The name of "handcuffs and shackles"
The name of a torture device. Refers to handcuffs, shackles and other instruments of torture. Dharma Flower Sutra, Volume 7, Guanshiyin Bodhisattva's Universal Doors (Da Jiu-56 下)：'If there are people who are guilty or not guilty, and if they are tied to their bodies with handcuffs and shackles, and if they call on the name of Guanshiyin Bodhisattva, all of them will be broken, and they will be liberated immediately.' Tiantai's ancestor, Zhiyi, explains in a volume of Guanyin's teachings that the term "handcuffs" means "handcuffs"; "feet" means "arms"; "neck" means "shackles"; and "body" means "locks". The use of shackles as an analogy is described in the sutra cited in the Guanyin Yishu scroll (Da San 4-928): 'Wives are used as locks and arms, money is used as prisons, and the king's law is used as a prison register.' In the discourses of Zhenzhou Linji Huizhao Zenji, regarding the four guests and masters, it is said (Daishonin 47-521): 'There may be a scholar who goes out in front of the Good Knowledge in a yoke, and the Good Knowledge puts on another yoke with him, and the scholar rejoices in it, and does not recognize it, and he calls it a guest and a visitor. Daode! The monk's examples of this kind are for the purpose of recognizing devils and distinguishing between them and knowing what is right and what is wrong. Rinwang ganruo paramita sutra scrolls protect the country, the great treasure accumulation sutra volume 55, the Mahayana dazhong dazhong jizang ten rounds of sutra volume 1, the Buddha said ten kings of the sutra (Dunhuang unearthed), the Dharma flower sutra xuanzan volume 10 end, huilin yin yi volume 18, biyan record eleven then dropping, Buddha light Zen master discourse volume 9]
The quintessence of this is that the rhyme says, "a kind of wooden handcuffs" is the ancient word for it. The explanation of "wooden handcuffs" in "Shuowen Jiezi" is "(杽)", which means "wooden handcuffs. From wood. From handcuffs. Hands also sound." In other words, the "handcuffs" on the right hand side indicates both the pronunciation and the meaning of the word. Because the Shuowen Jiezi explains "armament" as "shackles." That is to say, it refers to torture instruments in general, so the "handcuffs" of "杽" indicates that it refers to the torture instruments on the hands; the character for "wood" means "wooden", so it should be made of wood. However, later on, there were more and more iron weapons and iron torture instruments, and "杽" (i.e., "handcuffs") could also be used to refer to iron torture instruments. In the Old Tang Book? Criminal Law Zhi" said: "The tools for tying up prisoners are made of shackles, handcuffs and tongs, all of them have the system of length, width and narrowness", and "Qing Laws" stipulated that locking the handcuffs with handcuffs and handcuffs with handcuffs are crimes (because of using the wrong tools), so it can be seen that "handcuffs" is a kind of specific tools of torture. The Zheng Zi Tong says it is a "hand weapon", that is, handcuffs and the like. However, the "Qing Laws and Regulations" often "lock quintessence", referring to a general instrument of torture. As for "split quintessence open yoke" belongs to the rhetorical "intertext", "split quintessence open yoke" is "split quintessence yoke" meaning, so some netizens about the "quintessence open yoke". Therefore, there is no doubt about the meaning of "劈" in some users' comments. 杻 niǔ 名 (形声. From 木,丑声. Original meaning: name of wood. Quercus glauca）同本义〖akindoftree〗山有栲，隰有杻。 --Poetry-Tangfeng-Shan has a pivot. Chu Hsi's collected biographies: "Leaves like apricot and pointed, white, skin is red, the reason is more curved less straight, the material can be a crossbow dryer also." Quintessence, Quercus glauca. --Er Ya. Note: "Quintus is called Quintus in Guanxi, a Quercus glauca." There are a lot of Quintus on it. -- "West Mountain Path - Ying Shan" chǒu name Ancient torture instrument, handcuffs and so on.
Yoke is an ancient torture instrument put on the neck of a prisoner. It is a cruel punishment to tie the prisoner's neck and show him to the public in front of the government office or in the downtown area. The yoke was originally an agricultural tool, also known as a yoke or flail, the style of which is a long pole at the end of a fixed section of a short pole, a person with a hand swinging the long pole, driving the short pole, used to hit the pile of rice in the harvest field. In ancient times, Qi Di said "Lei 耜枷芟", referring to the four commonly used agricultural tools, the yoke is one of them. In modern times, in some remote villages, you can still see some farmers using this primitive agricultural tool to beat rice. The original meaning of the word "yoke" is also derived from the meaning of "strike". For example, in the sentence "Yoke the Heavenly Dog, Tie the Grave Sheep" in the Book of Later Han Dynasty - Ma Rong's Biography, the word "yoke" can be interpreted as The word "yoke" can be interpreted as "strike".
The yoke as a torture device, as early as in the Shang and Zhou began to use. The Zhou Yi - Phi high" chapter has "He school perish the ear" sentence, the former note that: "school, yoke, the crime of heavy armament of its head also." Obviously, at that time, "He school" (i.e., "caustic [suspected to be "lotus", a generic word - bone note] school") is the later yoke. In addition to the Zhouyi, the practice of the yoke was first described in the Book of Jin - Shi Le Zhi Ji, which states that Yan Zui, the general of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, encouraged Ma Teng, the assassin of Bingzhou, to capture northern hu people in Shandong and sell them into slavery to rich families, with the money he received supplementing his military needs. The Southern Dynasty Xiao Ziliang "Pure Residence Zi" cloud: "wall as heavy as a prison, the prisoner's equipment infant multitude of suffering, holding a long yoke, jail big armament, with gold pincers, negative iron locks." It can be seen, at this time the yoke has become a prison management of prisoners in a standing instrument.
Northern Wei
Northern Wei, the court formally awarded the yoke as one of the official instruments of torture, so some people believe that the yoke "from the Wei". During the reign of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty, the production of the yoke was not standardized, and it was common for judges and prefectural governors to make heavy and large yokes. In addition to shackles, stones were hung around the necks of prisoners, and the ropes used to tie the stones strangled y into the flesh, even breaking the collar vertebrae. In the fifth year of the reign of Emperor Taihe (481), Emperor Yuan Hong of the Wei Dynasty issued an edict that no one was allowed to use a large yoke if he had not committed a major crime of treason and if there was real evidence of such a crime. But what is considered a big yoke, there is no fixed standard. Yongping yuan year (508) in July, Wei Xuanwu Emperor Yuan Ke edict to let Shangshu check the yoke and staff used in various places in violation of the system. Shangshu order high Zhao, Shangshu servant Qinghe Wang Yuan Bonnie, Shangshu Xing Ruan, Li Ping and Shangshu Jiangyang Wang Yuan Ji, etc., after the investigation, the situation and the treatment of the views of the Xuanwu Emperor, approved by the imperial decree, the provisions of the yoke, "a zhang three feet long, under the throat of the length of a zhang, through the cheeks of the parties to the wood of five inches," used to punish the rebellious rebels, the various Taiwan temples and counties originally manufactured large yoke are to be burned down! The original manufacture of the yoke should be burned, not to be used again. At this time the size of the yoke, although still quite large, but after all, there can be reference to a uniform standard. From the Northern Qi, the Northern Zhou to the Sui, are inherited from the Northern Wei regulations, the general use of the yoke. "Qi law" stipulates: "the crime of years of locks, no locks to yoke," "Zhou Dali law" stipulates: "Where the death penalty yoke and yoke, the flow of crime yoke and shackles, the futile crime yoke." This all shows that the yoke at this time is indispensable instruments of torture. Sui Kaihuang years, the court has also made specific provisions on the size of the yoke and staff.
Song dynasty
Song dynasty, the weight of the yoke has certain restrictions. At the beginning of the regulations, the yoke is divided into two grades of twenty-five pounds and twenty-eight pounds. In the early years of Jingde, Chen Gang, who was the governor of the Hebei Road Penal Prison, wrote a letter to ask for the system of canes, and proposed to add fifteen catties of yoke as the third class. Song Zhenzong Zhao Heng approved the request and issued an edict to implement it. However, in practice, the weight of the yoke often exceeded the regulations. Although in the Song Taipingxingguo three years (978) had issued an edict not to iron for the yoke, iron yoke is still used by some coolies. The yoke of the Jin Dynasty often exceeded the regulations, Taihe four years (1204) in July, Jin Zhangzong Wanyan Jing had sent officials to visit various places, the abuse of heavy yoke phenomenon to be investigated, but can not be completely banned.
The early years of the Ming Dynasty
In the early years of the Ming Dynasty, the Great Ancestor Zhu Yuanzhang ordered the unification of the yoke model. Provides that the yoke length of five feet five inches, the two ends of the width of one foot five inches, made of dry wood, the death penalty offenders wear the yoke weighs thirty-five pounds, prison sentence, criminal offenders wear the yoke weighs twenty pounds, canes criminals wear the yoke weighs fifteen pounds, the length of the light weight of the data are engraved on the yoke. Hongwu twenty-six years (1393) order, where the yamen used in the capital of the torture instruments must be checked, in line with the prescribed standards before being authorized to use. Moreover, a variety of instruments of torture must be made by the designated place, not arbitrarily manufactured for use. Such as the provisions of the Yingtianfu canes, hearing staff and other staff, Longjiang Tizhu Division into a yoke pivot, Baoyuan Bureau to build iron iron shackles and so on. However, in fact, the Ming dynasty with the yoke overweight situation than the previous generations more powerful, controlled by eunuchs in the East Chamber, the West Chamber and the size of the minions of the Brocade Guards bloodthirsty, killing people like grass, they use the yoke with more and more heavy, more and more strange. Because the practice of the yoke during the Zhengde period was too cruel, Ming Shizong Zhu Houshong had to make some corrections when he came to the throne. Jiajing first year (1522), the emperor ordered the two capitals of the Department of Justice and Jinyiwei, in the hot weather on the yoke of the public prisoners to be temporarily exempted from the yoke, in order to show that the saint's compassionate heart. But after a short time, and then intensified to restore the old rules of Zhengde. Jiajing years there are many people yoke time for a month or two months, the results of the period is not full on the yoke and died.