When a fire occurs in a building, in order to avoid injury to the people inside due to fire and smoke and the collapse of the house, it is necessary to evacuate as soon as possible. But the building due to the use of a variety of functions, resulting in different buildings of the fire danger is not the same, thus giving the people in which in the critical moment of the evacuation of varying degrees of difficulty, and building fires produce a large number of high-temperature and toxic fumes to the safe evacuation of people and escape from a serious threat. Therefore, how to ensure the safe evacuation of personnel and escape is particularly important.
A civil building fire hazard
1, the fire hazard of the school building
School buildings, including nursery schools, kindergartens and primary and secondary schools.
Nursery, kindergarten is characterized by children's age, in case of emergency, strain, self-protection and rapid evacuation ability is limited; teachers and caregivers and most of the lesbians; interior decoration, equipment and children's toys to flammable, combustible materials. If fire safety is neglected, in the event of a fire accident, evacuation is difficult and likely to cause casualties.
Secondary and elementary school students have not yet adult, but the activity ability is very strong, the time of the school is very concentrated and other characteristics. Under normal circumstances, students are often crowded in the stairway, and occasionally there are injuries, if the fire and other emergencies, the situation is more serious. In the more economically backward countryside, primary and secondary school dormitories generally have a low level of fire-resistant buildings, insufficient evacuation routes, power lines are messy, overcrowded accommodation and other practical situations, once a fire, easy to cause mass deaths and injuries.
2, the fire danger of hospitals
Hospitals are usually divided into two categories of general hospitals and specialized hospitals. Various types of hospitals in the diagnosis, treatment process, the use of a variety of flammable and explosive chemical hazards, a variety of medical and electrical equipment, as well as other open flames; and because of the hospital outpatient and inpatient patients are more, more of them are difficult to move, and a large number of care and visit the patient's family, friends and relatives, the amount of personnel flow is very large; at the same time, some of the large and medium-sized hospitals belong to the high-rise building in the event of a fire is easy to cause casualties and Significant economic losses.
3, shopping malls (markets), hotels (restaurants), stadiums (halls), halls, public **** entertainment venues and other places of public gathering of fire hazards
Public gathering places are generally characterized by electrical equipment, lighting power, resulting in more sources of ignition; the use of combustible materials, fire load; building span, and there is a lot of space; more holes in the windows and doors, air circulation, fire can easily spread. Air circulation, the fire is easy to spread, the fire develops quickly; many use of the original building alteration and expansion of the public gathering places, subject to conditions, often do not meet or partially do not meet the requirements of the current "building design and fire code" and so on, there are a lot of problems; social, highly concentrated, even small fire accidents, but also lead to the audience panic, scramble to escape, crowded, affecting the timely evacuation and causing major casualties. Influence timely evacuation and cause major casualties.
4, libraries, archives of the fire risk
Libraries, archives collection of various types of books, newspapers and archival materials, the vast majority of which are combustible; public **** library and scientific research, educational institutions, large libraries but also to often receive a large number of readers. Libraries, archives in the event of a fire, not only will make the precious books, rare newspapers and periodicals and historical archives, documents and materials into ashes, the value of which can not be calculated, the loss is difficult to make up for, but also jeopardize the lives of personnel. In China's history, there have been a large number of precious books and materials destroyed in the fire disaster records; modern times, this aspect of the fire is not uncommon. Libraries and other fires occur mainly due to improper use of electrical installations and fire control is not strict, but also by the influence of foreign fires. Libraries must be listed as a key unit of fire prevention work, take strict precautions to achieve foolproof.
5, the fire danger of ancient buildings
Most of the wooden frame as the main form of structure, fire load; wood is the medium of propagation of the flame, has a good burning conditions; the lack of fire separation and safe space, easy to appear "fire even camp"; lack of water, access barriers, firefighters rescue Difficulties; the use of management problems (including improper use, not well protected and hidden dangers; poor surrounding environment, the threat of external fire; fire, power management, hidden dangers; shortage of fire equipment, equipment backward, etc.).
6, radio and television stations, the fire danger
Radio and television stations with transmitter room and antenna, as well as studios, studios, television broadcasting of the general control center, film screening room, washing room, video tape production room, film tapes and records and other data storage room, television broadcasting trucks and editing business department and other important facilities. The fire hazard is manifested in the following aspects: the building inside a large number of combustible materials; if the use of electrical equipment is not easy, malfunctioning or high temperature lamps and lanterns glass shell shattered and fell, may cause fire accidents; television stations often record television films, the need to use a large number of timber, scenery pieces, curtains, curtains, and paints and other combustible, flammable materials.
7, high-rise building fire hazard
Through a number or the entire floor of the vertical tube wells, as if a towering chimney in the event of a fire, extracting smoke and fire as a way for the rapid spread of fire; layers of more than one, fire, people are prone to crowded conditions, fire, smoke and fire to the vertical spread of fire fast, and the elevator is usually used due to the lack of protection against fire and smoke and blackouts and other reasons Stop using, to bring difficulties in safe evacuation; fighting fires in high-rise buildings is mainly based on indoor firefighting water supply facilities, due to the limitations of the conditions of firefighting facilities, often bring a lot of difficulties in the fight; complex internal functions, a variety of equipment, high standards of decoration, resulting in a fire caused by a number of factors.
8, the fire danger of underground buildings
Underground buildings due to the smaller space, limited evacuation facilities, when the fire smoke quickly filled the space, the space temperature is high, visibility is very poor, people in panic and easy to get lost, etc., the evacuation of people can only be through the entrances and exits.
Two, building fire evacuation and escape countermeasures
In the fire rescue, evacuation and rescue personnel on the priority and strive to achieve the primary goal in the fire to protect the safety of people's lives is the most important task of the fire department arrived at the scene, the commander on the fire should actively implement the "rescue is better than extinguishing! "Principle.
The safe evacuation route of people in the building can generally be divided into four stages: the first stage is from the fire room to the room door, the second stage is the evacuation of the public **** aisle, the third stage is the evacuation of the stairwell, the fourth stage of the evacuation out of the stairwell to the outdoor and other safe areas. These four stages must lead to safety step by step to ensure that there is no "backflow". The end of the evacuation route must be a safe area.
(A) the safe evacuation of people and escape
In the event of a fire, the people present are at risk of being poisoned by smoke, asphyxiation, as well as being burned by heat radiation, hot air currents. Therefore, after the fire, first of all, we must understand the fire with or without trapped people and their trapped places and rescue the channel, in order to carry out safe evacuation. When there is a residential housing, group quarters and densely populated public **** place on fire, personnel safety is threatened, or due to the explosion and combustion, on the scene of the collapse of the building or smoke filled, filled with poisonous gas in the house, personnel injured, trapped, the commanding officer must take sound and reliable measures to actively organize the rescue and evacuation.
1, calm observation, stabilize the mood of the personnel, maintain order at the scene
Units, residents of the fire, as the organization of the command staff should remain calm, immediately through the radio, alarms, indoor telephone and other audio as well as shouting and other ways to the fire building to the personnel issued by the alarm. Through publicity to stabilize the mood of the personnel, told the best evacuation routes, evacuation methods and evacuation must pay attention to matters; at the same time, according to the division of labor, the organization of the building work or familiar with the situation of the building of the relevant personnel to maintain order on the scene, as soon as possible to organize the orderly evacuation to prevent panic caused by crowded, trampled on and so on accidents.
2, visibility is very poor, leading the evacuation of people in a row
Evacuation, such as more people or poor visibility, especially at night, it is difficult to identify the evacuation aisle and direction, the threat is greater, should be familiar with the evacuation channel under the leadership of the personnel, evacuation of the fire point in a row. The leader can be led by a rope, with "follow me" shouting or tugging back and forth on the lapels of the method will be withdrawn to the outdoor or safety inspection site.
3, smoke is thick, good protection, low evacuation
In the organization of the evacuation of the fire on the way to be surrounded by smoke, as smoke is generally upward flow, the ground smoke is relatively thin, so you can use a low posture walking or creeping through the smoke zone method; if there are conditions, you can be trapped to provide towels, simple masks, etc., can be used to wet towels, etc., block the mouth, nose, or with a short breathing method. If there are conditions, you can provide towels to the trapped people, such as simple masks, wet towels can be used to block the mouth, nose, or short breathing method, such as breathing through the nose, in order to quickly withdraw from the smoke area.
4, building fire, do not panic, looking for the best evacuation routes, quickly escape
Building fire on the lower floors, the people upstairs do not panic, should be based on the scene of the different situations to take the correct self-help and evacuation measures. If the stairwell is just full of smoke, you can take a low posture hand railing quickly down; if the stairs have been sealed by smoke and fire, but not collapsed, there is still the possibility of rushing out, you can to the head, the upper body, some water, with a soaked quilt, blankets and other things draped around the body from the smoke and fire rushed past; if the stairs have been burned off, the channel is blocked, the trapped people are required to pass through the roof of the tiger windows, balconies, along the downpipes, etc. Evacuation escape, or in the fixed objects (such as window frames, water pipes, etc.) bolted to the rope, but also can be torn into strips of sheets connected together, and then pull the rope slowly down. At the same time, the organization of the ground personnel quickly find a rope, bamboo ladder, bamboo poles and other simple life-saving equipment to help trapped people escape. If the above measures do not work, you should retreat indoors, close the doors and windows leading to the fire area, but also to the windows and doors on the water, slowing the spread of fire, and out the window to stretch out clothes or throw small objects to send a distress signal or shout to attract the attention of the people outside the building to try to call for help. In the case of the fire is fierce time is too late, such as trapped in the second floor to jump, you can first throw some quilts and other things on the ground outside the building, or ground personnel on the ground cushions, such as Simmons, in order to increase the cushion, and then pull the hands of the window sill or balcony to slide down, so that the first two feet on the ground, but also to reduce the height. If trapped on the third floor or more, you can never jump, can be transferred to other safer places, patiently waiting for rescue.
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