How big is the gap between China's manufacturing industry and foreign advanced manufacturing industry?

Where is the gap between China's manufacturing industry and developed countries? This is a common concern. At present, China's manufacturing industry is in line with international standards with good natural resources and low production costs, which also determines that China's manufacturing industry is at the low end of the industrial chain, with processing trade as the mainstay. However, the profit of processing trade is very low, and this development can not bring new markets to the development of domestic enterprises, nor can it drive the development of related industries to improve and upgrade the industrial structure. Some experts, such as Liu Baicheng, an academician of China Academy of Engineering and a professor of Tsinghua University, pointed out that there are three big gaps between China's manufacturing industry and developed countries. First, the manufacturing technology innovation ability is not strong. Aerospace, rail transit, oil refining technology, etc. are mainly based on independent innovation, but the level is still far behind that of foreign countries. Large scientific research instruments and large medical equipment mainly rely on purchasing foreign products. Second, the manufacturing technology foundation is weak. For example, the development of basic manufacturing equipment, instruments and standard systems lags behind, which restricts the development of manufacturing industry. Third, the technological innovation system of manufacturing industry has not yet been formed, the vast majority of enterprises have weak technological development ability and have not yet become the main body of technological innovation, lacking a capable and relatively stable force to engage in industrial technological research and development, and the intermediary service system of science and technology is not perfect and has not fully played its role. According to this statement, if China's manufacturing industry continues to develop in this way, it will be difficult to narrow the gap with developed countries.