BR /> Cloning asexual caused by artificial or natural asexual reproduction (e.g. plants). Cloning of cells is exactly the same as cloning of genes in other organisms, it is a natural cloning, for example, by asexual reproduction produces two identical genetically or by chance (a personal favorite pair of twins), but what we usually refer to as cloning is the production of identical copies consciously designed.
Clone "clone" British "klōn" (Greek branch). "Klone" was long used in horticulture until the 20th century, and, sometimes with the suffixes "E", "clone", "O", pronounced with long vowels, "E", "clone", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", and "O". ", pronounced with long vowels. In recent years, the public **** living with the concept of the widespread use of a transliterated word, the spelling does not limit the use of "clone" to translate the word "cloning" in mainland China, rather than translating it as "genetically modified" or "the latter". "or" the latter "cloning" cloning deficiencies "in Hong Kong, Taiwan, and" cloning "cloning" copy, and then copy the phonetic translation, rather than the literal meaning of the word To express the meaning of clone, inaccurate and misleading unfortunately. Said gene for certain diseases has been successfully cloned, means that the location and DNA sequence of the gene is determined. In order to obtain a clone of the gene, it can be considered to identify the gene product.
The device of cloning an organism creates an original organism with exactly the same genetic information. In the context of modern biology of organisms, it usually includes somatic cell nuclear transfer. SCNT was removed and replaced by core cell biology to remove the cloned oocyte from the oocyte and move it into the nucleus of the cell from which it is supposed to come from the same species. Containing almost all of the life of the development of nuclear donor organisms with genetically identical mitochondrial DNA genetic information is not transplantable, but relatively mitochondrial DNA or small, can usually be ignored for its biological impact on the body of the host oocyte's nucleus.
Horticultural cloning divides each plant, and many plant asexual clones replicate a large number of offspring from a single plant. BR /> Clone is a phonetic English clone, simply put, is a kind of artificially induced asexual reproduction asexual reproduction asexual reproduction sexual cloning is not only common reproductive spore reproduction male and female germ cell organisms to produce progeny, budding and combining parts of the plant is also known as asexual reproduction of the roots, stems, leaves, presses, cuttings or grafting. Sheep, monkeys, cows and other animals do not produce a new artificial gene plant breeding operation called cloning is an asexual reproduction gateway biotechnology called cloning is a manual operation by individual scientists. Idea
Cloning technology was first proposed by a German embryologist in 1938, in 1952, scientists frogs first cloning experiments, progress was slow, people continue to study animal cloning technology, technology in the recession at the time of the early 80s. Later, some mammalian embryonic stem cell cloning success 5,1996 live birth babies of British scientists Ian Wilmut Bo, a major breakthrough, Shick long somatic cell cloning technology, adult sheep, sheep, it breaks the previous animal embryonic stem cell cloning technology difficulties, the use of somatic cell cloning of animals for the first time to achieve a higher sense of sheep, animal cloning cells may be needed for consumers to Provide better food or any chemical substances, animal research cloning technology aims to find better ways to change the genetic makeup of cattle.
Cloning technology has gone through three periods of development:
The first period was microbial cloning, replication, bacterial populations, thousands of bacteria, such bacteria identical.
The second period of biotechnology, such as cloning of DNA cloning.
The third period has seen many advances in cloning from a cell to an animal
Cloning animal cloning technology, cloning breakthroughs in the application of science and technology in human beings, generally have the following benefits: First, the use of cloning and biotechnology, the change in crop genotypes has led to a large number of new varieties of disease-resistant, resistant to pests, salinity, thus greatly increasing crop yields, breeding a large number of excellent breeds of livestock, and the development of a large number of new varieties of livestock, which can be used to produce a variety of crops. A large number of excellent breeds of livestock, such as good meat, cattle, sheep, significant impact on the breeding of pigs, also developed a large number of high milk yield and rich in nutrients cattle working body needs three significant health care dependent on molecular cloning technology to identify the causative genes, proteins in the molecular biology of the disease mechanism of the drug treatment of hemophilia hemophiliacs containing milk transgenic goat clones can be be used to meet therapeutic needs to seek a wider range of sources in vivo to culture human organs for organ transplantation, genetic organization of organs and the body's immune system may reduce immune rejection and improve the success of transplants, environmental protection and preservation of endangered species of plants and animals, and the speed of reproductive cloning. Fifth, it is more suitable for animal medical research, greatly improving the accuracy and safety of the test.
Some scholars believe that cloning technology is worrisome, it fundamentally destroys the uniqueness of individual organisms and may lead to unexpected ecosystems. The general concern about the negative impact of cloning technology, especially with regard to human cloning can lead to a very difficult social and ethical issues that are useful in academia, it is technically feasible and does not imply legal value. The possibility of cloning technology research scientists, focusing on the development of the technology, but ignoring or not considering the legality of the value, then human cloning will cause more harm is bad, or even a disaster.
Moral values, and your point of view? Human cloning? The following aspects: first, from the point of view of social morality, human cloning is a person who intervenes too strongly in the development of the state of affairs may affect the competition between the natural makeup and the development of nature, and secondly, from the point of view of family ethics, exacerbated by the failure of the point of view of sexual morality between the relationship between the family and change the family's pluralistic tendency to normalize the relationship between human beings, the pro-loss, fundamentally, there is a sense of belonging to radically altered the natural reproduction of the natural fertility based on the Sex of people, representation? Population and separation, destroying human feelings. Fourth, from a moral point of view, a unique genetic damage that may lead to the degradation of the human race, but also shakes up the concept of normal life and death.
Scholars cloning technology has a wider range of potential negative impacts from the perspective of a thorough self-censorship, in addition to the moral dimension, is also reflected in: First, ecological copies of genes cloning technology to maintain genetic diversity, the inverse of the process of biological evolution, from the biological threat to make things easier, is the cultural dimension of the alternative to natural reproduction and the negative clones are extremely detrimental to the survival of human beings, breaks the the self-regulation of biological evolution, typically anti-natural with today's emerging regression. On the philosophical level, the trend of culture, self-replication and self-replicating, the line of sight of clones in the sky may lead to a fundamental nature of the relationship between physical and mental illness of a person. Duplication and impersonal reproduction, irreplaceable, only losing, losing the natural basis and premise of the ego and personality traits of the creature.
Conflict offers new techniques and new approaches to the problem of bioethics of the minds and powerful people? This problem can be solved in a rational attitude, respecting the development of science and technology, human personality, respect for human dignity. Ethical and moral standards, the development and progress of human history, the future of social change in all aspects of society, the obstacles encountered in the social and moral cloning of human beings will be resolved.
The pros and cons of the double-edged sword of South Korean researchers said they will seek to clone embryos in the cloning of human embryonic stem cells of medical value, they do not create benefits in a cloned baby
But these grow in a petri dish, infertility treatments artificial insemination, embryos years old and above these cloned embryos cloned embryos into the uterus to develop into a fetus. It should be said,
Animal cloning research, the United States University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Gerald Shateng results of human cloning of humans a step forward. Shateng cloned humans, but scientists in the United States have a long history of favoring scientists in South Korea
South Korean scientists, human cloning and stem cell research controversy. Organizations in the United States again called for legislation to ban the manufacture of cloned babies moral voice of politicians and broad support for medical issues, but the U.S. Congress passed a similar bill, not only to introduce some members of the legislation to ban the production of cloned babies, but also to ban the use of cloned embryos for medical treatment
Feminists opposed to the cloning of human embryonic stem cells in the process of the egg and the egg donor Many of the drugs involved in the process as a means to an end, nor is it dangerous
The Jiji Press News Agency newspaper scholars believe that cloning technology is worrisome and that it can radically destroy the uniqueness of individual organisms, and that the negative impact on the ecosystem could lead to unpredictable. Useful to explore. Technically feasible, especially in the sector of human cloning human cloning will lead to a very difficult social and ethical issues, academic attention does not mean that the legal value of the possibility of cloning technology research scientists are focusing on the technology, but ignored or did not take into account the legality of the value of human cloning will do more harm than good, or even disaster.
The cloning method to produce the desired tissue, on the other hand save desperate human organs, evil organs, which is a very good thing, in my opinion is a very important organ transplantation every year in the medical treatment, until today is still a big problem so many people can not wait for students who want to trade continue to operate in secret, the gap between the supply and demand for trafficking in human organs International crime syndicates dirty profits, murder and other baby donors, smuggling stolen, and doing every thing for some time now, the grandmother of the wolf another reportedly pro-grandchild organ traffickers too horrible thing.
If I need to change the organ that no longer needs other organ transplants, just clear the body of cells of the blastocysts, embryonic stem cells, and finally in the train, I am a perfect match for the organ of the diseased organ. Treatment of patients, organ traffickers secretly evil people, the broader market prospects. Cloned human embryos can indeed get exactly the same way as the patient's cells, tissues or organs. Struggling with death, leukemia, Parkinson's, heart disease and cancer patients, the absolute gospel of paradise
Leukemia such as, can only be cured by doing a bone marrow transplant, but it is a relatively difficult long-term process, and fortunately find one or more matches of bone marrow before finding their destiny, with a number of countries and regions establishing and maintaining bone marrow donation programs, investing huge amounts in the fund each year as well.
"Therapeutic cloning" I look forward to the clinical application as soon as possible to help leukemia patients to buy time and life, eliminating the torture of waiting for a successful match, the risk of rejection still exists. Medical institutions will no longer need so much manpower and resources to expand the capacity of the bone marrow bank.
Cloning an embryo to keep it from continuing to grow and then allowing the heart, muscles, and even parts of hair to grow into it can be used as a component.
It is too convenient and in the future of real human happiness, parts of the body can get a warranty affecting the daily life with ethics, but in fact it is already taking shape as a production facility. Scare you jump in front of you, but give you, because life is not you need to clone a humanoid clone product combines, like a constantly updated version of a computer system thought about it, a little confused, wondering, he is waiting to be installed in parts, or waiting to be developed into several parts.
Tell you some of it ^ _ ^
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The advantages and disadvantages of cloning technology, the great benefits it brings to mankind, such as the British PPL goat's milk contains a treatment for emphysema ewes - the price of 1 anti-trypsin goat's milk powder is $ 6,000 liter for a pharmaceutical company. Ewe, what is the most effective and convenient way to expand meat sheep farming? A good way to "clone the same, the Netherlands, PHP cattle market, Israel las aquaculture
Goat serum albumin, the answer to high value-added livestock production, and, of course, "cloning" the mare and a male donkey hybrids have the advantage of being particularly strong animals - mules, mules! Can not be copied, then, how to expand the breeding of fine mules? The best way to "clone" the giant panda is a national treasure, but the success rate of natural mating is very low, and endangered species to save these precious animals cloning "provides a practical way for human mares and male donkeys hybrid advantage is particularly strong animals - mules, mules can not be replicated, then, how to expand the reproduction of fine mules Breeding of fine mules road, a "clone" of the giant panda is a national treasure, but the success rate of natural mating, therefore, endangered to save these precious animals, a large number of cloning "provides a practical approach for human beings. In addition, tumor biology and animal cloning research immunology, the study of human life, and therefore can not be underestimated. It is true that the cloning of sheep "also attracted many people to the benefits of cloning, for example, considering whether to level frozen embryos to clone embryonic stem cells, is a matter of organs, you can remove the organs and then replace them
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Opposition to cloning of human beings, the vast majority of people in the world, the ethical reasons for the cloning of human beings to produce a huge impact on the disease. organs it also offers the use of cloning methods for human fittings. Including in existing systems, it is difficult to determine the identity of the relationship between them can be cloned. Secondly, the process is no longer required to participate in the sex of human offspring, which will cause unbearable to the existing social relations, family structure of the human being's survival, detrimental to human cloning human cloning technology may be abused and become a tool for terrorists. Fourth, from the biodiversity of human cloning, in the wide spread of diseases may cause a lot of the same genetic structure, may be due to its special status and psychological defects, the formation of new social problems.
The discussion about human cloning "reminds people of the progress of science and technology, which is a sad but happy parade. There are many possible reasons why technological developments permeate more broadly and y ethical, moral and legal issues in society, and if I were to conclude this article by Nobel Laureate, renowned molecular biologist JD Watson: "It can be expected that many biologists, and especially those scientists engaged in this research on asexual reproduction, will give serious consideration to its implications, and to start a scientific discussion and educate people,
191 UN member states in the world. Almost unanimously opposed to cloning and stem cell grams? In a heated discussion of opposing factions on the issue, more than a year of cloning and cloning research, the United Nations General Assembly in Costa Rica, the General Assembly's Legal Committee, which led to the country should ban all cloning activities of all cloning countries advocated some research for the purpose of cloning activities in Belgium.
Belgian officials commemorated at the United Nations? Fidel Tedinhofer said the ambiguous language in the 18 deadlock, the two sides finally agreed on the validity of the draft discussion on the basis of the future of cloning, instead, he said: "The differences in the international community are so great that you can not have any treaty to reach a *** understanding, only to pursue the general language expressed in a draft acceptable to everyone by the General Assembly proposed by Italy The Legal Committee will draft a preliminary discussion.
At this year's conference, U.S. President George W. Bush called for a total ban on human cloning, saying, "Human life should not be a benefit to others, to create or destroy. "
But many researchers believe that stem cells G?Lon are favored by human society and that the above medical problems can be solved.
On the contrary, moral life people cloning
Modern technology, especially modern life sciences, as well as the lack of respect for ethical principles, do not listen to the voice of the moral? Experts point to the secret practice of certain mad scientists in the U.S. of human cloning - cloning people for human life ethics.
Recently many media and foreign media reported a shocking news: a group of mad scientists manipulated the same principles of the cult of human cloning experiments in the secret deep desert of Nevada, creating the world's first cloned sheep "Dolly" according to scientists from the United Kingdom, who, in February this year, in a 10-month-old baby The girl, extracted from the cell-dead clone. If all goes well, then the birth of the world's first human clone will be the end of next year," said.
Revealing the news that the ethical issue of cloning technology will once again become widely discussed, and if this is true, then how to look at, how to correctly evaluate and think about this issue, the reporter visited the National Center for Human Genome South Ethics, Law and Society Director, researcher, the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences, Institute of Social Sciences, the concept of the Academy of Social Sciences, Sinking Mingxian Shuji.
Professor Shen said: Since 1997, the British Roslin Institute successfully cloned Li "sheep, fame and fortune, drive abroad, and tried to engage in human cloning research. Newspapers have reported bans on human cloning a few times in the last two years, but the speed at which this is happening is so astonishing and admirable.
Separate their parents, daughters, daughters resurrected cloned feelings understandable, but scientists experimenting with human cloning, it is worth discussing. The cult of Professor Sink: even in the case of calls, this practice is not desirable. "Clone" copy of the shadow of life, I am a dead man, what kind of impact will his psyche?
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Bioethics, science and technology, for the benefit of all mankind as a whole, from the perspective of long-term interests, we must adhere to the internationally recognized ethical principles of "do good, not harm, independence and impartiality. "The 200 failed, successfully cloned "Dolly" sheep were deformed or died. Complex human cloning, unhealthy, deformed, or short-lived, is a violation of human rights and will undoubtedly fail
Human genetic diversity is the biological basis of human evolution, and those mad scientists who create a so-called so-called "immortal life", in fact, a copy of the same genes, may be diminished. Not conducive to the genetic diversity of human evolution Therefore, both as a whole, from the point of view of personal development, social and bioethical, should be firmly opposed to the cloning of human behavior
Professor Shen pointed out that: the scientific community of therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning, cloning2, the former of the medical research with embryonic stem cells to clone human organs, to solve the problem of a lack of support for organ donation, a prerequisite in the international scientific community, and a lack of support for organ donation, the former is a very important part of human development. Prerequisites for ethics in the international scientific community, but therapeutic cloning of embryos can not exceed the boundaries of 14 days of pregnancy is usually referred to as reproductive cloning, such as human cloning, because it is a violation of the general principles of bioethics, is strongly opposed by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the World Health Organization (WHO) and the international government is very clearly opposed to reproductive cloning, the Human Ethics Committee of the genome of the scientists of the prevailing view that the Even with the birth of true human cloning, we must continue to adhere to the basic position.
Modern science and technology is a double-edged sword, will also bring some negative impacts for the benefit of mankind, which also raises a problem for us: modern science and technology, especially in the modern life sciences, the lack of respect for ethical principles, ethical voices to listen to Prof. Sinking: Now, some scientists think that as long as because of the possibilities of a science, you should do it, in fact, this is at the wrong point! Technically, we can create a serious risk of superhuman life, or you can create some mad scientist name? Characters? Words? Character? character, what is harming human freedom" banner, therefore, we have to be wary of modern science and technology, the motives of some people with ulterior motives can not be opposed to the freedom of science and ethics. Facts have proved that the development of modern life sciences, ethical norms and guidance, rather than constraints on the development of science, listen to the voice of morality, health, conducive to science, stable growth.
Moral human cloning of human life on the contrary
Modern technology, especially modern life sciences and lack of respect for ethical principles, do not listen to its voice, moral? Experts point out that some mad scientists of the secret practice of human cloning on human life in the United States - the ethics of human cloning.
Our media, foreign media reported a shocking news: a group of mad scientists, the same principles of cults operating in the deserts of Nevada, the United States, secretly cloned to the depths of human experimentation on the world's first cloned goat "Dolly" from February this year, the British scientists in the 10-month-old baby girl, from which cells were extracted to create a clone of a human being. cells extracted to create a clone of the dead. If all goes well, then the birth of the world's first human clone will be at the end of next year," said.
Disclosure of the news, the ethical issue of cloning technology will once again become widely discussed, it is true, then how to look at, how to correctly evaluate and think about this issue, the reporter visited the National Human Genome South Research Center for Ethics, Law and Society Sinking Mingxian College, director of the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences researcher
Professor Sinking said: Since 1997, the British Rosslyn Institute successfully cloned the sheep "sheep", the "sheep", "sheep", "sheep", "sheep", "sheep" and "sheep". Since 1997, the British Roslin Institute successfully cloned the sheep "Dolly" fame? The Institute of Philosophy has been banned by governments for its drive and wealth to engage in human cloning research. But while human cloning has been reported more than once in the past two years, the rate at which it is being done is so rapid, and the adulation is indeed astounding.
Parents lost their daughters, daughter resurrection cloning mood is understandable, but if scientists cloning experiments, it is worth exploring the sink cult professor:, even if put aside, this practice is not desirable. "Clone", he will live in the shadow of the copy, "I am a dead man, what kind of impact on his psyche?
Bioethics, from a scientific and technological point of view, the interests of mankind as a whole, in the long run, it must follow the principles of "do good, do no harm, independence, impartiality and the four internationally recognized morals. 200 failed and succeeded in cloning sheep "Dolly" sheep deformed or died. death. Cloning is more complex and will undoubtedly encounter more failures to create unhealthy, deformed, or short-lived ones, and would be a human rights violation.
BR /> Biological basis of human genetic diversity, human evolution, and mad scientists, created the so-called "immortal life", in fact, copies of the same genetic diversity is not conducive to the evolution of mankind itself may be reduced, therefore, both from the point of view of the individual, as a whole, society, and moral development. Therefore, both from an individual and as a whole society, from the perspective of moral development, firmly opposed to human cloning.
Professor Shen pointed out: in the scientific community is divided into two pre-medical research therapeutic cloning of embryonic stem cells cloning of human organs cloning and reproductive cloning, the lack of problem-solving international scientific community and the ethics profession to support organ donations, but there is a premise that the therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning of human embryos more than 14 days of gestation of the limit is usually referred to as human cloning, because it violates the general principles of bioethics, so strongly opposed, according to mainstream scientists. The governmental ethics committees of UNESCO, the World Health Organization and the International Human Genome have made it very clear that they are opposed to reproductive cloning, and even if a human clone were to be actually born, we would still have to maintain this basic position.
Modern science and technology is a double-edged sword that benefits mankind and can bring negative impacts, which also raises a question for us: modern science and technology, especially in the modern life sciences, lacks respect for ethical principles, and moral voices don't listen to you, then Prof. Shen said: "Now, some scientists believe that as long as the science is right, you should do it. This is actually the wrong view. Technically, we can build a seriously harmful superhuman life, but can it also create it? The name of the mad scientist? Word? Word? Characters? Characters do it under the banner of human "freedom". Therefore, we must guard against the use of modern science and technology, some people with ulterior motives, but also the freedom of science and ethical opposition. Practice has shown that the development of modern life sciences, ethical norms and guidance, rather than the development of science, is bound to listen to the voice of morality, more healthy and conducive to the development of science and smooth.
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In fact, people can not accept the experiment of human cloning is the most important reason is that the traditional ethical and moral concepts of the barrier. For thousands of years, human beings have been following the sexual reproduction, human cloning is a laboratory of production and life, especially in the Western cloning detachment, "the abandoned God, Adam and Eve", there are many religious organizations opposed. In addition, the relationship between human cloning and clones is contrary to traditional moral kinship, all these are human clones can not find a suitable place to live in the traditional moral values? Human beings, however, the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences social academician He Joao academician said: the ethical problems of human cloning should be able to solve the problem, but there is no reason to oppose the progress in science and technology. "The development of human society itself tells us that in people's minds, history, science and technology, driving the development of technology, behind the concept of bondage, release rigidity. History of blood transfusions, organ transplants, brought great moral controversy when the first test tube baby was born in 1978, set off a furor, but now, people have been able to correctly treat all the procedures are thinking about bringing about a disaster in the face of scientific and technological development, not people, on the contrary, it is the benefits of human cloning technology, "therapeutic cloning "is a breakthrough that overcomes the disease, biotechnology and medical technology for the production of organ transplants have brought about revolutionary changes, such as when your daughter needs a bone marrow transplant, no one can provide for her; when you are unfortunate enough to lose a 5 year old child can not get rid of the pain when you want to raise your own children do not give birth to children ...... Perhaps, you will be able to enjoy the important scientific value of complete cloning therapeutic cloning research and the experimental and practical significance of human cloning. Complementary to each other and mutually reinforcing, the end point of therapeutic cloning is a complete human clone, if used properly, they can and should be BR />
Science has always been a double-edged sword, but the advances in science and technology are truly beneficial to mankind in terms of how mankind treats it and applies it, not because of the temporal gospel of human society.