Second, the factors affecting the price level:
From the supply and demand point of view of the factors affecting the operation of prices, the causes of price fluctuations are mainly demand and supply two major factors affect.
(A) factors affecting demand
1, the impact of price factors
from the price factor analysis, mainly the price of the commodity itself and related commodity prices. Assuming that other conditions remain unchanged, the lower the price of a commodity, the greater the consumer demand for that commodity, and conversely, the higher the price of the commodity, the lower the consumer demand for that commodity. The most important of the related goods are substitutes and complements. Substitutes have the property of replacing another commodity, and an increase in the price of one commodity causes an increase in the demand for another, such as pork and beef, apples and pears. Complementary goods have the property of promoting the sales of another commodity, meaning that the two commodities must cooperate with each other, in order to *** with the same to meet the same needs of consumers. Therefore, when the price of a commodity's complement rises, the demand for that commodity also decreases.
2, the impact of residents' income, consumption habits and preferences
1) in other conditions remain unchanged, consumer income and demand are generally positively correlated, this is because higher income leads to an increase in purchasing power and the power to pay. Consumers, as rational economic agents, will seek to maximize utility under the income constraint.
2) The influence of consumption habits and preferences. This preference is not only related to the consumer's personal preferences and personality, but also related to the whole social customs, traditional habits, popular fashion. The demand for some time-sensitive commodities is very sensitive to social preferences, even if the price remains unchanged, due to changes in social fashion, popular fashion changes, the demand will also have a sharp change. Consumers form personal consumption preferences for a long time, the recognition of a certain commodity, a certain brand, this commodity has formed a more stable consumer groups, even if the price continues to rise, will not have a big impact on the sales of goods.
3, the consumer's expectations of the future and the impact of demographic change
1) The expectations here refers to the demand for commodities have an impact on the expectations of the social group, regardless of whether this expectation is correct or not. If people generally expect the future price of a commodity to rise significantly, they will increase their present consumption or buy more to store up. The psychological expectation effect of "buying up rather than down" sometimes leads to the anomaly that the higher the price, the higher the demand. In order to prevent future price rises from causing a decline in the original standard of living, consumers spend part of their income on consumption and convert the other part into savings. Savings to some extent reflect the uncertainty of people's expectations of the future.
2) The impact of demographic changes. Rising labor costs have become a long-term pressure on price fluctuations. With the gradual disappearance of the "demographic dividend", China's labor force has begun to shrink, and is now accelerating towards the "Lewis tipping point". For example, the growth of the marriage-age population will increase the demand for housing and the wedding industry, and the birth rate affects the demand for children's products. 2014, the elderly population aged 65 and above reached 137.55 million people, a net increase of 5.94 million people compared with 2013, and the aging of the population correspondingly reduces the proportion of demand for fashionable and high-grade consumption, and the proportion of demand for basic survival products rises, further increasing the pressure on the supply of food commodities. supply pressure on food commodities.
(B) factors affecting the supply
1, production technology influences
From the supply point of view, the enterprise as the most important product supply side of the market, the production of its existence of a certain cost, in other conditions remain unchanged, the cost decreases, the supply increases. Enterprise product value is divided into C, V, M three parts, C is to compensate for the original value of the part, V is paid to the part of the labor remuneration, M is to retain the profit and turn over to the state part of the part. C part of the main due to the impact of exogenous factors to increase the cost of the first is the international market prices of food, refined oil products to directly pull the cost of the rise; the second is due to the international market prices of basic products indirectly triggered by the price of the domestic industrial products. v Partly due to the endogenous factors of higher labor prices in China pulling labor costs up. Exogenous factors and endogenous factors **** the same pulling enterprise cost prices, which in turn drives up the cost of related industries.
2, the price of "sticky" factors
Generally speaking, the ex-factory price of enterprises with a certain "sticky", will not be because of short-term changes in the market supply and demand to make the decision to raise and lower prices. But if the price level in a period of sustained upward trend, will break the price of sticky. In addition, the enterprise may also through the substitution of low-quality raw materials to reduce costs, maintain relatively stable prices, resulting in inferior products flooding the market.
Three, extended information - Lianyungang:
The following is the introduction of Lianyungang:
1, Lianyungang, prefecture-level city under the jurisdiction of Jiangsu Province, the ancient name of Haizhou, due to facing Lian Island, backed by Yuntai Mountain, and because of the seaport, the name of Lianyungang;
2, Lianyungang is China's first coastal Lianyungang is one of the first coastal cities in China, the eastern bridgehead of the New Asia-Europe Continental Bridge;
3, Lianyungang is . Shanghai Cooperation Organization sea base, the national innovation pilot city, China's excellent tourist city;
4, Lianyungang is located in the north-south transition and the intersection of land and sea transition, is one of the forty-two nationally planned comprehensive transportation hub.
5, Lianyungang is the Longhai Railway, the coastal railroad, the intersection of the two major national trunk railroads.