Su Wu shepherded the sheep
Wen Tianxiang, who lived a life without death
Tao Yuanming, who did not bow down for the sake of five buckets of rice
Zheng Banqiao
Chen Ran,
Fang Zhimin,
Liu Hulan, who lived a great life, and died an honorable death
1. Wen Tianxiang (1236-1283), a Han Chinese, was a native of Jishui, Jizhou (present-day Jian, Jiangxi Province). Wen Tianxiang (1236-1283) was a Han Chinese, a native of Jishui, Jizhou (now Ji'an, Jiangxi Province). Original name is Yun Sun, the word Cuisan, also the word Song Rui, the self-title Wenshan, Fu Huo Taoist, the Southern Song Dynasty outstanding national hero and patriotic poet. He wrote "The Complete Works of Yunsun", and his famous works include "Song of Zhengqi" and "Crossing Zuodingyang". He was admitted as a scholar at the time of Emperor Baoyou of the Song Dynasty. He was appointed as the Prime Minister of the People's Republic of China and the Duke of Xinguo. When Lin'an was in danger, he recruited volunteers in his hometown to resist the invasion of Yuan soldiers. Later, he was captured, and while in custody, he was so righteous that he was finally killed for his unyielding behavior. His poems in his later years reflect his chaste national spirit and tenacious fighting spirit. The style is impassioned, bleak and tragic, with a strong infectious force. There are The Complete Works of Mr. Wenshan and Wenshan Lefu in the first month of the first year of Emperor Gongdi Deyou's reign in Song Dynasty (1275). Due to the large-scale attack of the Yuan army, the Song army's Yangtze River defense line collapsed, and the imperial court issued an edict to let all the places to organize soldiers to work for the king. Wen Tianxiang immediately donated his family's money as military expenses, and recruited local heroes to form a 10,000-strong volunteer army, which marched to Lin'an. The Song court appointed Wen Tianxiang as the governor of Pingjiang and ordered him to send troops to rescue Changzhou, and then ordered him to reinforce Dusongguan. As the Yuan army attacked fiercely, the Jiangxi army fought bravely, but in the end they could not stop the Yuan army.
In the first month of the following year, the Yuan army was at Lin'an, and civil and military officials fled. Empress Dowager Xie appointed Wen Tianxiang as the right prime minister and privy counselor, and sent him out of the city to negotiate with Bo Yan in an attempt to make peace with the Yuan army. When Wen Tianxiang arrived at the Yuan camp, he was detained by Bo Yan. Empress Dowager Xie, seeing that the tide had turned, had no choice but to offer the city and surrender to the Yuan army.
The Yuan army occupied Lin'an, but the two Huaihuai, Jiangnan, and Min Guang and other places were not yet fully controlled and occupied by the Yuan army. So, Bo Yan attempted to lure Wen Tianxiang to surrender and use his reputation to clean up the mess as soon as possible. Wen Tianxiang would rather die than give in, Bo Yan had to escort him to the north. Traveling to Zhenjiang, Wen Tianxiang risked fleeing, after many difficulties and obstacles, in the first year of Jingyan (1276) May 26th rolled to Fuzhou, by the young emperor of the Song Duanzong Zhao (used to be appointed as the right prime minister).
Wen Tianxiang was extremely dissatisfied with the autocratic government of Zhang Shijie, and disagreed with Chen Yizhong, so he left the Southern Song Dynasty, and opened a residence in Nanjian Prefecture (present-day Nanping, Fujian) in the capacity of the same governor, commanding the resistance against the Yuan. Soon after, Wen Tianxiang moved to Tingzhou (present-day Changting, Fujian), Zhangzhou, Longyan, Meizhou, etc., and contacted anti-Yuan volunteers in various places to persevere in the struggle. In the summer of the second year of Jingyan (1277), Wen Tianxiang led his army from Meizhou to attack Jiangxi, and after winning a great victory in Summer Palace (present-day Yudu, Jiangxi), he attacked Ganzhou with a heavy army, and attacked Jizhou (present-day Ji'an, Jiangxi) with a partial division, and recovered many counties one after another. Li Heng, the Yuan's ambassador to Jiangxi, launched a counter-attack in Xingguo County, where Wen Tianxiang was defeated and took in the remnants of his army, retreating to Chuanzhou (the old rule was in the west of present-day Longchuan, Guangdong). In the summer of 1278, Wen Tianxiang learned that Duanzong had died, and that his younger brother, Bing Zhao, had moved to Ryongnyongnyong, so he requested to lead his troops to join the Southern Song Dynasty to escape from the difficult situation. Because of Zhang Shijie's strong opposition, Wen Tianxiang had to give up and retreated to Chao Yang County. In the winter of the same year, the Yuan army attacked, Wen Tianxiang in the retreat to Haifeng on the way to the Yuan general Zhang Hongfan's attack, defeated and captured. Wen Tianxiang tried to commit suicide by taking poison, but Zhang Hongfan sent him to Ryongnyongnyong Mountain and asked him to write a letter to surrender Zhang Shijie. Wen Tianxiang said, "If I can't protect my parents, can I teach others to betray them?" Zhang Hongfan refused to listen to him and forced him to write a letter. Wen Tianxiang then copied the poem "Crossing Zero Dingyang" which he had written some days before to Zhang Hongfan. When Zhang Hongfan read the poem, "Life has its own history, but there is no death; I will leave my heart to shine in the green." When Zhang Hongfan read the two lines, he could not help but be touched and stopped forcing Wen Tianxiang. Twenty days after the writing of "Crossing Zero Ding Yang", after the tragic defeat of the Southern Song Dynasty at the Battle of Yashan, Lu Xiu Fu jumped into the sea with the 8-year-old Emperor Bing Zhao on his back, and the Southern Song Dynasty was destroyed. Zhang Hongfan asked Emperor Yuan Shizu for advice on how to deal with Wen Tianxiang, and Emperor Yuan Shizu said, "Who has no loyal officials in his family?" He ordered Zhang Hongfan to treat Wen Tianxiang with courtesy, and sent Wen Tianxiang to Dadu (present-day Beijing), where he was put under house arrest in the Huitong Hall, determined to persuade Wen Tianxiang to surrender. Yuan Shizu first sent the former left prime minister of the Southern Song Dynasty, Liu Mengyan, to persuade Wen Tianxiang to surrender. As soon as Wen Tianxiang saw him, he was furious, and he had no choice but to leave. Emperor Yuan Shizu also asked Emperor Zhao Xian of Song, who had surrendered to Yuan, to persuade him to surrender. Wen Tianxiang knelt on the ground and cried bitterly, saying to Zhao Xian, "Please return!" Zhao Xian had nothing to say and left in disgust. Yuan Shizu was furious, so he ordered Wen Tianxiang's hands to be tied and put on wooden shackles. Imprisoned in the prison cell of the Department of Military Affairs. Wen Tianxiang in prison for ten days, the jailer before he loosened his hands tied: another half a month, before he removed the wooden shackles. The Yuan Dynasty Prime Minister Marco Polo personally opened the court to interrogate Wen Tianxiang. Wen Tianxiang was escorted to the lobby of the Privy Council, where he stood tall and just bowed his hand to Marco Polo. Marco Polo ordered his left and right to force Wen Tianxiang to kneel down. Wen Tianxiang struggled and sat on the ground, but he refused to give in. Marco Polo asked Wen Tianxiang, "What do you have to say now?" Wen Tianxiang replied, "There are ups and downs in the world. Countries die and are killed all the time. I have been loyal to Song, but I wish to die early!" Marco Polo was furious and said, "You want to die? I won't let you die. I will imprison you!" Wen Tianxiang was undaunted and said, "I am willing to die for justice, and I am not afraid of imprisonment!"
From then on, Wen Tianxiang spent three years in prison. In prison, he had received a letter from his daughter Liu Niang, learning that his wife and two daughters were slaves in the palace, living like prisoners. Wen Tianxiang knew that his daughter's letter was a hint from the Yuan court: if he surrendered, his family would be reunited. However, despite his heart being broken, Wen Tianxiang did not want to lose his honor because of his wife and daughters. In a letter to his sister, he said: "Receiving the letter from my daughter, I feel pain in my stomach and intestines. Who does not have a wife and child flesh and blood? But today things have come to this, Yu Yi when the death, is fate. What can I do? What can I do? ...... can make Liu female, ring female good people, father can not control. Tears choked down choking."
Life in prison is very bitter, but Wen Tianxiang forced to endure the pain, wrote a lot of poetry. The third volume of the Guidebook, the Song of Righteousness and other magnificent and immortal works were all written in prison. In March of the 19th year of Emperor Yuan Shi Zu's reign (1282), the powerful minister Ah Ma was assassinated. Emperor Yuan Shi Zu ordered to confiscate Ah Ma's wealth and track down his sins, and appointed He Li Huosun as the right prime minister. He Li Huosun proposed to rule the country with Confucianism, which was well received by Yuan Shizu. In August, Yuan Shizu asked his ministers, "Who are the wise and capable prime ministers of the south and the north?" The ministers replied, "There is no one in the north like Yelu Chusai, and no one in the south like Wen Tianxiang." Thus, the Yuan Shizu gave an order, intending to grant Wen Tianxiang a high and prominent position. Some of Wen Tianxiang's old friends who had surrendered to Yuan immediately informed Wen Tianxiang of this and persuaded him to surrender, but he refused. On December 8, Yuan Shizu summoned Wen Tianxiang to personally persuade him to surrender. Wen Tianxiang still bowed long to Yuan Shizu but did not kneel. Yuan Shizu did not force him to kneel, but only said, "You have been here for a long time, if you can change your mind and treat me with the loyalty of serving the Song Dynasty, then I can give you a position in the Zhongshu Province." Wen Tianxiang replied, "I am the prime minister of the Song Dynasty. When the country is destroyed, I only seek a quick death. It is not proper to live for a long time." Yuan Shizu asked again, "Then what are you willing to do?" Wen Tianxiang replied, "I wish to die as soon as possible!" Yuan Shizu was so infuriated that he ordered Wen Tianxiang to be executed immediately.
The next day, Wen Tianxiang was escorted to the Chai City execution ground. The executioner asked, "What does the prime minister have to say? You can still be spared from death if you report back." Wen Tianxiang said: "Death is death, what else can be said?" He asked the beheading officer: "I don't know what to say. He asked the beheading officer, "Which way is south?" Someone pointed him in the direction, Wen Tianxiang kneeled down to the south and said, "My business is finished, I have no shame in my heart!" So he drew his neck and was executed with ease. After his death, a poem was found in his belt: "Kong said to become benevolent, Meng said to take righteousness, only its righteousness, so benevolent. What do I learn from reading the books of the sages? And now, and then, I am not ashamed." Wen Tianxiang died, but rather the famous phase can be a martyr.
2. Yu Qian (May 13, 1398 - February 16, 1457), Han Chinese. Word Tingyi, Zhejiang Qiantang people, Ming Dynasty famous minister, national hero. In the first year of Xuande (1426), Yu Qian was appointed as the imperial historian. Xuande five years was promoted to the right minister of the Ministry of War, the governor of Shanxi and Henan, rectify the armament. In the thirteenth year of Zhengtong (1448), he was promoted to left minister of war. In the fall of the following year, the main force of the Ming capital army was defeated in the Battle of Tumu Fortress, Emperor Yingzong was captured, and the Mongolian army of WARARAR took advantage of the victory to attack the capital (now Beijing). At this juncture, Yu Qian opposed the relocation of the capital, advocated resistance to the war, was promoted to Secretary of the Ministry of War, led the army to defeat the Warat army, and won the battle of capital defense. After the war, he created the first regiment military system, strengthened the border garrison, and appointed famous generals to defend the city. Advocating for peace through war, he defeated the attack of the Warrat army many times, forcing its leader to release Emperor Yingzong to return to the imperial court. In the middle of the first month of the eighth year of Jingtai (1457), King Yingzong regained his throne through the change of the Gate of Capture. On the 22nd, Yu Qian was framed and killed. Yu Qian was later cleared of his wrongdoing and was awarded the title of "Counselor" with a posthumous title of "Counselor", which was later changed to "Zhongsu". His posthumous name was changed to Zhongsu.
3. Shi Kefa (1601-1645), Han Chinese, late Ming politician, military, Chinese national hero. Word Xianzhi, also known as Daoyou, Xiangfu people (now Kaifeng, Henan Province).
The first year of Chongzhen (1628), a bachelor's degree. Chongzhen seventeen years in March Li Zicheng captured Beijing, Hongguang regime was established, by the Ministry of Rites and East Cabinet Minister, then known as the "Cabinet Department". When the proposal to set up Liu Zeqing, Liu Liangzuo, Gao Jie, Huang Degong four towns north of the river, in order to law for the Secretary of the Ministry of War, the governor of Yangzhou. After the Qing troops entered the customs, had advocated peace with the *** to discuss Li Zicheng's peasant army. Later, he was sidelined by Ma Shiying and others, so he supervised the division of Huaiyang and tried his best to coordinate the generals of the four towns in the north of the Yangtze River to defend against the Qing soldiers.
Shunzhi two years in April, Zuo Liangyu rate of hundreds of thousands of troops, from Wuhan to raise troops eastward, to clear the side of the king, "in addition to the horse Ruan", Ma Shiying even micro Shi Kefa withdrew from all the troops of the river defense in order to prevent the Zuo Liangyu, had to travel to the aid, and arrived at the Yanzi Jie, so that the Huai defense is empty. When Zuo Liangyu was defeated by Huang Degong, Liangyu vomited blood and died, and the whole army surrendered to the Qing Dynasty; Shi Kefa was ordered to return to the north, when Xuyi surrendered to the Qing Dynasty and Sizhou fell. Shi Kefa then went to Yangzhou and continued to resist the Qing soldiers. On May 10, 1645, Prince Doduo of the Qing Dynasty besieged Yangzhou, Shi Kefa summoned all the towns to send troops to help, Liu Zeqing disappeared to Huai'an, and only a few soldiers, such as Liu Zhaoji, arrived, and his defense was in short supply. At this time, dorgon persuade surrender, Shi Kefa to the "re dorgon book" refused to surrender. Vice General Shi Dewei Shi Kefa followed for years, Kefa collected Dewei as a son, after the event; twenty-fourth Qing troops attacked the city with red-coated cannons. In the night Yangzhou city broken, Shi Kefa cut his own throat not to die, the crowd embraced down to the city hall, shouting: "I Shi Governor also!" Doduo persuade to surrender, can law said: "city death and death, my intention has been decided, that is, broken into pieces, willing, but Yangzhou city millions of living souls can not be killed!" After that, he was martyred. Doduo because the Qing army attacked the city suffered great casualties, the heart of annoyance, ordered the massacre of Yangzhou people. The massacre lasted for ten days and killed 800,000 people, known as the "Ten Days of Yangzhou". Twelve days after Shi Kefa's death, his body did not know where to go, and in the next year, Shi Dewei buried his body in Meihua Ridge, outside the Tianning Gate of Yangzhou City. Later, Quan Zuwang wrote "Plum Blossom Ridge Records" to describe the incident.
Dorgon persuaded to surrender during the siege of the city, Shi Kefa wrote the famous book of Dorgon: "The traitors have not yet served the heavenly punishment, spies know that the volume on the Western Qin, Fangtu retaliation. This is not only this dynasty does not * * * Dai Tian hate, but also your country in addition to the worry of the evil is not complete. Volunteer to beg the firm friendship of the same enemy, the whole always of virtue; Division into the discussion, the crime of Qinzhong; *** Lord of the head of the traitors, in order to vent Shitian's anger. Your country's righteousness, shine a thousand years, this dynasty to report, but the force is to see." Not lowly, not supercilious, has been handed down for thousands of generations. Also wrote "Shi Zhongzheng Gong Collection".