utilizes a variety of seismic parameters (velocity, frequency, amplitude, phase, etc.) of hydrocarbon to determine oil and gas enrichment zones. There are many types of these techniques, and the most commonly used ones are the bright spot technique and the AVO technique.
Reservoir Prediction Technology
Reservoir prediction technology is an advanced technology that comprehensively applies seismic, geological, drilling, logging and other data to track and predict the distribution, thickness, and changes in lithology and physical properties of underground reservoirs.
Seismic transverse wave exploration
Seismic wave (elastic wave) propagation has two kinds of longitudinal wave and transverse wave, longitudinal wave displacement direction and wave propagation direction parallel to the direction of the transverse wave displacement direction and the direction of the transverse wave wave perpendicular to the direction of the wave propagation. Nowadays, the common seismic exploration method collects longitudinal wave signals, and the transverse wave signals are called seismic transverse wave exploration. Transverse wave has its inherent advantages in determining the lithology, fracture and hydrocarbon content. This exploration method is in the research and experimental stage in China.
Gravity exploration
The density (mass) of various rocks and minerals is different, according to the law of gravity, its gravitational force is not the same. According to this research out of gravity measuring instruments, measuring the ground on all parts of the earth's gravitational pull (i.e. gravity), excluding the influence of regional gravity (gravity field), can be derived from the local gravity difference, to find anomalies in the area, this method is known as gravity exploration. It is the use of rock and mineral density and gravity field value of the intrinsic connection between the study of underground geological structure.
Magnetic exploration
A variety of rocks and minerals are different magnetic, determination of the magnetic strength of various parts of the ground in order to study the distribution of underground rocks and minerals and geological structure, known as magnetic exploration. Because the earth itself is a large magnet, so the predicted value of the magnetic force should be corrected to find out the magnetic anomaly related only to the rock mineral magnetism. Generally, the higher the content of ferromagnetic minerals, the stronger the magnetism. In the oil and gas field area, due to the hydrocarbon leakage to the ground and the formation of reducing environment, can be the rock or soil iron oxide reduced to magnetite, with high precision magnetometer can measure this magnetic anomaly, so as to cooperate with other means of exploration, to discover oil and gas fields. ?
Electric exploration
The essence of electric exploration is the use of rocks and minerals (including fluids) of different resistivity, in the ground to measure the ground at different depths of the medium of the electrical differences in the study of the geological structure of the layers of the method of high-resistivity formations, such as limestone, etc. The effect is obvious. More types of electrical exploration, China's current petroleum electrical exploration generally use direct current bathymetry, geomagnetic bathymetry, controlled source acoustic frequency geomagnetic bathymetry and other methods, the recent development of differential calibration electrical method, geodetic field lithology detection method and other new methods.
Geochemical exploration
According to the majority of oil and gas reservoirs are present above the hydrocarbon diffusion of the "corona" of the characteristics of the chemical method to find such anomalies, so as to discover oil and gas fields, is the oil and gas geochemical exploration. Oil and gas geochemical exploration methods are more varied, commonly used are soil hydrocarbon gas measurements, soil sulfate method, stable carbon isotope method, mercury and iodine measurements, etc., as well as groundwater chemistry and downhole geochemical exploration method.
Geophysical logging
Geophysical logging, referred to as logging, is a method of using instruments that measure physical properties such as electricity, sound, heat, and radioactivity in boreholes to identify the nature of underground rocks and fluids, and it is an important means of exploring and developing oil and gas fields.