2. Mold industry: copper male demand is very large (raw materials: red copper)
3. Electronic industry: to do the enameled wire is the kind of transformer winding!
4. Electronic and electrical components: terminal production, circuit boards and so on!
1, power transmission : power transmission requires a large number of consumption of highly conductive copper, mainly used for power Shen.
1, power transmission : power transmission requires a large number of consumption of highly conductive copper, mainly used for power Shen. Line cable, busbar, transformers, switches, connecting elements and couplings.
2, motor manufacturing: in the motor manufacturing, the extensive use of high conductivity and high strength copper alloy. The main copper parts are stator, rotor and shaft head.
3, communication cables: Since the 80's, due to the fiber optic cable current-carrying capacity and other advantages, in the communication trunk lines continue to replace the copper cable, and the rapid spread of application. However, the conversion of electrical energy into light energy, as well as input user lines still need to use a lot of copper. With the development of the communications business, people rely more and more on communications, the demand for both fiber optic cables and copper wires will continue to increase.
4, residential electrical wiring
5, electric vacuum devices :Electric vacuum devices are mainly high-frequency and ultra-high-frequency transmitter tubes, waveguides, magnetrons, etc., they need high-purity oxygen-free copper and diffusion-enhanced oxygen-free copper.
6, printed circuits: copper printed circuits, copper foil as a surface, pasted on a plastic plate as a support; photographic method of circuit wiring diagram printed on the copper plate; through the etching of the excess part of the removal and leave the interconnection of the circuit. Then, punch holes in the printed circuit board at the connections with the outside, insert the connectors of discrete components or other parts of the terminals, soldered to this opening, so that a complete circuit is assembled.
7, integrated circuits
8, lead frame: copper alloy is inexpensive, high strength, electrical and thermal conductivity, processing performance, pin welding and corrosion resistance is excellent, through the alloying can be controlled within a wide range of properties, to better meet the performance requirements of the lead frame, has become an important material for the lead frame. It is currently the largest amount of copper in microelectronic devices in a material.
9, the energy industry: the use of solar energy should also use many copper tubes. For example: a hotel near London, England, a swimming pool, equipped with a solar heater, in the summer can keep the water temperature at 18 ~ 24 ℃. The solar heater contains 784 pounds (3 56 kilograms) of copper tubing.
10, the petrochemical industry: copper and many copper alloys, in aqueous solutions, hydrochloric acid and other non-oxidizing acids, organic acids (such as: acetic acid, citric acid, fatty acids, lactic acid, oxalic acid, etc.), in addition to ammonia in addition to a variety of alkalis and non-oxidizing organic compounds (such as: oils, phenols, alcohols, etc.), have good corrosion resistance; therefore, a large number of the petrochemical industry used to manufacture a variety of containers contact corrosive media Therefore, in the petrochemical industry, it is widely used in the manufacture of various containers, piping systems, filters, pumps and valves and other devices. Also use its thermal conductivity, manufacturing a variety of evaporators, heat exchangers and condensers. Due to the good plasticity of copper, especially suitable for the manufacture of modern chemical industry in the structure of intricate, copper cross-compilation of heat exchangers. In addition in the petroleum refining plant are used in the production of bronze tools; the original back to the impact is not burst out of the sparks, can prevent fires from occurring.
11, the marine industry: the ocean accounts for more than 70% of the earth's surface area, the rational development and utilization of marine resources is increasingly being people's attention. Seawater contains indeed "easy to cause corrosion of chloride ions, steel, aluminum, even stainless steel and many other engineering metal materials are not resistant to corrosion of seawater. In addition in these materials, as well as wood, glass and other non-metallic materials on the surface will also form marine biological pollution. Copper is unique, not only seawater corrosion resistance; and dissolved in the water of copper ions have a bactericidal effect, can prevent marine life fouling. Therefore, copper and copper alloys are very important materials in the marine industry, has been widely used in desalination plants, marine oil and gas platforms, and other coastal and submarine facilities. For example, piping systems, pumps and valves used in the desalination process, as well as equipment used on oil and gas platforms, including splash zone and underwater bolts, drilling day, anti-biofouling bushings, pumps, valves, and piping systems and so on. Information on the use of copper and copper alloys in marine applications will be presented in a later section.
12, ships: due to good corrosion resistance to seawater, many copper alloys, such as: aluminum bronze, manganese bronze, aluminum brass, gunmetal (tin-zinc bronze), copper and nickel-copper alloys (monel alloys) has become the standard material for shipbuilding. Generally in warships and merchant ships in the weight, copper and copper alloys accounted for 2 ~ 3%. Warships and most large merchant ships propellers are made of aluminum bronze or brass. The propellers of large ships weigh 20 to 25 tons each. Queen Elizabeth and Queen Mary aircraft carriers propellers weigh 35 tons each.
13, automobile: automobile copper 10 ~ 2I kilograms per car, with the type and size of the car varies, for small cars accounted for about 6 ~ 9% of the weight %. Copper and copper alloys are mainly used for radiators, brake system piping, hydraulics, gears, bearings, brake friction pads, power distribution and electrical systems, gaskets, and a variety of joints, fittings and accessories. One of the larger uses of copper is in radiators. Modern tube-and-belt radiators use brass bands soldered into radiator tubes and thin copper bands bent into fins.
14, railroads: electrification of railroads on the need for copper and copper alloys. Each kilometer of overhead wires need to use more than 2 tons of shaped copper wire. In order to improve its strength, often adding a small amount of copper (about 1%) or silver (about of%). In addition, the trains rely on copper and copper alloys for motors, rectifiers, and control, braking, electrical and signaling systems.
15, aircraft: aircraft navigation is also inseparable from copper. For example: aircraft wiring, hydraulic, cooling and pneumatic systems need to use copper, bearing retainers and landing gear bearings using aluminum bronze tubing, navigation instrumentation application of antimagnetic copper alloy, many of the instrumentation in the use of broken copper elastic components and so on.
16, mechanical engineering: almost in all the machines can be found in copper parts. In addition to motors, circuits, hydraulic systems, pneumatic systems and control systems in a large number of copper, a large variety of brass and bronze manufactured transmission parts and fixed parts, such as gears, worm gears, worm gears, couplings, fasteners, twisted parts, screws, nuts, etc., abound.
17, metallurgical equipment: metallurgical industry is a major consumer of electricity, known as the "power tiger". In the construction of the metallurgical plant must usually have a copper to work on a huge transmission and distribution system and power operation equipment. In addition, in pyro-metallurgy, continuous casting technology has occupied a dominant position, in which the key components of a crystallizer, most of the use of chrome copper, silver copper and other high-strength and high thermal conductivity of copper alloys. Electrometallurgy in the vacuum electric arc furnace and electroslag furnace water-cooled crucible using copper tubing manufacturing, a variety of induction heating of the induction coil are made of copper tubing or shaped copper tube winding, inside the water cooling.
18, alloy additives: copper is an important element in the addition of steel and aluminum alloys. A small amount of copper (0.2 ~ 0.5%) added to low-alloy structural steel, can improve the strength of steel and resistance to atmospheric and marine corrosion. Adding copper to corrosion-resistant cast iron and stainless steel can further improve their corrosion resistance. Containing about 30% copper high nickel alloy is the famous high-strength corrosion-resistant "Monel alloy", widely used in the nuclear industry.
19, air conditioners and freezers: air conditioners and freezers temperature control, mainly through the heat exchanger copper tube evaporation and condensation to achieve. Heat exchanger tube size and heat transfer performance, to a large extent, determines the entire air conditioning and refrigeration unit efficiency and miniaturization. In these machines, profiled copper tubes with high thermal conductivity are used. The use of copper's good processing performance, recently developed and produced with the inner groove and high fins of the heat pipe, used in the manufacture of air conditioners, freezers, chemical and waste heat mouth collection and other devices in the heat exchanger, the new heat exchanger can make the total heat transfer coefficient of the ordinary tube to increase to 2 to 3 times, and with the ordinary low-fin tube 1.2 to 1.3 times, has been used in the country, can save 40% of the copper, and make the heat exchanger The volume of the heat exchanger is reduced by more than 1/3.
20, clocks and watches: the current production of clocks and watches, timers and clock mechanism of the device, most of the working parts are used in the "clock brass" manufacturing. The alloy contains 1.5-2% lead, has good processing performance, suitable for mass production.
21, paper: in the current information society, paper consumption is very large. Paper seems simple on the surface, but the papermaking process is very complex, need to go through many steps, the application of many machines, including coolers, evaporators, pulpers, papermaking machines and so on. Many of these components, such as the various heat exchange tubes, rollers, striking bars, semi-liquid pumps, and screens, are for the most part made of steel alloys.
22, printing: printing with copper plates for photographic plate. Surface polished copper plate sensitized with photographic latex, photographic imaging on it. After the sensitized copper plate needs to be heated to harden the glue. In order to avoid softening by heat, copper often contains a small amount of silver or arsenic to improve the softening temperature. The plate is then etched to form a printing surface with a distribution of bumpy dot patterns. Another important use of copper in printing is in automatic typesetting machines, where plates are to be made by arranging brass type blocks. The type blocks are usually made of leaded brass, sometimes copper or bronze.
23, brewing : in the world of beer brewing, copper plays an important role. Often use copper for malt barrels and fermentation tanks in the village. In some famous breweries have more than a dozen of these vats with a capacity of more than 20,000 gallons. In fermentation vats, steel pipes are often used to cool the water by passing it through the pipes in order to lower the temperature. Steel pipes are also used to steam water for heating in the brewing of beer, and to convey liquor in steel pipes. Steel stills are usually used for distilling whisky and other spirits. Whisky malt liquor is distilled twice, in two large copper stills.
24, medicine: pharmaceutical industry, all kinds of steaming, boiling, vacuum devices are made of pure copper. In medical equipment is widely used zinc copper. Copper alloy is also a common material for eyeglass frames and so on.
25, piping system: copper water pipe has a beautiful and durable, easy to install, safe fire, health care and many other advantages, so that it is galvanized steel pipe and plastic pipe compared to the existence of a significantly superior price-performance ratio.
26, house decoration: In Europe, the use of steel production of roofs and eaves has been a tradition. Scandinavian countries even use it for wall decoration. Copper atmospheric corrosion resistance is very good, durable, can be recycled, it has a good processing can be easily made into complex shapes, and it also has a beautiful color; therefore, it is very suitable for use as a house decoration. It has a long history of application on the roofs of ancient buildings such as churches, and still emits an attractive luster; and in modern large-scale buildings and even apartments and houses on the construction of the application of more and more. For example: in London, on behalf of the modern British architectural art of the "Commonwealth Commission" building, the complex shape of the roof, built with steel, weighing about 25 tons; in 1966 the opening of the Crystal Palace Sports Center, with 60 tons of steel made of wavy roof and so on. According to statistics, used as a roof of copper, the average annual consumption of 0.8 kilograms per person in Germany, the United States for 0.2 kilograms. In addition, the house decoration, such as: door knobs, locks, louvers, press bar, lamps, wall decorations and kitchen utensils, etc., the use of steel products are not only durable, disinfection and sanitation, and decorated with elegant atmosphere, loved by the people.
27, statues and crafts: There is no metal in the world, can be as widely used in the manufacture of various crafts as steel, from ancient times to the present, enduring. Today's urban construction, a variety of monuments, cast bells, tripods, statues, statues of Buddha, antique products, etc., a large number of cast copper alloy. Modern musical instruments, such as flute made of white steel, saxophone with brass material. A variety of beautiful works of art, inexpensive gold-plated and imitation gold, imitation silver jewelry also need to use a variety of components of copper alloy.
28, coins :Since human ancestors used coins for trading, copper and copper alloys to make coins, passed down through the generations, inherited to date. With the development of modern automatic coin-operated telephones, ride-sharing and shopping and other beneficial activities, the amount of steel used for minting coins has continued unabated. In the application of copper coins, in addition to changing the size, it is easy to use different alloy compositions and change the color of the alloy to manufacture and differentiate different denominations of currency. Commonly used are "silver coins" containing 2.5% nickel, brass coins containing 20% zinc and 1% tin, and "copper" coins containing small amounts of tin (3%) and zinc (l.5%). Thousands of tons of copper are consumed each year in the production of copper coins around the world. The Royal Mint in London alone produces 700 million copper coins a year, requiring about seven thousand tons of the metal.
29, in the computer: information technology is the precursor to high-tech. It relies on the crystallization of modern human wisdom, a computer as a tool for the ever-changing, vast as a sea of information processing and processing. The heart of a computer consists of a microprocessor (including an operator and a controller) and a memory. These basic components (hardware) are large-scale integrated circuits with millions of interconnected transistors, resistors, capacitors, and other components on a tiny chip to perform fast and reliable processing. These basic components (hardware) are large-scale integrated circuits with millions of interconnected transistors, resistors, capacitors, and other components distributed on tiny chips to perform fast numerical operations, logic operations, and large amounts of information storage. These integrated circuits are assembled by means of lead frames and printed circuits. As can be seen in the previous chapter "Applications in the Electronics Industry", copper and copper alloys are not only important materials for leadframes, solder and printed circuit boards; they can also play an important role in the interconnection of the tiny components of integrated circuits.
30, superconductivity and low temperature: General materials (except semiconductors) resistance decreases with temperature, when the temperature drops to a very low temperature, the resistance of some materials will completely disappear, a phenomenon known as superconductivity. The maximum temperature at which superconductivity occurs is called the critical superconducting temperature of the material. The discovery of superconductivity opened a new earth for the utilization of electricity. Back for the resistance is zero, as long as the application of a very small voltage can produce a very huge (theoretically infinite) current, access to a huge magnetic field and magnetic force; or when the current through it, does not occur when the voltage is reduced and the loss of electrical energy. Obviously its practical application will cause human beings in the production and life of the change, very people's attention.
31, in agriculture and animal husbandry in the application: steel compounds is to eliminate pests and diseases of effective bactericidal pesticides, can control all mold or fungi caused by disease. In addition to the direct use of copper sulfate to soak the seeds, in the orchard and farmland is often used in a number of copper salt mixture. The most important ones are Bordeaux liquid (copper lime sulfate liquid) and Burgundy liquid (copper soda sulfate liquid), which are named after the famous French grape producing areas, as well as Paris green and fungicide.
32, high-energy physics: to reveal the mystery of the structure of matter is the scientists diligently seek a major fundamental issues. Every step deeper understanding of this issue will bring significant impact on mankind. The current use of atomic energy is an example. Recent research in modern physics has revealed that the smallest building blocks of matter are not molecules and atoms but quarks and leptons, which are billions of times smaller. The study of these elementary particles is now often carried out at extremely high reaction energies, hundreds of times higher than the nuclear action at the time of the atomic bomb explosion, and is known as high-energy physics. Such high energies are obtained by "bombarding" a fixed target with charged particles accelerated over long distances in a strong magnetic field (high-energy gas pedals), or by colliding two streams of particles accelerated in opposite directions (colliders). For this purpose, it is necessary to construct long-distance channels of strong magnetic fields with steel windings. In addition, similar structures are required in controlled thermonuclear reaction devices. In order to reduce the temperature rise due to the heat generated by the passage of large currents, these magnetic flux paths are wound by hollow profiled copper rods to be cooled by the passage of a medium.