First, the main points of fire rescue
(A) to stabilize the mood
In the case of a fire, all the people are in a state of panic. Absent-minded, acting blindly; Firefighters are in a hurry; The situation of peripheral personnel is complicated, and many people are watching the excitement and giving orders in disorder, adding chaos to their busy schedule. Therefore, stabilizing the mood of all people, especially those trapped, is the basis of successful rescue. Stabilizing the mood of firefighters can be carried out through ordinary training and drills; The public security department is responsible for stabilizing the emotions of the relatives of the peripheral personnel, especially those trapped; In order to stabilize the mood of trapped people, we can usually tell them that they can be rescued:
1, voice notification. Firefighters or other rescuers can use portable loudspeakers or emergency broadcasts in high-rise buildings to shout loudly and tell trapped people to be calm, not to run around and wait for rescue.
2. Light notification. When there is a fire in a multi-storey or high-rise building at night, there are often many trapped people lying on windows or balconies, and some even hang on downpipes or sun visors waiting for rescue. After the fire brigade arrives, illuminate everyone trapped with strong light in time and tell them not to worry, we are coming to save you; Sometimes you can shake the lights and tell them not to jump off the building; You can also use lights to illuminate the trapped person and then tighten the position where he can come out, or the nearby rescuers, telling them that they can be completely rescued.
3. Calligraphy and painting. Firefighters can use big and bright calligraphy and painting, such as don't jump off a building, firefighters will arrive at your location immediately, firefighters will use various devices to save people and so on. Tell the trapped people, especially those who can't hear the radio in high places, to be calm, don't give up and don't jump off the building.
4. Demonstration and notification. At the scene of the fire where the trapped people can't hear the shouting, people doing ideological and political work at the grass-roots level or others can tell the trapped people who can move to save themselves by tearing sheets, covering the door with water, covering their nose and mouth with towels, crawling in a low posture, crossing windows and other methods.
5. Talk about trouble. In film and television dramas, in real fires or disasters, we can always see rescuers and trapped people together, encouraging and urging them, and giving trapped people "life-saving" gifts such as air respirator, oxygen respirator, the last bite of food and the last drop of water, but they would rather be in danger. This is a distress notice. Firefighters try to reach the position of the trapped person, and wait for others to rescue with the trapped person or try their best to escape if it is not enough to rescue the trapped person or it is difficult to rescue the trapped person at the moment.
(2) Open up channels
In addition to all kinds of notices, commanders must also send elite troops to open life-saving passages in the safest and fastest way to achieve the purpose of saving people.
1, carry out internal attack. Storm along the stairs and open the passage is the most effective and simple way to save people. When organizing a storm to save people, it is necessary to find out the reasons why the internal stairs are blocked by smoke and heat in time. If the fire doors in the front room and stairwell are not tightly closed, they should be closed, and the stairwell door leading to the roof should be opened to remove smoke. If the stairwell is blocked by hot smoke because there is no fire door, a water gun position should be set on the stairs of the burning floor to cover and save people.
2. Set fire exits. When the stairs or exits are blocked by fireworks and rescuers cannot reach the floor where the trapped people are located, they should organize personnel to set up fire ladders or ladders to rescue the trapped people through the fire ladders. The fire escape should be erected in a position free from fire threat, and the upwind direction of the smoke area should be selected as far as possible if conditions permit. When saving people in the spread range of smoke and the position where the fire burns violently, water guns should be set to dilute the smoke or suppress the fire for protection.
3. Carry out demolition. For some fire scenes that can't enter the room smoothly to save people, as well as fire scenes with closed doors and windows, measures can be taken to save people from roofs, doors and windows and adjacent buildings. When the fire commander organizes the demolition to save people, he must first find out where the trapped people are, and the demolition point should be as close as possible to the trapped people; Secondly, master the spread of fire to prevent flashover; Thirdly, on the premise of ensuring the convenience of attack and evacuation, try to choose a single-layer leather wall or other parts that are easy to dismantle. In addition, it is often faster and safer to rescue people from the balcony and partition wall of adjacent units than to set up a fire ladder at the fire site of the unit house.
4. The rope descends slowly. If you can't get through the indoor stairs, or the fire escape can't reach the height of the trapped person, if possible, you can use safety rope or descent control device to save people. Using descent control device and safety rope to save people, we must first ensure that the rescue route is not threatened by fire and hot smoke, and there will be no falling objects; Secondly, the fixed point of the suspension lowering device should be firm; Finally, carry out necessary safety inspection and education before releasing people to avoid accidents caused by air panic.
5, laying air cushion. In the case of a fire in a multi-storey building where many people are trapped, in order to prevent the trapped people from jumping off the building blindly, a life-saving air cushion can be laid in a safe place downstairs, and a human wall is set around the air cushion to protect the trapped people from jumping off the building.
(3) On-site rescue
Facts have proved that the life-saving measures such as cardiopulmonary resuscitation, artificial respiration, oxygen supply and so on can save the lives of the dying wounded rescued from the fire due to hot smoke suffocation shock or respiratory burn. In addition to informing the medical staff, we firefighters should also have specific first aid knowledge. The main methods are as follows:
1, for some comatose people, give them fresh air in time, such as air respirator who uses rescuers.
2. Check the vital signs of the injured. If breathing or heartbeat stops, artificial respiration should be performed immediately on the spot, and then transferred to a safe area or hospital after breathing is restored.
3. Stop bleeding. If there is traumatic bleeding, it should be quickly bandaged to stop bleeding.
4, fixed. The wounded with fractures can be fixed with special instruments if possible, or simply fixed with wooden boards and stretchers according to local conditions and materials, and then sent to the hospital.
5. Transshipment. According to different injuries and conditions, choose appropriate tools and transfer to hospitals according to their priorities.
Second, the precautions for saving people at the fire scene In addition to mastering the main points of saving people at the fire scene, we must also master some precautions in the process of saving people.
(A) to understand the fire situation
It is very important to know the situation of the fire scene, such as the number of people trapped, the location, the danger, the size of the fire, the items on fire, the degree of danger, etc. Understanding and mastering these situations can play a vital role in saving people. Therefore, after the public security fire brigade arrives at the scene, it is necessary to organize personnel to conduct rapid, comprehensive and meticulous fire reconnaissance in time, mainly:
1, find out the number and situation of people trapped.
2, find out the location of the trapped people and life-saving passage.
3. Find out the reason why people are trapped, the scope of fire spread and the way to further expand.
4. Find out whether there are other factors that threaten the safety of trapped people besides fire and hot smoke, such as explosives, toxic substances and building collapse.
(2) Correctly handle the internal relationship between fire fighting and rescue.
Rescue and fire fighting, as two major tasks of fire fighting and rescue operations, are two inseparable links in the fire fighting process. Therefore, while adhering to the principle of "rescue first" and actively organizing forces to rescue trapped people and injured people, fire commanders should objectively analyze the fire situation, the development trend of the fire and the maximum ability of the on-site forces to fight the fire, make correct fighting determination, use fire-fighting tactics and methods, and rationally allocate fire-fighting forces to ensure the safety of trapped people and minimize property losses. The relationship between fire fighting and saving people in a fire field is mainly reflected in three forms from the tactical method:
1, save people first and then put out the fire, that is, concentrate on evacuating and rescuing people threatened or trapped by fire, and then organize forces to control and extinguish the fire. This method is mainly suitable for fire places with poisoning and explosion hazards such as leakage and fire of dangerous chemicals. Or steel structure, brick-wood structure, airtight roof, etc. It will collapse in a short time after burning and baking; And the fire scene where the fire develops very rapidly and the field forces can't control the spread of the fire.
2. Put out the fire while saving people, that is, while organizing forces to save people, deploy forces to set up water gun positions, control the spread of hot smoke and fire, delay the spread of fire, and win time for saving people. Fires broke out in hotels, shopping malls, KTV, theaters, production buildings of labor-intensive enterprises and other crowded places. It takes a long time to evacuate and rescue trapped people, and the spread of fire and hot smoke will directly affect the speed and safety of rescue operations. Therefore, when a fire breaks out in such places, we should adopt the tactics of saving people and putting out the fire, control the spread of smoke, delay the development of the fire and create conditions for rescuers to win time.
3. Put out the fire first and then save people, that is, concentrate on eliminating the fire or controlling the spread of the fire in one fell swoop, save people after the arrival of reinforcements, or organize personnel to evacuate and rescue trapped people after the fire is controlled. For some apartment fires, or fires are in the early stage, the fire scope is small, and the on-site strength is sufficient to control and put out the fire, or fires occur in places with high fire resistance and no spread passage between the upper and lower floors, the tactical method of putting out the fire first and then saving people can be adopted to put out the fire as soon as possible and reduce the fire loss. In addition, this method is the only way in some cases where it is difficult to save people without putting out the fire.
(3) Reasonable choice of ways and means to save people.
Whether the choice of rescue methods and ways is correct directly affects whether the people trapped by the fire can get timely and successful rescue. When the commander chooses the methods and ways to save people according to the fire situation, he should not only consider the timeliness of the rescue operation and the feasibility of the adopted methods, but also consider the safety of the adopted methods and the speed of saving people, especially when there are many people trapped in the fire.
1, using fire elevators and fire stairs to attack and save people is the most effective way to save people. Someone once organized an evacuation test in the smoke-proof stairwell. Under the organization and command of firefighters, two people can pass through the burning floor at the same time, and about 60 people can pass every minute. Fire elevators can save about 5 people per minute on average; Lifting a fire truck can only save 2-3 people per minute on average; The use of other fire ladders, safety ropes and descent control devices is slow and the safety is difficult to guarantee. Therefore, comparing several main rescue facilities and equipment, their evacuation ability and reliability should be: smoke-proof stairs, closed stairs, fire elevators, fire engines, other fire ladders or safety ropes, and slow descenders.
2. Flexible use of various rescue methods. Modern fire is not only a heavy task to save people, but also a complicated fire situation. There are many factors that affect people's escape, and the time to save people is very urgent. Therefore, in the organization and command of fire rescue, on the one hand, commanders should make full use of various fixed fire-fighting facilities to evacuate and rescue trapped people in time; On the other hand, it is necessary to assess the situation and flexibly choose various ways and means to save people according to the fire situation. For example, in the case of a fire in a building with wooden stairs, it is relatively effective and safe to set up a fire escape to save people.
3. Carry out simple on-site rescue in time and transfer to the medical and health institutions present to save lives as much as possible.
To sum up, the fire scene rescue must master the main points of saving people, strictly follow the methods, procedures and requirements of saving people, and also master the precautions of saving people. Only in this way can we successfully rescue the trapped people.