I, the situation facing environmental safety
After more than 20 years of reform and opening up, China's productivity level, comprehensive national strength, people's living standards have stepped up to a new level, the per capita GDP reached 1,000 U.S. dollars, and some parts of the eastern region to reach 3,000 U.S. dollars, we are facing a rare period of strategic opportunity. However, with the rapid development of the economy, resources and the environment are facing unprecedented pressure, coupled with blind development in some places, environmental safety hazards are gradually emerging, China has entered a period of high incidence of environmental pollution accidents. Especially in recent years, a number of places have occurred one after another serious environmental pollution accidents, seriously affecting local social production, life, resulting in huge economic and environmental losses.
Between February and April 2004, located in the Qingbaijiang District of Chengdu City, Sichuan Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. in the absence of consent to trial production, illegal sewage discharge, will not be fully processed containing high concentrations of ammonia and nitrogen wastewater discharged directly, brewing the country's largest water pollution accidents, to the Chengdu, Ziyang, Neijiang, Zigong, Luzhou, the five cities of the industrial and agricultural production and the life of the local people caused serious impact and November 13, 2005 PetroChina Jilin Petrochemical Company double benzene plant explosion, resulting in more than 100 tons of benzene discharged, triggering the Songhua River water pollution incident, resulting in a four-day water shutdown in Harbin City, and caused concern in Russia and other countries. December 15, 2005, the Guangdong Provincial Environmental Protection Department monitoring found that the Shaoguan section of the North River in Guangdong, the heavy metal cadmium exceeded the standard. The heavy metal cadmium was found to exceed the standard by nearly 10 times. It was found that the pollution incident is due to the Shaoguan smelter equipment maintenance during the excessive discharge of cadmium-containing wastewater caused by the city of Shaoguan water shutdown for a day.
Two, the causes of environmental pollution accidents
Environmental pollution accidents can be divided into water pollution accidents, air pollution accidents, radioactive pollution accidents, etc., can also be divided into illegal pollution accidents and accidental pollution accidents. Causes of environmental pollution accidents are multifaceted, according to the characteristics of the source of pollution, can be divided into mobile source caused by environmental pollution accidents and fixed source caused by environmental pollution accidents. According to the statistics of Li Yacai and others, from May 2004 to August 2005, there were nearly 150 environmental pollution incidents reported by the media, and about 20% of them were environmental pollution accidents, among which there were more than 10 environmental pollution accidents caused by mobile sources and more than 20 environmental pollution accidents caused by fixed sources.
(I), mobile sources of environmental pollution caused by accidents
Mobile sources of environmental pollution caused by accidents mainly refers to the goods (especially hazardous chemicals) transportation on the way to cause environmental pollution accidents, mainly caused by traffic accidents (such as overturning, collision, etc.), hazardous chemicals leakage, illegal dumping. Such as the recent SEPA notification of Huaiyin District, Huai'an City, Jiangsu Province, a traffic accident, a tanker truck loaded with 9 tons of formaldehyde all leaked into the storm drains, Hexu Expressway, carbon disulfide leakage, fire accidents, Harbin, the recent pollution of sulfuric acid sludge accident.
1, illegal operation buried environmental pollution accident hidden danger. According to our handling of a carbon disulfide leakage accident found that the transporter does not have a hazardous chemicals transport license, no transfer procedures, transport vehicles do not meet the conditions of transport of hazardous chemicals, the use of storage tanks in the presence of gaps in the transport, the vehicle overloading transport. 2005, May, a chemical enterprise entrusted no transport of hazardous wastes transport license transporters transport of hazardous waste, the transporter arbitrarily discard the hazardous waste, the waste generated by the HF exhaust gas caused a lot of environmental pollution. The HF exhaust from the waste caused damage to more than 300 acres of grapes in the surrounding area, of which more than 50 acres of grapes went out of harvest.
2, operation and management deficiencies to cause environmental pollution accidents to create conditions. At present, many hazardous chemicals are transported through the highway, and transport vehicles on the highway before the safety inspection for transport safety accidents to create the conditions. Transportation safety accidents often cause environmental pollution accidents.
3, the transportation of hazardous chemicals through the drinking water source on the drinking water source safety threat. Such as in 2003 occurred in Xianju County, the source of the Bei Lao reservoir of hazardous chemicals tanker truck overturning accident and in 2005 occurred in Jinyun County, hazardous chemicals leakage accident on drinking water sources pose a threat to safety.
(ii), the fixed source of environmental pollution caused by accidents
This paper does not discuss the environmental pollution caused by natural disasters. Man-made fixed sources of environmental pollution accidents caused by more reasons, mainly:
1, the enterprise illegal production and illegal sewage caused by environmental pollution accidents. Tuojiang River pollution accident is the Sichuan Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. without the consent of the trial production of unauthorized put into trial production, will not be fully processed containing high concentrations of ammonia and nitrogen wastewater discharged directly caused by.
2, safety accidents caused by environmental pollution accidents. Songhua River water pollution incident and Chongqing Dianjiang benzene leakage accident are due to safety accidents caused by the fire flush of water into the river caused by unburned benzene.
3, the pollution source is located in a sensitive location is very easy to cause environmental pollution accidents. Benxi City, Nanfen District, Hyde ore dressing plant is located in the fine river drinking water source upstream, November 18, 2005 tailings dam failure, a large number of mine water into the fine river, resulting in the Nanfen District, the suspension of water.
4, negligent management of the lack of emergency preparedness caused by environmental pollution accidents. Recently, the State Environmental Protection Administration informed the Guangdong Province, Zhongshan City, Xiaolan Town, solid security products limited company facilities aging, workers operating careless cyanide leakage accidents.
5, insufficient environmental monitoring capacity and inadequate supervision caused by environmental pollution accidents. Caused by the Tuojiang River pollution accidents and environmental supervision is not in place. Some pollution accidents is due to the lack of readily understand the environmental quality situation caused by, such as a place where the rice withered, after investigation due to the dry period of the upstream water reduction caused by the concentration of pollutants exceeded the irrigation water standards, will exceed the standard of water used for irrigation caused by the farmland.
Three, around the emergency action to investigate the accident potential
December 1, 2005, the State Environmental Protection Administration urgently convened a national environmental pollution accident emergency teleconference, and issued a notice requiring the strengthening of environmental supervision, to prevent the occurrence of pollution accidents, the country carried out a major inspection of environmental safety. All over the country, around the General Administration requirements, the following measures have been taken: 1, checking the hidden dangers of accidents, 2, developing and improving the emergency response mechanism, 3, strengthening the publicity and education on environmental safety, 4, strengthening the protection of drinking water sources, and 5, strengthening environmental law enforcement and supervision.
Four, environmental pollution accident prevention and emergency response problems
From the current handling of various pollution accidents reflected in the prevention of environmental pollution accidents and emergency response: 1, the prevention system needs to be further improved, the awareness of prevention needs to be further improved, irregularities in the operation of the occurrence. A large number of enterprises use chlorine gas, but the storage and use of extremely irregular, storage without a person to keep, no alarm device. 2, the emergency response capabilities are not strong. In the handling of a spontaneous combustion of calcium carbide accident, even water to extinguish, resulting in the fire tends to thrive. In the handling of a carbon disulfide leakage accident, the supply of materials on the problem. In dealing with a hydrochloric acid tanker overturning accident in the fire department a rush, resulting in the nearby pool of fish all white. 3, emergency decision-making ability needs to be improved. An accident processing, the emergency scene no unified command organization, first aid in chaos, slow decision-making, seriously affecting the accident processing. 4, the compensation mechanism has not yet formed after the accident processing, due to environmental pollution accidents caused by the compensation is very difficult. Such as Sichuan Chemical's Tuojiang River pollution accident due to pollution damage compensation amount is huge, far more than the enterprise's own ability to compensate.
V. Suggestions for countermeasures
In view of the recent period, environmental pollution accidents, this paper suggests:
1, the construction of preventive emergency response system is an important safeguard against pollution accidents.
Construct two preventive emergency response system on two levels that is, the government department level and enterprise level preventive emergency response software system and preventive emergency response hardware system.
(1), the construction of prevention and emergency software system
at the government level: ① the government should build the organization and leadership system, the government is responsible for taking the lead in coordinating and organizing the fire, safety supervision, environmental protection, public security, transportation, water conservancy and other departments, the implementation of the prevention of accidents and emergency response division of responsibilities, to achieve each of their respective roles and responsibilities, and the formation of a joint meeting system. Regular notification of supervision and management of hidden accidents and accident handling in order to control and prevent accidents in a timely manner. ② Begin to formulate environmental pollution accident prevention management system, regulations, improve the storage and transportation system of hazardous chemicals and hazardous wastes and transportation tracking system. ③Strengthen the safety management of the production, storage and transportation of hazardous chemicals and hazardous wastes, implement the responsibility system for safe production, and regularly carry out various safety inspections, including environmental safety. ④ Establish and improve the emergency plan and emergency response mechanism, set up a networked environmental warning and disposal command system, emergency rescue command system and emergency information network system, enhance the emergency response capability, and carry out emergency response drills on a regular basis. Emergency plan is an important part of the accident defense system, and a perfect emergency plan is an important means to effectively deal with environmental pollution accidents and prevent them from spreading. Jiangdu City activated the emergency plan to control the spread of pollution in the pollution accident caused by the acrylonitrile explosion. ⑤ Establish a pool of experts in emergency response to accidents and form an expert decision-making mechanism. ⑥Reasonably determine the transportation routes of hazardous chemicals and the siting of new projects to avoid the main urban areas and drinking water sources as much as possible.
Environmental protection department: ① establish a complete discharge enterprises, hazardous chemicals and hazardous wastes dynamic management files, at any time to grasp the production and operation of enterprises and sewage, at any time to grasp the flow of hazardous chemicals and hazardous wastes. ② deepen comprehensive environmental remediation, remediation in-depth to prevent pollution accidents. ③ Where environmental pollution accidents may occur in construction projects, pollution accident prevention and contingency plans should be formulated at the stage of environmental impact assessment. ④ Strengthen environmental supervision and regularly report the sources, use, destination and disposal of hazardous chemicals and hazardous wastes on the basis of sewage declaration. Focus on the use of hazardous chemicals and disposal of hazardous wastes during regular inspections of sewage enterprises, and strengthen the inspection of the operation of environmental protection facilities and production equipment. Strengthen the supervision of centralized sewage and solid waste storage sites and centralized treatment sites, and strictly prevent centralized sewage discharge. ⑤ Strengthen coordination with the production safety management department to grasp the production safety situation.
At the enterprise level: ①Develop and implement environmental management system and production safety system, strict process control and regular maintenance system. Formulate a perfect emergency response plan for accidents. Dongyang City Weihua Chemical Co., Ltd. launched an emergency plan to extinguish the fire in the HCFC workshop in a timely manner. ② Strengthen production safety, improve production management, including the process management of hazardous chemicals, storage, feeding, production, transfer management, environmental protection facilities operation management and hazardous waste disposal management, the implementation of "health, safety and environmental (HSE) management system. ③Staffing and establishment of safety and environmental protection management organization. Managers and operators should be trained and licensed in environmental pollution prevention and emergency response knowledge. ④ Carry out the construction of safety and environmental protection culture, improve the awareness of safety production and environmental protection of all staff, and improve the sense of social responsibility of all staff. ⑤Improve the reliability of equipment, regular equipment overhaul and maintenance, and do a good job of pollution control during overhaul.
(2), improve the prevention of emergency hardware system
At the government level: ① sound environmental pollution accident prevention and emergency response disposal organizations. At present, most of the emergency disposal is after the accident by the fire, safety supervision, environmental protection, public security, transportation and other departments of the temporary organization of personnel responsible for the disposal, so that it is inevitable due to the temporary deployment of personnel not adapted to the disposal of work or the disposal of the lack of experience caused by the disposal of ineffective or even inappropriate. It is recommended that each department set up a specialized team responsible for emergency response to accidents, strengthen training. ② perfect equipment, equipped with a variety of protective and emergency equipment. It is recommended that the fire department is equipped with a variety of emergency disposal needs of the equipment, in order to be ready to call. ③ Prepare sufficient supplies. Accident disposal requires a large number of materials, but there are many reasons for accidents, a unit to prepare a full range of materials is unrealistic. It is recommended to build an emergency material management network to form a networked management. The unit that owns materials that can be used for emergency treatment of accidents should be treated as a material supply unit and be categorized into the emergency treatment network, which will be dispatched by the emergency command organization in the vicinity, and requisitioned first and then compensated for when dealing with accidents. ④ Strengthen the construction of environmental monitoring system, especially automatic monitoring system, monitoring network system and emergency monitoring construction, accelerate the pace of construction of automatic monitoring and surveillance system in key watersheds, key watersheds, key areas and key enterprises, and gradually form a monitoring network system.
At the enterprise level: ① Equipped with perfect safety equipment and supplies, and strengthen the use of drills. The use of new technology and new equipment, eliminating backward processes and equipment. ② construction of emergency facilities for environmental pollution accidents, equipped with automatic monitoring devices. Such as chlorine trap and eliminator, automatic spraying device, accident emergency pool, chlorine automatic alarm device, cofferdam and so on. ③ Construct standardized production and storage places, and leave enough safe evacuation channels and evacuation distances. ④ Hazardous chemicals and hazardous waste transportation vehicles are equipped with GPS system on the basis of good marking and compliance with safety conditions.
2, reasonable disposal of safety accidents is to control the pollution situation to reduce the inevitable way of environmental damage. In dealing with safety accidents, should give full consideration to the accident and accident handling of environmental pollution, timely and preventive work, to produce environmental pollution in a timely manner, control pollution, reduce the degree of damage to the environment to a minimum.
3, the establishment of environmental pollution accident compensation mechanism is an effective way to solve the pollution accident compensation. Compensation for pollution accidents "Environmental Protection Law", "Water Pollution Prevention and Control Law", "Air Pollution Prevention and Control Law" and other laws and regulations have been stipulated, causing pollution hazards of the unit, has the responsibility to remove the hazards, and directly suffered losses of units or individuals to compensate for the losses. However, on the one hand, the pollution accident has suddenness, after the pollution accident, the enterprise has no compensation ability to meet the compensation requirements, on the other hand, the pollution accident caused by the environmental damage to restore the source of funds are not clear. The implementation of the environmental liability insurance system and the establishment of a compensation fund can be considered to solve the problem of compensation mechanism. Environmental liability insurance system as a preventive system, through the whole society's usual accumulation, when the unexpected event comes, to play the role of compensation according to law, not only make the enterprise to avoid the risk of similar disasters, at the same time, through the insurance company market-oriented daily supervision, take the initiative to prevent and plug the safety loopholes. Thus minimizing the occurrence of accidents and eliminating the problem of inadequate compensation for damages and insufficient environmental supervision. The establishment of a compensation fund can be used for accidental pollution accident environmental restoration through the fund set up by the government society to solve the problem of environmental restoration funds, can provide a guarantee for timely measures to restore environmental quality.
4, strengthen the environmental safety publicity and education is to improve the awareness of pollution accident prevention necessary choice. Through the community, units and the news media and other organizations and means, to carry out some common sense, skills, disposal of environmental safety knowledge education, enhance the prevention of environmental safety awareness of the whole population, enhance the emergency response to emergencies and self-rescue and mutual aid capacity.
Sixth, conclusion
According to the current situation of environmental pollution accidents, analyze the causes of environmental pollution accidents, put forward the emphasis on prevention, in accordance with the principle of prevention first, calm handling, effective prevention and disposal of pollution accidents, to maintain environmental safety.
Author: Luo Guogan, Unit: Taizhou Environmental Science Design Institute, Title: Engineer, Contact Tel: 8581157
Author: Wang Wenchu, Unit: Taizhou Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau, Title: Chief Engineer, Contact Tel: 8581199
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