What is the future of the 5g era
What is the future of the 5g era, the use of the network has actually become an indispensable part of our lives, many aspects are dependent on the network to carry out, and nowadays the 5g is also active in the major platforms, the following what is the future of the 5g era.
What is the future of the 5g era like1
To talk about this 5G, it is necessary to understand what is electromagnetic waves.
Electromagnetic waves
In everyday life, in addition to atomic electrons, the rest is almost all electromagnetic waves; infrared, ultraviolet, visible light, cell phone signals, this radiation that radiation, and so on. As long as the wave-related, there will be is three parameters: wave speed, wavelength, amplitude; electromagnetic wave speed is constant, which is often referred to as the speed of light. Then there are only two variable values: wavelength and amplitude; in the amplitude does not take into account the direction of the case affected by the remaining wavelength, that is, often referred to as the frequency, the frequency of the wavelength is too important.
The higher the frequency, the shorter the wavelength, and the higher the energy, such as microwave ovens; the decay rate is fast, the penetration is poor, the scattering is less, and the human body is harmed. This is the basic rules of electromagnetic waves. We first memorized to the small book.
Classification of electromagnetic waves
A long electromagnetic wave wavelength of hundreds of millions of meters, the frequency of 3HZ, that is, 3 waves a second, used in communications, speak a sentence is estimated to be a year long.
A submarine passes under the sea, it uses what frequency to communicate? The wavelength of this electromagnetic wave must be in the tens of thousands of meters, with this communication to ensure stability, can pass through the mountains and rivers, but also penetrate dozens of meters deep seawater (seawater conductivity, is the nemesis of electromagnetic waves). However, the frequency is really low, carrying limited information content. It takes half an hour to send a salutation.
Radio, broadcasting, telegraph it these communication wavelengths are also shorter, probably dozens of meters long, the frequency is generally in the millions of Hertz level MHZ, the distance can run a few hundred kilometers away, this is much stronger than the submarine, talking sharp, the content of the information is still good.
Well, tell you a way to survive, if you are thrown to a deserted island, if you happen to have a hu rescuer, civilian emergency call frequency is 121.5MHZ; there is a military is 243MHZ, this is not encrypted public **** frequency. It can be received within a few hundred kilometers around. Before the bend and rabbit military aircraft in the strait encounter, is the use of this frequency conversation, the results were radio enthusiasts recorded on the Internet, into the netizens close contact with the front line of the battle a fun.
This wavelength is a little shorter, on the 1cm-1M category, this range is particularly fun. The first is that this attenuation is not particularly weak, electromagnetic waves can also run a hundred kilometers to come; the second is that this frequency to the range of GHZ, the content of the information is multiplied by the increase ah, not only speak well, but also encrypted and so on. So this band is the key to communication, like 1G2G3G4G, satellite communications, radar communications are gathered here. Full name: microwave communications.
In the next millimeter wave, this electromagnetic wave attenuation, although not very diffuse, but it is easy to be reflected or absorbed by the surrounding material, not much penetration, used to communicate is really bad, but can not help the information content, ah, the frequency of more than 30GHZ, not to mention used to talk, you are used to multi-point real-time video communication are not a problem ah. The new technology is a new way for us to communicate with each other, and it's a new way for us to communicate with each other.
Further down is the micron, the information content of this increase is no problem, but the wavelength to 0.7 microns belongs to the visible light. Visible light is used in communication on the difficulty is too big, want to engage in 7G8G can not be, this set can not go on, no way, penetration can not. So there is a laser communication, well, the launch point and the receiving point must be aimed at, the middle can not be hindered, this is the fiber.
Frequency of electromagnetic waves
The wavelength is going down to 0.3 microns, which is 300 nanometers, and when it gets to this point, it's ultraviolet; this is finally getting to the point where it's harmful to humans. Sunlight in the ultraviolet proportion of about 4%, if the next time there are people with you said that the communication signal is harmful to the human body, you let him do not sun forget, communication signal radiation compared to electromagnetic radiation can be almost ignored (electromagnetic **** vibration except that the general public can not be exposed to).
The wavelength of the ultraviolet radiation in 200 nanometers, this in the sunlight is almost nothing. When the sun is high, it can be used as a supplement to laser communication, the covert nature is not generally strong, and the transmission is good, used for military purposes is a strong ah.
Further down the wavelength to the nanometer level, this is common in life is the hospital X-ray, this thing penetrates super strong, of course, used in communications is impossible.
Further down the line is 0.01 nanometers, this will not dare to mess with, gamma rays, from nuclear radiation, the universe known as one of the strongest forms of energy! If you're talking about destroying a planet, gamma rays are a good choice. In fact, scientists now suspect that the gamma rays produced by supernovas at the time of their explosion destroyed a large number of cosmic civilizations, and that the Earth escaped just because it was in the corner.
Now that we're done with this wavelength, let's get back to microwave communications.
Why is it that the higher the frequency, the more information it carries? We know that information is transmitted as a string of ones and zeros, so electromagnetic waves are no exception.
The first way is "amplitude modulation", in plain English is to adjust the amplitude of the electromagnetic wave, the amplitude of the large that 1, the amplitude of the small that 0; the application of more is the radio on top of the AM amplitude modulation, this is the way, the shortcomings are not general.
The second program belongs to the "frequency modulation", the method is to adjust the frequency, such as with a dense frequency to indicate 1, with a loose frequency to indicate 0; radio in the FM frequency modulation is this program, the advantages of more than AM.
Obviously, the more waves that are sent out per unit of time, the more 1s and 0s can be represented, or the higher the frequency, the more information is carried.
Theoretically, if you calculate this, the frequency of 800MHZ in the frequency of 800W waves per second to indicate 1 and 0, then 1 second can be transmitted 100M data ah, this speed is so powerful, why we do not use it?
This would have to mention the loss, communication is needed to cross thousands of miles, the middle of the loss of some 1 and 0 is not a very normal thing, and our scientists in order to prevent the distortion of the information, so let this group of 1 and 0 embracing the group. For example, with 1,000 consecutive 1 that 1, so that even if half of the road lost we can still recognize it is not. This approach is generally used in civilian communications, because the characteristics are very obvious and recognizable. It is easy to be cracked. Now we look back and say that the civilian Beidou satellite signal was cracked, this is not surprising.
Civilian signals are, after all, the general public, as long as they can be differentiated from other signals on the line, will not make a particularly complex, otherwise the efficiency of the transmission is too low. So it creates a phenomenon, the same is a hello, the military communications use up 1 and 0 than civilian more than N times level, and in order to ensure the efficiency of the transmission, the military frequency is higher than the civilian N levels.
As of now, top-notch cracking techniques can't fuck up top-notch encryption, let alone the now maturing quantum communication technology.
This military confrontation can't be done, so what should we do? The first thing you need to do is to get your hands on a new computer, and you'll be able to do that. Since the dry can't then simply give you a little more material, and then send you a bunch of 1 and 0, your original combination of confusion, so that their own people are a face of confusion, this is the military often said that the electronic pair of pit.
Er, we are not off-topic ah, words back to the right turn, continue to say 5G.
The previous mentioned, are the basic principles of communication, the following in the say some key technology. 5G key technology is a bunch of say, let's first come a simple categorization.
Three key technologies
Oscillating the 'circuit we insert an antenna can generate electromagnetic waves, with a specific way to change the frequency or amplitude of the electromagnetic waves, composed of a variety of complex combinations, this process is called modulation. Accordingly, by putting up an antenna, we can receive electromagnetic waves in the air, and change them back to the corresponding 1s and 0s in a specific way, a process called demodulation.
To transmit electromagnetic waves into the air, or to receive them in the air, we need an antenna, and our cell phones use antennas as well. Cell phones and cell phones can not communicate directly with each other, but through the surrounding base stations and other cell phones to contact, and the problem is that the current 5G communications using millimeter waves, attenuation in the air is more serious, but then, after all, is a civilian, can not be unlimited to increase the power of the launch, what to do? It will have to figure out how to do it on the antenna.
5G's first key technology came, large-scale antenna matrix array.
Simply put, this means increasing the number of antennas, and if one or two don't work, then let's have a few hundred antennas at once. This idea is easy to understand, but there is also a problem, that is, at the same time using so many antennas to transmit a signal, one is not careful is a mess.
Multi-antenna plus millimeter wave, compared to the original less antenna plus centimeter wave, the physical characteristics of this radio transmission is not the same, the re-establishment of a new channel model. How to build this model? Er, the word space is limited, or to the various gods, here is not a detailed table.
More antennas, not only millimeter wave attenuation problem solved, transmission efficiency, anti-jamming performance is also bar, this belongs to the 5G must be taught.
Think of the year under the indirect employment of Datang Telecom in 2015 released 256 large-scale antenna, but in the global communications industry to dump a nuclear bomb ah, a time of infinite good scenery! Unfortunately, later did not keep up with the patch, reduced to rely on the sale of research buildings to survive.
Now the base station antenna is fixed, the hands of the terminal antenna problem, this will have to rely on a new technology: full-duplex technology.
General cell phone communication antenna is only one, send and receive information is alternating, is equal to a person both to receive and send information, efficiency is a little low. Full-duplex technology, that is, the antenna to send information and receive information from the antenna to separate, receive information and send information at the same time, the advantages of this not to mention, but to realize it is not generally difficult.
Imagine putting a microphone that sends information and a stereo that receives information next to each other, and letting them both work normally, do you think it's hard? The solution is roughly divided into two, the first is a physical solution, between the two antennas plus a wall, will be separated from the two, the main use of shielding materials; the second is a technical solution, the signal processing, such as passive analog on the elimination of such methods.
These two 5G key technologies Huawei completed in 2016, 2016 Huawei's official website announced the completion of the first phase of 5G key technology verification in the external field, two of the key tests are large-scale antenna technology and full duplex technology.
Now that the antenna is done, the following should be the "new multiple access technology", the name looks dizzy, don't worry, wait for the slow road.
Assuming that the base station will be 100HZ used to indicate 1, with 105HZ to indicate 0. At this time, there is a phone call, then this new phone call 1 will have to use 110HZ to indicate that 0 with 115HZ to indicate that; and so on down the line. This is the concept of a 1G network. FDMA for short
The disadvantage is obvious, two phones take up the 100-115HZ band, the occupied band is called bandwidth. It is a layman can also see ah, this thing is too much bandwidth. Well at that time the bandwidth is a phone call, if you want to send a message or something to life, slowly we all see the benefits of using more people up, this will soon be insufficient. What to do? The first thing you need to do is to get your hands on a new computer and get it to work.
In another way, we use 100HZ to indicate 1, 105HZ to indicate 0, but this first second we give A customers, the second second to B customers, the third second to C customers, so that the rotation of this, from a technical point of view, on the 5HZ is enough for three people to use, just a little bit of delay. This is the concept of 2G, or TDMA for short.
In later years, more and more people are using 2G networks to meet their needs. The market tells us that where there is demand, there is productivity; continue to play sets, in front of each customer's signal to add a serial code to indicate the customer's information, in the series of codes with the customer's information together with the issue, so that the receiver only needs to receive the corresponding serial code information on their own. This is just like the old mail delivery moncler outlet, holding a stack of envelopes, called to the name of whoever comes forward to get it. This orthogonal signal is somewhat similar to the superposition state of quantum mechanics.
Each terminal has a unique address on the network, so the technology that allows many phones to make phone calls together can be used from 1G to 4G, collectively known as multiple access technology. 5G of course, you have to play a little bit differently not, we call to call the "new" multiple access technology.
This is the first time that we've seen this technology in action.
Non-orthogonal multiple access, map points multiple access, multi-user **** enjoy access,,, well, a lot of information, fortunately, now not in the telecommunications industry, or must be dizzy. The overall idea is to superimpose more signals or mix the previous technology, the content of this technology is a little high, you are not in the telecommunications industry on the lookout for a hilarious line.
This 5G network to achieve a peak rate of 10Gb / s, 1 million link density, 1 milliseconds of latency, you have to solve these three key technologies, in order to walk in the jungle.
In 2016, Huawei verified the "key technologies" in conducting the first phase of testing, which also focuses on verifying the three key technologies. The new multiple access uses filtered orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, sparse code multiple access, and polarization codes. Combined with a large-scale antenna, the throughput rate increases by more than 10 times on the basis of 4G, and the average throughput reaches 3.6 GB/sec at 100 MHZ; full-duplex adopts three frameworks of passive analog pair cancellation, active analog pair cancellation, and digital pair cancellation, realizing a 110 DB self-interference cancellation capability, and obtaining more than 90% of the throughput rate gain.
In 2017, Huawei achieved a single-user downlink rate of more than 6GB/sec and a peak rate of 18GB/sec at a bandwidth of 200MHz in the second phase of the Multiple Key Technology Convergence Test and Single Base Station Performance Test, with the first miniaturized 5G test terminal installed in a small area. A single 5G base station can simultaneously support hundreds of ultra-high definition 4K videos.
In 2018, Huawei completed the third phase of the "independent networking-based 5G core network key technology and business process testing".
With these three tests, Huawei has drawn a perfect conclusion for 5G test verification.
In addition to these three key technologies, there is a lot more that needs to be done when our phones want to form a network. For example, the assignment of transmission resources, this can be much more difficult than the traffic lights on the road, as long as a traffic light did not get it right, then I'm sorry, the city is almost paralyzed. Therefore, Huawei spent more than two years with operators to evolve independent network testing. There is also the problem of asymmetry between energy consumption and efficiency in individual areas, where energy consumption is so high that large amounts of resources are wasted and base stations can only be shut down or dormant. These are some of the basic requirements.
Chip
From the above, we can see that 5G to deal with data compared to 4G is a geometric growth, now all the data, that is, the 0 and 1 thing, but all the use of 0 and 1 thing, the basic use of the chip. The control of electromagnetic wave emission to use RF chips, coding, decoding, you have to use the baseband chip, and so on the chip; these are also the key technologies of 5G.
China's player in this field, well, again Huawei; Huawei released the first 5G base station core chip in 2019: Tiangang; and the world's first single-chip multi-mode 5G baseband chip: Baron 5000. as China's first player, it is inevitable to take the world's N global first.
There are more players doing this modem chip; however, the mainstream frequency of 5G is 28GHZ, and there are only 4 players who have the ability to deal with chips in this band.
Qualcomm is the earliest player to start researching; Samsung is the furthest along, at 39GHZ; Huawei is the player with the most advanced process; Intel is wherever it is; and Taiwan's MediaTek is said to be working on it as well, but I don't know how far along it is.
China's Huawei released the Baron 5G01 chip in 2018 because it was too big to fit on a cell phone. So in 2019 it launched another Baron 5000 for cell phones, and also released a cell phone processor Kirin chip and a server chip Kunpeng, which is also a great technology.
About the technology of communication is really too much and too complex, have to set up a relevant standard out, the big guys together in a circle to play, the following we began to talk about 5G standards.
The first phase of the 5G standard was completed in 2018 and released in June, marking the first truly complete meaning of the international 5G standard out, the remaining part is after 2019 and then improve.
This standards conference a **** has 50 companies participating, with 16 Chinese players, including Datang Telecom, China Telecom, China Mobile, China Unicom, Huawei, Lenovo, ZTE, and others; 8 from the United States, 8 from Europe, 13 from Japan, and 5 from South Korea.
From a quantitative point of view, it is the Chinese players that are the most numerous; from a qualitative point of view, China is also at the forefront.
In the channel, Omeng's Lokian code has been using turbo code, American player Qualcomm has been using LDPC code, and Huawei specializes in polar code. So, the first round will be directly out of Omeng's turbo technology, Omeng's players still have to start learning LDPC and polar again;
The following is the Qualcomm and Huawei's two masters of the fight;
Channel coding is divided into "control channel coding" and "data channel coding".
The channel coding is divided into "control channel coding" and "data channel coding", and Qualcomm wants to use its LDPC technology for both; Huawei's solution is to use polar codes for the control channel and LDPC codes for the data channel.
The main event was that Lenovo voted against Huawei's proposal,
Of course, at the time, Lenovo's vote had no impact on the outcome. Because the differences were so great, the day just confirmed the use of LDPC codes for the data channel, and left the control channel open for discussion later.
By the time of the second vote, Qualcomm, Intel, and others had found 31 companies to form the LDPC camp, demanding the use of LDPC technology. Huawei, on the other hand, organized 55 companies, including Lenovo, to form a polar camp, demanding the use of polar technology. Predictably, Huawei won, and the polar code became the control channel code, while LDPC was called the data channel code.
At a later date, the story was rehashed by netizens, and Lenovo drew the ire of the crowd, which Huawei was attentive enough to help untangle.
Well, by the way, the industry standards for 5G aren't all out yet, and 5G still has a way to go before it's fully matured.
Application Scenarios
Because there are so many applications for 5G, the International Telecommunication Union later convened the 22nd meeting of the ITU-RWP5D, which determined the application scenarios for 5G.
To summarize, there are three words: 5G network speed, wide signal, low latency; but 5G is really too advanced, the technology brings changes beyond imagination, 5G is the cornerstone of the whole information technology, can completely realize the Internet of Things bragged cattle: everything is connected.
Just like the difference between 1G and 4G, the big brother and the current cell phone is not a level of rivalry. Now you are not looking forward to it?
What's the future of 5G?
What exactly is 5G? Literally, it's easy to understand it as the next generation of technology after 4G. But what exactly are the characteristics of 5G technology that define itself? Answering this question is not an easy task at this point in time, as the industry has not fully ****ed up on it.
We may be able to get a relatively clear picture of 5G through METIS (Key Technologies in Wireless Mobile Communications for the Information Society 2020), the EU's earliest 5G research project. This project consists of 29 members, including global mainstream telecom operators such as France Telecom, Telefonica, NTT DoCoMo, and mainstream telecom equipment vendors such as Ericsson, Huawei, Alcatel-Lucent, and even BMW Group from non-telecom industries.
In response to the fact that global data traffic will have grown 1,000 times by 2022 compared to 2010, the EU's METIS project has set clear targets for 5G technology: in terms of capacity, 5G technology will realize a 1,000-fold increase in mobile data traffic per unit area compared to 4G; and in terms of transmission rates, typical user data rates will increase by 10x to 100x, with peak transmission rates of up to 10Gbps......
5G's most prominent highlight, "lies in its capacity will be 1000 times that of 4G", and the rate is not the issue that 5G will focus on. In fact, from the beginning of the mobile broadband journey opened by 3G, the mobile data transmission rate is constantly improving; today has been realized as high as 1Gbps rate, has been able to meet the needs of the vast majority of mobile data services and applications.
"It is worth noting that increasing the rate requires a very high level of terminal complexity," specifically emphasizing this challenge. With a significant increase in rate, the terminal will be difficult to design, while power consumption issues will again challenge the terminal manufacturing industry. Because of this, I believe that "rate increase is not necessarily a must, but a possibility."
Focusing on more than just rate is the mindset of the EU's METIS project team. Dr. Afif Osseiran, the overall head of the project, said that 5G will have to address more than just transmission rates, but will have to deal with the different challenges that come from the massive growth of connected devices and the different application scenarios that demand different things from the network. In fact, it is already widely recognized that simply increasing speeds no longer makes sense, as user demand for rates will not grow indefinitely or is no longer the number one need.
Where does a thousand times the capacity come from?
Coping with the digital deluge is the core demand of 5G, and the fundamental motivation for 5G to achieve a thousand times the capacity of 4G. So where exactly does a thousand times the capacity come from?
To realize a thousand times the capacity, we need innovative ideas. In my view, the first step can be to start from a management perspective to find more spectrum resources, such as reusing existing spectrum resources. The richer the spectrum resources, the easier it will be to increase capacity. In this regard, Li gave a more graphic analogy: "If you add a new highway next to an existing highway, you will inevitably be able to allow more vehicles to pass."
Reducing the size of each cell, narrowing the radius of the cell, and increasing the density of the network to 10 or even 20 times is another important direction.
It's worth noting that small base stations are expected to play an extremely important role, if not the most important role, in the 5G era. I pointed out that an important innovative concept in the 5G era is the future coverage of a wide range of macro base stations, such as the current 2G network existing macro base station is mainly used as a management, the real communication transmission by the small base station to complete, so as to realize the separation of communication transmission and network management, both to improve efficiency, but also to save energy. The convergence of networks, the convergence of technologies, will be the main theme of the 5G era. 5G will change the previous technology-centered model, but experience-centered, through the convergence of a variety of wireless technologies and networks to meet the needs of the explosive growth of data traffic.
I described a scenario for the 5G era in which the cellular network will continue to serve the phone, but when the phone is in the coverage area of the WLAN, the cellular network will combine with the WLAN to provide a "strengthened" version of the data service for the phone; and regardless of whether it is quad-core or octa-core, the processing power of a phone is ultimately limited, but it is not. Whether quad-core or octa-core, the processing power of a single phone is limited, but multiple phones in the same location can ****enjoy the processing power and transmit the processed digital content close to the phones that need to use it.
In my opinion, the ideal scenario is that all the network and processing resources around the terminal are available on demand, i.e., the resources are dynamically bound to the terminal, and the resources will "follow the terminal".
To achieve this ideal application scenario, the construction of self-organizing networks is an important direction, and this is the focus of the current research at Xi'an University of Electronic Science and Technology. Self-organizing network to solve the artificial configuration of frequency and resources brought about by the difficult, "as long as the solution to the power problem, the rest is done automatically by the network." For example, a sudden increase in data service traffic in a particular location, then the network will automatically deploy resources to support.
5G is a brand new stage, and China is likely to win more applause on this stage. I believe that, on the one hand, Chinese users have a more urgent need for 5G, Chinese users have developed the habit of using data services, and Chinese users have a stronger desire for a digital life than foreign users; on the other hand, many of the current Huawei scientists are world-class scientists, and the information has been realized to the fullest **** enjoyment, and China's desire to create is even stronger, and the strength of China's creativity is also improving. China will definitely perform better in the 5G arena than in the 4G era!
What is the future of the 5G era like3
Is it necessary to use 5G now
The development of 5G seems to be faster than we imagined, the current market has appeared on the market to support the 5G network of cell phones, and a lot of regional carriers have opened up the experience, and at present, the 5G network has not been formally commercialized, and the consumer also happens to be stuck in the This 4G to 5G network upgrade node, a lot of people who want to change the phone this year are guilty of difficulties, as of now, or the next year, the average consumer in the end there is a need to buy a 5G cell phone, the next one by one analysis.
The current 5G cell phone selectivity is very small, now you can buy also Huawei Mate 20X 5G version (12 months ago has been released Mate 20X, this year there is no change, just simply added 5G network support), the next upcoming release of the Mate 30 (grab the spot is estimated to be at the end of the year), iQOO Pro 5G, Samsung Note 10 5G and so on, just so five or six, and attention to the higher level of the new iPhone is not support 5G, if you let you spend money to buy any of these, not necessarily all your favorite, so it is better to hand on the first use.
The current 5G network, in fact, for the daily use of the enhancement is not obvious, we mass consumers recognize the 5G, support for the speed of the enhancement, every time we talk about the 5G, are talking about how fast it is how fast, because at present the 5G is not popularized, the corresponding application scenarios have not yet come out, so you buy it back on the simple speed of enhancement, the freshness of the so The novelty will be gone in a day or two. Think back to when 4G came out, is not the same, 4G popularization only after the emergence of short video, live these matching applications, so people will feel that there is indeed a boost.
5G's current signal coverage is very sparse, on the basis of the currently published data, only 11 cities in the country will have the possibility of experiencing the 5G network, the list is: Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Chongqing, Tianjin, Hangzhou, Suzhou, Wuhan, Zhengzhou, Shenyang, only 11, and a lot of top rankings, the more famous provincial capitals are not yet proposed. Construction plans, if you do not live in the above 11 cities, then 5G cell phone buy back for you useless. According to the timetable, it is basically 2020-2021 before only the most basic coverage is realized.
5G phones are not cheap, Huawei's to more than 6000, Samsung's to 7999, even the cheapest iQOO to 3798, consumption is more extravagant, and Android machine price drop is very strong, after half a year of basically not much value. Then look at the current 4G cell phone market, the price will be a lot of people, not at all because of the problem of network support, and to distinguish between the selling price, whether it is a thousand dollars below the grade of the entry machine, or 1000-2000 yuan machine, and the price of the flagship of the higher price, their network is all-network, basically there is no difference.
The main point is that the current 5G NSA network, many people have learned, this is not the real meaning of 5G, at this stage, NSA is faster than SA network speeds, allowing consumers to experience 5G download speeds as soon as possible, and the SA standard is not yet completed, Samsung in the Note10 conference also revealed that the SA network standard to be developed. Wait until the middle of 2020 to develop a good, by the time the standard is determined, the current so-called support for SA has come out of the phone, are not available in the new standard, the physical layer is fundamentally different, even if the figure is now fresh to buy, by the time you still have to change.