What is a bank loan
Bank loan refers to the bank according to the national policy at a certain interest rate will be lent to the funds in need of a certain period of time, and agreed to return a kind of economic behavior.
Categorization of bank loans
Based on different criteria, bank loans have different types. Such as:
By the repayment period, can be divided into short-term loans, medium-term loans and long-term loans;
By the repayment method, can be divided into demand loans, regular loans and overdrafts;
By the use of the loan or the object of a different, can be divided into industrial and commercial loans, agricultural loans, consumer loans, securities brokers loans, etc.
By the different conditions of the loan guarantee
According to the different security conditions of the loan can be divided into bill discount loans, bill mortgage loans, commodity mortgage loans, credit loans, etc.
By the different size of the loan amount can be divided into wholesale and retail loans;
By the different interest rates agreed upon, can be divided into fixed-rate loans and floating-rate loans, and so on.
And, in different countries and a country's different periods of development, according to a variety of standards divided into types of loans are also different. Such as the United States of America's industrial and commercial loans are mainly ordinary loan limits, working capital loans, standby loan commitments, project loans and other types of loans, while the United Kingdom's industrial and commercial loans are used in the form of bill discounting, credit accounts and overdraft accounts.
Small and medium-sized enterprises to obtain bank loans skills:
Establish a good relationship between banks and enterprises.
Be creditworthy.
To write a good feasibility study of investment projects, highlighting the characteristics of the project.
Choose the right timing for the loan.
Get the support of SME guarantee organizations.
The way of bank loans:
(1)Start-up Loan
The start-up loan refers to a special loan issued by a bank after recognizing an effective guarantee for individuals who have certain production and business capabilities or who have already been engaged in production and business activities, and who have applied for financial needs due to starting a business or re-entering the business. Eligible borrowers, according to the individual's resource status and repayment ability, up to a maximum of 500,000 yuan of loan support.
Eligible borrowers, depending on their individual resource status and repayment ability, can receive a maximum of 500,000 yuan in a single loan support.
Higher loans may be given to those who have reached a certain scale of entrepreneurship.
The term of the business start-up loans is usually one year, with a maximum of three years.
Supporting the entrepreneurship of laid-off workers, the interest rate of business start-up loans is lowered in accordance with the same interest rate set by the People's Bank of China, and a certain percentage of government subsidized interest rate can be enjoyed.
(2)Mortgage loan
For those who need to start a business, personal consumption loans can be used flexibly to start a business. The amount of the mortgage loan is generally no more than 70 percent of the appraised value of the collateral, and the maximum loan amount is 300,000 yuan. If you need to buy a commercial house along the street to start a business, you can apply for a commercial house loan from the bank with the proposed purchase of the house as collateral, the loan amount is generally no more than 60% of the appraised value of the commercial house to be purchased, and the loan period is no more than 10 years.
Suitable for entrepreneurs are real estate mortgages, movable property mortgages and intangible asset mortgages.
Real estate mortgage. Entrepreneurs can pledge real estate such as land and houses to obtain loans from banks.
Chattel mortgage. Entrepreneurs can obtain loans from banks by pledging securities recognized by banks, such as stocks, treasury bonds and corporate bonds, as well as movable assets such as gold, silver and jewelry.
(3) pledge loan
In addition to the depository receipt can be pledged, to the treasury bills, insurance companies and other certificates can also easily get personal loans. Depository receipts can be loaned 80% of the amount of the depository receipts; treasury bills can be loaned 90% of the face value of treasury bills; insurance companies to launch the policy pledge loan amount does not exceed 80% of the cash value of the insurance policy at the time.
From the scope of the pledge, the scope is relatively wide, like the certificate of deposit, treasury bills, bills of lading, trademark rights, industrial property rights, etc. can be pledged. Entrepreneurs who can find something that belongs to them and pledge these rights can apply to get a bank loan.
(4) Guaranteed Loans
If you don't have a certificate of deposit, a national bond, or an insurance policy, but your spouse or parents have a good job and a stable income, this is also a wonderful credit resource. Currently, banks are attracted to the high-income class, lawyers, doctors, civil servants, employees of public institutions and the financial industry have been listed as preferential treatment for credit loans, these industry practitioners only need to find one or two colleagues to guarantee that you can get a guaranteed loan of 100,000 yuan or so in ICBC, CCB and other financial institutions, in the event of the preparation of a variety of materials, the same day that day will be able to be approved, so that a faster access to The company's business is a very important part of the company's success.
(5) Small Loans for the Laid-off Unemployed
According to the regulations of "the laid-off unemployed who are within 60 years of age, in good health, honest and trustworthy, and have certain labor skills, and who are self-employed, self-employed, or in partnership and organized employment, can apply for small guaranteed loans to commercial banks or their branches with the preferential reemployment certificates issued by the labor and security departments", the entrepreneurs can apply for small guaranteed loans to the commercial banks or their branches with the preferential re-employment certificates. Apply for a small guaranteed loan regulations, entrepreneurs can employ is a laid-off unemployed people, after consultation, can be reemployment preferential certificate, apply for unemployment loans. The criteria for each person can be a maximum loan of 20,000 yuan, and the interest rate is the lowest interest rate between the local bank loans. If a business employs 10 laid-off workers, it can enjoy a loan with a low interest rate of up to 200,000 yuan.
(6) International Trade Financing
International trade financing refers to short-term financing or credit facilities provided by the government and banks to import and export enterprises in connection with the settlement of import and export trade. These include credit opening, import charge, lading guarantee, export charge, packaged loans, foreign exchange bill discounting, international factoring financing, forfaiting, and export buyer's credit.
1) international trade short-term financing
*Exporters can get short-term funds from imports and banks. Including: ① importer's advance to the exporter. ② bank loans to exporters, such as unsecured collateral loans, bank loans against trust receipts, mortgage loans for export commodities, packaged loans, mortgage loans for goods in transit, exotic storage loans.
*Importers can obtain short-term funds from exporters and banks. Including: ① exporter to the importer to provide loans, such as open account credit, bill credit. ② bank loans to importers. Including direct funding from banks to importers, discounted promissory notes, banker's acceptance credit, letter of credit funding.
2) long-term financing of international trade (export credit) export credit is the government or bank in order to incentivize the export of goods from domestic enterprises, and to domestic exporters, foreign future business or importing banks to provide credit facilities for economic activities. This is small and medium-sized enterprises to ease the pressure of capital important trade financing. Including seller credit, buyer credit two aspects.
Seller's credit, refers to the bank to the national exporter to provide credit, and then by the exporter to the importer to provide deferred payment credit of a kind of export credit.
Buyer's credit, refers to the exporter's location of bank draft or credit company to the importer's location of bank or importer to provide loans in order to miss this over the export of goods in a form of export credit.
3) Compensatory trade financing
Compensatory trade financing refers to foreign institutions to provide machinery and equipment, technical services and training to domestic enterprises as a loan, when the project is put into operation, the domestic enterprise with the product of the project or to agree on other methods of economic activities to be repaid. This way is one of the effective ways to solve the problem of SMEs' equipment and technology backwardness and capital shortage. The financing method belongs to the first advance by the foreign enterprise equipment, technology imports, and then the resulting income or production of products to pay the import price in installments.
General procedures are:
Project financing feasibility study. Mainly includes the examination of the project in the domestic and the enterprise supporting the construction of the environment and conditions, such as supporting funds, technology, human resources, land, far materials, infrastructure and related national policies; certification of the project's economic effects, social effects, etc.; as the product facing the international market, but also need to certify the international competitiveness of the product and the prospects of overseas markets.
Determine and submit the project for approval. After passing the project feasibility certification, the relevant information will be submitted to the competent authorities for approval.
Negotiations with foreign investors. The main contents of the negotiation include equipment or technical performance, price, quantity, installation, maintenance, personnel training; transfer of technology property rights belonging to the boundaries of the top of the determination; reimbursement of the number of products, specifications, quality standards; reimbursement period.
Signing the contract. After the two sides reached an agreement, the results of the negotiations will be written into the contract.
Performing the contract. After the contract comes into effect, the two sides operate according to the provisions of the contract, and the enterprise makes trade finance repayment according to the provisions of the contract.
(7) Comprehensive credit
Comprehensive credit, that is, the bank for some good business conditions, credit reliable quality (customers or customers who can provide low-risk guarantees), granting a certain amount of credit line for a certain period of time, the enterprise in the validity of the period with the line of credit can be recycled within the scope.
Comprehensive credit lines are approved by the bank in one go after a one-time declaration of relevant materials by the enterprise. Enterprises can use the funds in installments according to their own operating conditions, borrowing and repaying at the same time, and at the same time saving the financing cost. Quality customer conditions for comprehensive credit:
Credit rating of AA+ (inclusive) or above.
The gearing ratio is not higher than the good value of the customer's industry.
Contingent liability balance does not exceed net assets.
No operating loss in the past two years, and the total return on assets ratio in the first half of the year is not lower than the industry average.
No adverse credit record in the past two years.
(8) Guaranteed Loans
Guaranteed loans are borrowings in which the borrower provides the bank with a third-party guarantor that meets the legal requirements as a guarantee of repayment, and the bank has the right to require the guarantor to perform or assume joint and several liability for the liquidation of the loan according to the agreement when the borrower fails to perform the repayment. These include loans guaranteed by natural persons, loans guaranteed by professional guarantee companies, and loans guaranteed by escrow. Based on the above ways, a wider variety of specific financing methods can also be formed. For example:
1) bill discount financing. It means that the note holder transfers the commercial paper (mainly banker's acceptance and commercial acceptance) to the bank and obtains the funds after deducting the discount interest. Financing in this way, the cost is very low, just bring the corresponding notes to the bank for the relevant procedures.
2) Intellectual Property Pledge Loan. It refers to the legally owned patents, trademarks, copyrights in the property rights assessed to the bank to apply for financing.
3) Export loans. It refers to the production of export products for the enterprise, the bank can be based on the export contract, or the importer to provide credit visa, to provide packaged loans; for the cash account of the enterprise, you can provide foreign exchange collateral loans; for foreign exchange income source of the enterprise, can be based on the certificate of foreign exchange settlement to obtain the loan in RMB; for the export of promising enterprises, you can borrow a certain amount of technological transformation of the loan.
In addition, for small temporary loans, you can also use credit card overdraft to get funds. At present, the bank credit card overdraft function is increasing. A credit card is generally less than 3,000 yuan, 5,000 yuan, for small business entrepreneurs, a few shareholders or a few good people, each person more than a few cards, in a certain color period of time (such as 60 days), but also to solve the situation of the purchase of goods without funds.
Bank loans four major interest-saving strategies
Bank loans four major interest-saving strategies: should be reasonably planned for the length of the period of time
Strategy one: comparison of three carefully selected banks
Currently, the banks are very competitive, each in order to get more market share, will be in accordance with the national regulations on lending rates range of lending rate adjustment. Therefore, the demand for funds in the loan, to do "comparison shopping", choose the low interest rate bank to loan.
For example, the same is a loan of 100,000 yuan, the borrowing period is one year, one implementation of the benchmark interest rate, the implementation of a 20% interest rate, if you choose the latter, a year will be more than 1,000 yuan of interest.
Strategy two: reasonable plan to choose the right period
For the demand for funds, the need to use the money for a long time, there are short. Therefore, in order to avoid paying more interest, in the bank loan, should be reasonable plan to use the term length. The longer the loan term, the higher the interest rate will be. In other words, the longer the loan period you choose, the different the interest rate will be even if you repay the loan on the same day.
For example, the current short-term loan interest rate is divided into two grades of half a year and a year, and provides that the loan period of half a year or less of the implementation of half-year grade interest rate, more than half a year less than a year of the implementation of the one-year grade interest rate. If the demand for funds for a loan period of 7 months, although only more than half a year point in time 1 month, but in accordance with the provisions of the current loan interest rate, only the implementation of the one-year loan interest rate, which inadvertently increased the demand for funds of the interest burden of the loan.
Strategy three: find out the spread of the preferred way
At present, the banking sector in the operation of the loan, mainly credit, guarantee, mortgage and pledge and other forms. Corresponding to this, the bank in the implementation of the loan interest rate, the interest rate on the loan will be different. The same is to apply for the same period of time, the same amount of loans, if you choose the wrong form of loan, you may bear more interest expenses on loans, so that they have to pay more money for nothing.
Therefore, the demand for funds in the bank loans, attention and clarify the different ways of lending under the interest rate spread is very important. For example, the lowest interest rates now being offered by the banks are on discounted bills and pledge loans, and if you are in a position to do so, it would be appropriate to take out a loan through these two forms.
Strategy 4: Sign the loan agreement carefully
Now, many people in need of funds in the bank loan signing agreement seems very casual. In fact, this kind of behavior shows that they lack of good financial awareness, often in the loan more interest, resulting in artificially high interest rates. Because now some bank loans will make the form of capital demand for more interest in the invisible. For example, the deposit balance loan and withholding interest loans.
The so-called retained deposit balance loan that is the demand for funds to the bank to obtain a loan, the bank requires it to retain a portion of the principal from the loan deposited in the bank account, in order to constrain the demand for funds in the loan principal and interest due to be able to repay as scheduled. However, in the case of the demander of funds, the principal amount of the loan has been discounted, which is equivalent to paying more interest.
The so-called withholding interest loans, that is, some banks to ensure that the interest on the loan can be returned on time, in the loan issuance from the borrower of the loan principal withholding all the interest on the loan. Because this way will make the funds available to the demand for loan funds to reduce, objectively increase the cost of financing the demand for funds
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