(a) study the drafting of local laws and regulations in the administration of justice, draft regulations; preparation of the city's judicial administration work development planning and annual plan, and supervise the implementation. (2) Responsible for organizing and guiding the resettlement and rehabilitation of persons released from prison and released from re-education through labor. (3) To be responsible for the team building and ideological and political work of the city's judicial administration system. (d) To study and formulate overall plans for legal education in the city, and to organize, guide and coordinate the city's legal education work. (e) To be responsible for managing lawyers, legal aid work and notary institutions and notarial activities in the city; to study the reform and development of lawyers and notaries, and to propose measures for implementation. (6) It is responsible for managing legal service organizations and foreign lawyers' organizations set up in Beijing; it supervises and guides the work of social organizations in the system. (g) Guiding legal education and business training in the system. (viii) It is responsible for guiding district and county judicial administration departments in the management of people's mediation, community correction, judicial assistants, grass-roots judicial offices and grass-roots legal services. (ix) To be responsible for the foreign affairs work of the city's judicial administration system, as well as external publicity and exchange work. (j) Guiding and managing the judicial appraisal work of the city's social services. (xi) To be responsible for the registration and management of arbitration organizations in the city. (xii) Responsible for the national judicial examination in the city. (xiii) Responsible for community corrections (xiv) undertake other matters assigned by the city ***. Management of the Municipal Prison Administration and the Municipal Bureau of Correctional Labor Work Administration.
What does the crp department doManagement Information System Definition It is an emerging science, its main task is to maximize the use of modern computers and network communication technology to strengthen the enterprise's information management, through the enterprise has human, material, financial, equipment, technology and other resources of the investigation and understanding, the establishment of the correct data, processing and preparation of a variety of information materials provided to the management of a timely manner. Management personnel, in order to make correct decisions, and constantly improve the management level and economic efficiency of enterprises. At present, the enterprise computer network has become an important means of technological transformation and improve the level of enterprise management.
With China and the world's information superhighway in line, the enterprise through the computer network to obtain information will certainly bring great economic and social benefits for the enterprise, the enterprise office and management will be towards efficient, fast, paperless direction of the development of the MIS system is usually used for systematic decision-making, for example, you can use the MIS system to find out the urgent need to solve the problem, and will be the information timely Feedback to the upper management, so that they understand the progress or shortcomings of the current work development. In other words, the ultimate goal of the MIS system is to enable managers to keep abreast of the company's current situation and to grasp the path of future development. [edit paragraph] Management Information System Content A complete MIS should include: auxiliary decision-making system (DSS), industrial control system (CCS), office automation system (OA), as well as databases, model libraries, method libraries, knowledge bases, and interfaces for exchanging information with higher-level authorities and the outside world. Among them, especially the office automation system (OA), and exchange of information with higher authorities and the outside world can not be separated from the application of Intra (corporate intranet). It can be said that the modern enterprise MIS can not be without Intra, but the establishment of Intra must rely on the MIS architecture and hardware and software environment.
The core of the traditional MIS system is CS (Client/Server - client/server) architecture, while the core of the Inter-based MIS system is BS (Browser/Server - browser/server) architecture. The BS architecture has a great advantage over the CS architecture. Traditional MIS systems rely on specialized operating environments, which means that the operator's activity space is greatly restricted; while the BS architecture does not require a specialized operating environment, anywhere, as long as you can access the Internet, you will be able to operate the MIS system, and the advantages and disadvantages are self-evident. The advantages and disadvantages are self-evident. [Editorial] Characteristics of Management Information System A perfect MIS has the following four criteria: defined information needs, information can be collected and processed, information can be provided to managers through programs, and information can be managed. Database with unified planning is an important sign of MIS maturity, which symbolizes that MIS is a product of software engineering. Through the MIS to achieve value-added information, with mathematical models to statistically analyze the data, to achieve the auxiliary decision-making.MIS is the development of change, MIS has a life cycle.
The development of MIS must have a certain scientific management work basis. Only in a reasonable management system, perfect rules and regulations, stable production order, scientific management methods and accurate raw data on the basis of the development of MIS. Therefore, in order to adapt to the development needs of MIS, enterprise management work must gradually improve the following work: the proceduralization of management work, each department has the corresponding operation process; management business standardization, each department has the corresponding operation specification; report document unification, fixed content, cycle, format; data information refinement and codification. [edit]Division of management information systems 1.Division based on organizational functions
MIS can be divided into office systems, decision-making systems, production systems and information systems according to organizational functions.
2. Division based on the level of information processing
MIS based on the level of information processing is divided into a quantity-oriented implementation system, value-oriented accounting system, reporting and monitoring system, analytical information system, planning and decision-making system, from the bottom up to the formation of the information pyramid.
3. Divided based on historical development
The first generation of MIS is operated manually, using tools such as filing cabinets, notebooks. The second generation of MIS added mechanical aids to office equipment, such as typewriters, cash registers, automatic bookkeeping machines and so on. The third generation of MIS uses electronic equipment such as computers, telex, telephones, printers, etc.
4. Division based on scale
With the rapid development of telecommunications technology and computer technology, modern MIS from the geographical division has been gradually from the local area to the wide range.
5. MIS integrated structure
MIS can be divided into horizontal integrated structure and vertical integrated structure, horizontal integrated structure refers to the integration of various functions of the same management level, such as labor and personnel departments. Vertical integrated structure refers to the business of various management levels with certain functions organized together, such as the upper and lower levels of counterparts. [edit paragraph] Principles of development of management information system Principle of innovation, reflecting the advanced nature. The development of computer technology is very rapid, to keep abreast of new technologies, the use of new technologies, so that the target system than the original system has a qualitative leap.
The overall principle, reflecting the integrity. Enterprise management can be understood as a reasonable 'closed loop' system. The target system should be this 'closed loop' system of perfection. The complete realization of the enterprise computer management does not necessarily must be realized in all aspects of the enterprise at the same time, but must be complete design of all aspects of the system.
The principle of continuous development, reflecting the forward-looking. In order to improve the utilization rate, effective play the role of MIS, should pay attention to the development of technology and environmental changes. MIS in the development process should focus on continuous development and forward-looking awareness.
Economic principles, reflecting practicality. Big and complete and highly sophisticated is not a measure of successful MIS. In fact, many failed MIS is due to the blind pursuit of high-tech and ignored its practicality. Blind pursuit of perfect MIS and ignored the unit's technical level, management level and quality of personnel. [Edit paragraph] management information system development mode MIS development mode of self-development, commissioned development, joint development, the purchase of ready-made software packages for secondary development in several forms. Generally speaking, according to the enterprise's technical strength, resources and external environment. [edit paragraph] Management Information System development strategy Infeasible development methods: organizational structure method, mechanical according to the existing organizational structure to divide the system, without regard to the principles of MIS development.
Database method, developers start from the database design of the existing system.
Imagine system development, the developer based on the existing system to imagine as the basis for development.
Possible development methods: top-down (Top__Down), from the enterprise management of the overall design, gradually from abstract to concrete, from the outline design to detailed design, reflecting the structured design ideas. Bottom-up (Bottom__Up), the design of the system components, the use of building blocks to form the entire system, the disadvantage of ignoring the organic connection of the system components.
The combination of the two is a common approach in the actual development process. Through the analysis of the system to get the system's logical model, and then from the logical model to find the optimal physical model. Logical model and physical model of this spiral cycle optimization design mode reflects the top-down, bottom-up combination of design ideas. [Edit] Management Information System Development Methodology Complete and practical documentation is the hallmark of a successful MIS. The scientific development process begins with a feasibility study and goes through major stages such as system analysis, system design, and system implementation. Documentation should be available at each stage and continuously improved and enriched during the development process. There are two development methodologies currently in use:
1. Waterfall Model (Life Cycle Methodology)
Structural Analysis, Structural Design, Structural Programming (referred to as the SA-SD-SP methodology) is modeled using a waterfall model. The phases are sequenced top-down from abstract to concrete. The waterfall model implies that there is a strict order and interdependence between the life cycle phases. The waterfall model was the primary means of early MIS design.
2. Rapid Prototyping (Object-Oriented Approach)
Rapid Prototyping, also known as Object-Oriented Approach (OOA), is a new way of designing for the shortcomings of (SA-SD-SP) in recent years, and it is adapted to the current advances in computer technology and the great growth in demand for software. It is a fast, flexible, interactive software development methodology. Its core is to replace the formal, rigid (not easy to modify) specification with an interactive, quickly built prototype, and the user provides real feedback to the developer by actually running and trying the prototype on the computer. One of the foundations of rapid prototyping is the emergence of fourth-generation languages for visualization.
With the combination of the two approaches, when developing an MIS using an object-oriented approach, the focus is on the analysis phase of the life cycle. The various object models obtained in the analysis phase are also applicable to the design and implementation phases. The combination of the two approaches has proven to be a practical and effective approach.
[Editorial]09 New Edition Book Information Management Information Systems
Author: (U.S.) Loudon, (U.S.) Loudon, (U.S.) Loudon, Loudon Translated by Loudon
Publisher: People's University of China Publishing House
[2]Publication Time: 2009-11-1 words
Open: 16
I S B N : 9787300110400
Price: ￥ 59.00
Description
This book is a classic foreign textbook on management information systems, which provides a comprehensive and systematic introduction to the overall framework of management information systems, encompassing all levels of concepts, structures, technologies, and applications, reflecting the latest research results in the United States. The book takes management as the starting point, analyzes management information systems from a business perspective, and answers important questions in the following areas:
-Why are information systems so important in an enterprise? How can information systems help organizations become more competitive? What should I know about information systems to succeed in my career?
-What technologies and tools do organizations need today to do their jobs? What technologies do you need to master to improve your organization's performance? How are these technologies likely to change in the future?
-How can enterprise applications of information systems improve business performance? How can organizations use e-commerce to expand their business? How can systems improve decision-making and help organizations better leverage their knowledge assets?
- How can a solution be designed to truly benefit the organization? What ethical and social issues need to be considered when building and using information systems?
This book is suitable as a textbook for undergraduate, MBA, and graduate students in management programs, and as reference reading for business managers and engineers.
Table of Contents
Part I: Information Systems in the Digital Age
Chapter 1: Management Information Systems in Your Business
The Case at the Beginning of the Chapter The Association of Senior Baseball Leagues Uses Information Systems to Hit a Home Run
1.1 Information Systems in Today's Businesses
1.1 Information systems in today's business
1.2 Perspectives on Information Systems and Information Technology
1.3 The Role of Information Systems, Not Just Technology, but People and Organizations
1.4 Understanding Information Systems: A Solution to Business Problems
1.5 Information Systems and Your Career
End-of-Chapter Case Study: Can the Music Industry Change Its Groove?
Chapter 2 Broad E-Business: How Businesses Use Information Systems
Chapter Opening Case Information Systems Help Kia Motors Solve Quality Problems
2.1 What Makes Up a Business
2.2 Types of Business Information Systems
2.3 Systems That Run Through the Entire Business
2.4 Information Systems Departments in the Business< /p>
End-of-Chapter Case Can Information Systems Help Danaher Achieve Lean Manufacturing?
Chapter 3 Using Information Systems to Gain a Competitive Advantage
Opening Case Amazon.com: the Internet Giant Fine-Tuning Its Strategy
3.1 Using Information Systems to Gain a Competitive Advantage
3.1 Competing on a Global Scale
3.3 Competing on Quality and Design
3.4 Competing on Business Processes
End Case. >
End-of-Chapter Case Can Blockbuster resist Netflix?
Title II Information Technology Infrastructure
Chapter 4 Information Technology Infrastructure: Hardware and Software
Opening Case DreamWorks relies on information technology to ensure the production of animated films
4.1 Information Technology Infrastructure: Computer Hardware
4.2 Information Technology Infrastructure: Computer Software
4.3 Hardware and software management techniques
End-of-chapter case JPMorgan Chase IT outsourcing in reverse
Chapter 5 Business Intelligence Fundamentals: Databases and Information Management
Top-of-chapter case 7-11 The store analyzes data to learn about customer needs
5.1 Using databases for data management
5.2 Database Management Systems
5.3 Using Databases to Improve Company Performance and Decision-Making
5.4 Managing Data Resources
End-of-Chapter Case The FBI Abandoned Development of a Case Virtualization System
CHAPTER 6 COMMUNICATIONS, THE INTERNET, AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES
Chapter Premiere Case Dartmouth College: the Ancient College Becomes a Wireless Networking Pioneers
6.1 Communications and Networks in Today's Business World
6.2 Communications Networks
6.3 The Internet
6.4 The Wireless Revolution
End-of-Chapter Case Google Takes the World by Storm
CHAPTER 7 Protecting Information Systems
Chapter Opening Case Phishing: Causing Internet Users to Huge losses for Internet users
7.1 System vulnerabilities and misuse
7.2 The business value of security and control
7.3 Creating a framework for security and control
7.4 Security techniques and tools
End-of-chapter case MasterCard and CardSystems: was this the worst kind of data theft?
Title III Critical Systems Applications for the Digital Age
Chapter 8 Achieving Operational Excellence and Proximity to Customers: Enterprise Applications
Opening Chapter Case Whirlpool Corporation Defines Its Supply Chain
8.1 Enterprise Systems
8.2 Supply Chain Management Systems
8.3 Customer Relationship Management Systems
p> 8.4 Enterprise applications: new opportunities and challenges
End-of-chapter case Philip Morris International's supply chain dilemma
Chapter 9 Narrow e-commerce: digital marketplaces and digital goods
Top-of-chapter case Gap Inc. rebuilds its Web site
9.1 E-commerce and the Internet
9.2 Electronic commerce
9.3 Mobile Commerce
9.4 E-Commerce Payment Systems
End-of-Chapter Case Can eBay Survive?
Chapter 10 Improving Decision Making and Knowledge Management
Opening Case Procter & Gamble Reorganizes Its Supply Chain
10.1 Decision-Making and Information Systems
10.2 Systems for Decision Support
10.3 Intelligent Decision Support Systems
10.4 Knowledge Management Systems
End-of-Chapter Case Can Information Systems Make Your Doctor Better?
Part IV Developing and Managing Systems
Chapter 11 Developing Information Systems
Opening Chapter Case Girl Scouts' New Cookie Ordering System
11.1 Problem Solving and Systems Development
11.2 Understanding the Business Value of a System and Managing Change
11.3 Various Approaches to Systems Development
11.4 System Modeling and Design: Structured and Object-Oriented Approaches
End-of-Chapter Case The Crash of the Kum Air Crew Scheduling System
Chapter 12 Ethical and Social Issues in Information Systems
Top-of-Chapter Case Is Location Tracking a Threat to People's Privacy?
12.1 Understanding Ethical and Social Issues Associated with Systems
12.2 Ethics in the Information Society
12.3 The Ethical Dimension of Information Systems
End-of-Chapter Case Should we trust Point of Choice, the company that owns our personal data?
Glossary
What is the FIT department, what does it doFIT
FIT Failure rate unit;
The failure rate is the proportion of a normally working product that loses its specified functionality after a specified period of time t. The unit is the fit, defined as one fit in 109 (9 being the superscript) h. A single failure is 1 fit. One failure is 1fit.
The advantage of FIT is that it allows an organization's users or business planners to be involved in the testing process as early as possible (e.g., during development).The power of JUnit lies in the unit testing during coding, whereas FIT is a higher-level testing tool for determining the correctness of the implementation of the planned requirements.FIT and JUnit are by no means in competition with each other. FIT and JUnit are not in competition with each other, they are good partners to ensure the quality of the code.
What are the requirements to start a newspaper?The following conditions should be met to found an official newspaper:
(1) a constitutional purpose to serve the construction of socialist spiritual and material civilization;
(2) a defined scope of professional division of labor and editorial policy that is consistent with the work and business of the organizing unit and the department in charge;
(3) a defined organization and department in charge of the newspaper that can effectively assume the leadership responsibility. (c) There is a definite organizer and competent department that can effectively assume the leadership responsibility. The competent department in the central government shall be above the ministerial level (including vice-ministerial level); in the province shall be above the department (bureau) level (including vice-departmental level); and in the prefecture (city) and county (city) shall be above the county level (including county level);
(d) there shall be an editorial department composed of a full-time editor-in-chief who can adhere to the four basic principles, meet the requirements of the profession, and have the corresponding professional and technical positions, and a certain number of full-time editors and reporters;
(e) there shall be an editorial department which can effectively carry out the leadership responsibility;
(f) there shall be an editorial board composed of a full-time editor-in-chief who can effectively carry out the leadership responsibility. p>
(E) with the newspaper scale of the founding capital, office space, publishing and printing conditions and maintain normal publication of legitimate and reliable sources of funding.
Local units to create an official newspaper, by the newspaper authorities to the location of the press and publication administration (not yet established, can be directly to the provincial press and publication administration) to apply, approved and reported to the provincial press and publication administration to review and agree to the press and publication administration, reported to the approval of the Department of Press and Publication.
It is basically impossible for an individual to run a newspaper for you.
The travel agency's guide service department is to do what?
Not including the counting of adjustments Oh
What departments of the Social Welfare Bureau, and what do they do specifically
What kind of unit is the Social Insurance Administration?
The Social Security Administration, or SSA for short. It is a public organization that mainly manages the work related to social security, such as the data of the insured, and is responsible for the reimbursement of future medical treatment and so on.
For the future, we can help you analyze: work and wages are stable, generally double weekly, nine to five work mode, after all, are the social security sector, the welfare is certainly. The work is not too challenging, as long as the work on time, obey the arrangements can be, for the future, I believe you already know the answer.
Personnel labor and social security bureau under the Social Security Administration belongs to the reference civil service management institutions. Because this is the financial full supply unit, engaged in the social insurance management affairs. The current reform of the personnel system, this type of institutions belong to the reference civil service management .
The direction of the future reform: the future reform of institutions to implement the appointment system, the Social Security Administration is the exercise of *** functions, to refer to civil servants.
Hope to adopt
What does the civil affairs department doThe Ministry of Civil Affairs is the State Council management of social and administrative affairs of the functional departments, mainly responsible for the management of special social and administrative affairs, grass-roots democracy and political construction, social assistance and welfare, services to the armed forces and national defense construction and so on. The work of civil affairs is related to people's livelihood, rights and interests, and is closely related to the interests of the people.
Main Duties
(1) To formulate the basic guidelines, policies, regulations, laws and rules of civil affairs, to study and propose the development plan of civil affairs, and to guide the reform and development of civil affairs.
(2) To be responsible for the registration and annual inspection of national associations, inter-provincial (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government) associations, associations of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Macao and Taiwan compatriots in the mainland, associations of foreigners in China, and international associations in China; to study and propose the standard of membership fees and methods of financial management; to supervise the activities of associations, and investigate and deal with illegal acts of associations and illegal organizations that carry out activities in the name of associations without registration; to guide and supervise local associations, and to supervise the activities of local associations in the name of associations. It also directs and supervises the registration and management of local associations.
(3) is responsible for the registration and annual inspection of private non-enterprise units belonging to and affiliated with central units; studying and proposing relevant financial and fee management methods; investigating and dealing with illegal acts of private non-enterprise units and unregistered private non-enterprise units; guiding and supervising the registration and management of local private non-enterprise units.
(D) organization, guidance and support for the military activities; study and put forward various types of preferential treatment, pensions, subsidies standards and state organs staff casualty pension standards; the formulation of revolutionary martyrs, casualties in the line of duty commendation methods; review and approval of the national key martyrs memorial building protection units. It is responsible for the daily work of the National Leading Group of Supporting the Military and the Family, Supporting the Government and Caring for the People.
(5) the formulation of discharged conscripts, transfer volunteers, demobilized cadres, transferred to local resettlement of retired military cadres and military non-military retired retired workers resettlement plan and implementation of the program, the study put forward the relevant standards of living treatment; the formulation of the military retired cadres rest and recuperation center management methods and the military station setup planning; guidance on the protection of dual-use personnel in the field of protection of the unit.
(6) organizing and coordinating disaster relief work; organizing the verification of disaster conditions, issuing unified disaster information, managing and distributing central disaster relief funds and supervising their use; organizing and guiding disaster relief donations; undertaking the daily work of the Committee for China's International Decade for Disaster Reduction, formulating and organizing the implementation of disaster reduction planning, and carrying out international cooperation in disaster reduction.
(7) To establish and implement a system of minimum living standards for urban and rural residents; to organize and guide poverty alleviation and relief activities and other mutual social assistance activities; to approve and approve national social welfare fund-raising and charity performances; and to guide local social relief work.
(viii) To study and put forward opinions and recommendations on strengthening and improving the construction of grass-roots power; to guide the work of the villagers' committees in democratic election, decision-making, management and supervision, and to promote the opening up of village affairs and the construction of grass-roots democracy and politics; to guide the construction of urban residents' committees, to formulate measures for the management of community work and community services and policies and measures to promote development, and to promote the construction of communities.
(IX) to formulate guidelines, policies and regulations for the management of domestic and foreign marriages; to formulate methods for the management of marriage service organizations; to guide the management of marriages; to advocate the reform of marriage customs.
(10) To draw up the overall plan for administrative division; to be responsible for examining and approving the establishment, abolition, adjustment, renaming, and change of boundaries of administrative regions above the county level and the relocation of the *** residence; and to be responsible for examining and approving the order of arrangement and abbreviation of provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the central government, and special administrative regions.
(xi) undertakes the review and approval of the names of administrative divisions above the county level, important natural geographic entities, international public domain, celestial geographic entities, and the naming of border geographical names; formulates the rules for translating and writing the Chinese characters of the names of ethnic minority languages and foreign geographical names; standardizes the setting and management of the national toponymic symbols; and is responsible for the validation of the standard domestic and foreign toponymic books and materials.
(xii) organizing, coordinating and guiding the survey and management of administrative boundaries at the provincial and county levels; investigating and mediating inter-provincial boundary disputes.
(xiii) Undertake the administrative management of the protection of the rights and interests of the elderly, orphans, the five guaranteed households and other groups with special difficulties, guide the protection of the rights and interests of persons with disabilities, and formulate the relevant guidelines, policies, rules and regulations; formulate the development plan for social welfare undertakings and standards for various types of welfare facilities; study and propose the criteria for the identification of social welfare enterprises and the policies for supporting and protecting them; and study and propose the Welfare Lottery (China's social welfare). Welfare lottery (China Social Welfare Lottery) development planning, issuance and management methods, management of welfare funds at this level.
(xiv) the formulation of funeral work guidelines and policies, the implementation of funeral reform.
(15) the formulation of guidelines and policies for the management of child adoption; guidance on domestic and foreign adoption.
(xvi) To formulate and supervise the implementation of the guidelines and policies on the management of the rescue of homeless and beggar people in cities; and to guide the work of rescue management stations nationwide.
(17) Participating in international organizations and international activities related to civil affairs; managing multilateral and bilateral international exchanges and cooperation among ***, civil organizations and international economic aid agencies in the field of civil affairs; and taking charge of the resettlement and repatriation of international refugees in ***.
(xviii) Undertake other matters assigned by the State Council.
What are the positions and departments in a newspaper?The main departments of the newspaper are the Press Department, the Commentary Department, the Cultural Department, the Editorial Department, the Circulation Department, the Advertising Department, the Communication Department, the Printing Department and other departments.
The corresponding departments correspond to the positions of editor-in-chief, text reporter, photojournalist, text editor, art editor, photo editor, proofreader, typesetting, technical staff (responsible for the repair and maintenance of computers and editorial system), network center staff (now the newspaper has a Web site), advertising center staff, advertising production staff, workers in the printing center, the distribution center workers. Finance, accounting, labor unions, etc.
What are the departments of the student union and what do they do?
The student union is a mass organization of student self-management and self-service under the leadership of the Party Committee and the guidance of the Youth League Committee, and it is the bridge and link between the school and the students.
Organization
Higher education institutions generally set up a school student union committee and department (section) student union committee at two levels.
Secondary school student organizations are generally two levels: the school student committee and class student committee (class committee).
Higher educational institutions also have student committees at the level of faculties and departments (sections). National higher education institutions to establish a joint organization of student unions for the All-China Federation of Students, referred to as the All-China Federation of Students.
The general student union has a bureau, secretariat, outreach, learning, planning, publicity, monitoring, arts, sports, life, internal affairs, women's management, health, labor, organization and so on.
Take the university as an example: the university student union to the presidium as the core of leadership, including the student union president, vice president of a number of people. In the Bureau of the following set up several functional departments, generally including the Office (Bureau and Secretary), class United Department (class members of the joint Department), Publicity Department, Organization Department, Learning Department, Practice Department, Sports Department, Literature and Art Department, Life Department, Discipline Department (Discipline Inspection, Discipline Inspection Department), Building Management Department (Boys' Housekeeping and Girls' Management Department), Outreach Department (Outreach Department), Clubs Department, Technical Department and so on. Each department has a minister, two deputy ministers, a department secretary, a number of officers.