With the development of society and the continuous improvement of economic level, people produce more and more living garbage, of which rural living garbage is particularly prominent. It mainly includes batteries, lamp bulbs, pesticide bottles, paint buckets, wastewater silver thermometers, expired medicines, ink cartridges, toner cartridges, non-biodegradable plastic products (ultra-thin plastic bags, agricultural film) and so on. The volume of this type of garbage is increasing year by year with the development of rural and urban-rural integration, and this type of garbage is the most potentially harmful to the rural ecological environment and requires special safe treatment. For example, button batteries contain mercury, a toxic heavy metal; rechargeable batteries contain cadmium, a harmful heavy metal; and dry batteries contain mercury, lead, and acid-alkali substances that are harmful to the environment. And waste plastic products are difficult to decompose, destroying the soil and reducing plant growth by 30%; landfills may pollute groundwater; and incineration produces harmful gases. How to deal with rural household waste to truly achieve harmless? What about the homes we depend on? We can't help but worry. Therefore, to carry out popularization of science and enhance the environmental awareness of farmers is the first problem to be solved. This is because it is crucial to shape the social participation of individuals and even social organizations in environmental awareness through effective environmental education. Doing a good job of rural living garbage disposal needs the active participation and cooperation of the majority of rural residents, need environmental protection departments, news media and teaching units to go to the countryside more publicity and popularization of environmental protection knowledge. To be good at combining and making use of the World Environment Day, World Earth Day, the National Patriotic Hygiene Month, etc., hanging environmental protection propaganda slogans in public *** places, organizing cadres, the masses, students to carry out environmental sanitation sweeps, the use of radio, television and other media to publicize the holding of mass participation in the environmental protection of environmental protection knowledge contests, and other activities to attract active participation of the majority of residents, and gradually increase the residents of the awareness of environmental protection. Environmental protection awareness of publicity and education should start from the details of the closest farmers' lives, so that environmental protection knowledge in the form of small tips and tricks and their "zero-distance" contact, closer to the distance between the knowledge and life, to eliminate the farmers' resistance to the plot, to improve the publicity effect.
"Urban living waste fast, harmless, no residual, resource recycling, industrialization" treatment technology, referred to as "LJ five" treatment technology. The technology set: 1
Municipal garbage uniform feeding, large garbage automatic sorting system; 2
Bagged garbage automatic bag-breaking, automatic crushing of organic matter system; 3
Municipal garbage closed, mechanized sorting system; 4
Organic hydrolysis and hydrothermal oxidation of fertilizer system; 5
Inorganic building materials system; 5
Plastic refining system; 5
Plastic refining system; 5
Plastic refining system; 5
Plastic refining system; 5
Plastic refining system. p>
Plastic refining or granulation system; 6
Non-recyclable combustibles pyrolysis gasification, waste heat utilization system; 7
Exhaust gas treatment system; 8
Sewage treatment system and other eight processing systems in one, can be produced around the day of the day of the municipal garbage day treatment, the same day out of the product. The technology is successfully applied in Guangdong, Zhejiang, Yunnan, Guizhou, Hebei, Liaoning, Shanxi and other places after the garbage treatment plant, all over the world have achieved significant economic and social benefits, and maximize the garbage treatment of resources, industrialization, experts agree that: the technology to garbage treatment of garbage, in line with the requirements of the development of a circular economy, on behalf of the development of China's garbage treatment business direction.
2. Classification of Rural Living Waste
There are four common methods of dealing with rural living waste.
1. High-temperature aerobic composting technology
Composting is a metabolic process that uses microorganisms to degrade the organic matter in the garbage, which is decomposed into stable organic residue by the high-temperature process. Aerobic composting process usually consists of pre-treatment, main fermentation, post-fermentation, post-treatment and storage. When the content of organic matter in the waste is greater than 15%, composting treatment can make the waste harmless and reduce the amount of waste. Waste compost can be used in agricultural production to increase the soil organic matter content, therefore, the resource benefits of waste composting method is significant, but composting requires high organic matter content and low heavy metal content in the waste.
2. Biomass gasification technology
The technology makes use of the abundant organic waste resources in rural areas, such as straw, firewood, hulls and other wastes, by high temperature pyrolysis, feeding combustion to produce combustible gases, which has a number of advantages: high energy conversion rate, low energy consumption, long combustion time, large and stable fire, pollution-free combustion, which not only improves the production and living environment of rural areas, but also saves resources and energy saving. The organic waste purification furnace using this technology is easy to use, low-cost, and has a cooking, heating, shower 3 functions.
3. Vermicomposting technology
The basic principle of vermicomposting technology is to use earthworms to eat scavenging, wide food, large food and its digestive tract can be secreted out of protease, lipolytic enzymes, cellulolytic enzymes, chitinase, amylase and other enzymes, will be a certain degree of fermentation treatment of organic solid wastes as food to feed to the earthworms through the earthworms' digestion, metabolism and the digestive tract of the earthworms squeeze. Earthworms digestive tract extrusion into physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the manure are very good, so as to achieve the purpose of harmlessness, minimization, resource.
4. Anaerobic fermentation technology
Anaerobic fermentation method is to make organic matter in an anaerobic environment, through the microbial fermentation, to produce combustible gas - biogas, the organic matter into energy used as a living fuel, and at the same time, the biogas and biogas residue is a high-quality fertilizer, the method of the organic matter to make the full resource utilization. Fermentation raw materials are mainly human, animal and poultry manure. It has the advantages of waste resources, convenient management, low investment, easy to operate, etc., which is convenient to promote the use in the vast rural areas.
3. Scientific knowledge involved in the treatment of domestic waste in rural areas
The integrated technology project for the harmless treatment of domestic waste is led by the Guangzhou Energy Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, with chief scientist Chen Yong presiding over the implementation of the project, and jointly with the Chengdu Institute of Biological Research of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the "demonstration of integrated technology project for the resourcefulness of municipal domestic waste and the utilization of energy" is the Guangdong Science and Technology Innovation Hundred. "is one of the hundred projects of science and technology innovation in Guangdong Province.
The demonstration project was built in Boro County, Guangdong Province, with a hundred project special support as start-up capital, a total investment of 22.85 million yuan, for 200 tons / day energy self-sufficient municipal waste treatment and utilization system, a project to deal with 54,000 tons of municipal waste per year, the production of 18,000 tons of organic fertilizer compound. Municipal garbage disposal problems affecting the national economy and people's livelihood garbage production surge, a serious danger to the environment.
China's garbage stockpiles over the years amounted to 6 billion tons in 1997, the country's annual production of 140 million tons of garbage, and 8-10% annual growth rate, so far, the vast majority of China's municipal garbage is still open piles, landfills, not only occupies valuable land resources, but also caused serious secondary pollution of the environment. Comprehensive treatment technology research is imperative.
The main obstacle to the resource utilization of garbage lies on the one hand in the complexity of the garbage itself, which is difficult to be utilized for resource utilization. On the other hand, the research and development of related technologies has not kept up, and the existing utilization technology often adopts a single mode (e.g., incineration for power generation), and adopts the same method to deal with different garbage compositions, which results in a large amount of consumption of the treatment process itself, and the economy is poor.
Therefore, according to local conditions, according to the different composition of the garbage, comprehensive treatment of key technology research, the fundamental solution to the problem of garbage is of great significance, is related to the national economy and people's livelihood of a major event. Demonstration project rigorous conception of integrated technology to avoid the shortcomings of the country, inside and outside the city waste disposal mainly using landfill, composting, incineration and other methods, including landfill technology covers an area of large; composting technology has a capacity reduction, reduction and harmlessness of the degree of the shortcomings of the low; the use of garbage incineration technology, the degree of its reduction is high, but the investment is huge.
Therefore, simply relying on a certain technology to deal with waste is not a fundamental way to solve the waste problem that suits China's national conditions. This project focuses on the characteristics of China's municipal garbage, from the point of view of "garbage is a misplaced resource", develops new technologies and processes for garbage treatment and resource utilization that save investment, have high treatment efficiency and low cost---energy self-sufficient municipal garbage comprehensive treatment and utilization system.
According to the composition of China's garbage and the different physical and chemical properties of the components, the garbage of the different treatment technologies are organically combined, in order to achieve the goal of capacity reduction, volume reduction and harmlessness at the same time, the treatment cost is reduced to a minimum, and to maximize the possibility of comprehensive utilization of garbage resources. A variety of technologies with the implementation of the process technology scientific and reasonable The researchers of the project in the composition of the living garbage in Boro County on the basis of research, proposed to take the sorting, organic waste fermentation, fertilizer processing, combustible pyrolysis - incineration, gasification and power generation, inorganic landfill and other processes combined with the system integration of technology: (1) before the sorting process of the municipal garbage by the Sorting recovery of renewable materials, such as renewable plastics, metals, waste paper, glass; sorting out the combustible materials for incineration; sorting of putrescible organic waste with fermentation treatment, the treatment of organic waste production into organic fertilizers; inorganic waste can be used for landfill, paving or used to change the soil (fine inorganic waste).
(2) fermentation process of urban organic waste through the role of microorganisms, organic waste can be harmless and putrefaction, and the production of organic fertilizers, organic fertilizers for agriculture to provide organic fertilizers, putrescible organic waste from spontaneous combustion, and return to nature, thus maintaining the ecology of nature. This process can be used rapid aerobic fermentation, high temperature after maturation, the treatment cycle is 15 days.
The exhaust gas generated by the use of closed fermentation is centrally treated and discharged at a high level, and the exudate generated during the fermentation process is recycled, with no wastewater discharge. (3) Organic waste processing fertilizer process after the treatment of urban organic waste is the way out of the production of fertilizers, fertilizer marketing and its wide range of uses to make the waste disposal smoothly, and will also get a certain economic benefits.
The quality of the product, the marketing of fertilizer and its use in addition to the quality of compost, organic waste processing is also important. The treated organic waste is processed into fine powder fertilizer through secondary screening, production of coarse compost or drying, which can be used in paddy fields and drylands, and can be applied to various crops.
In addition, it can also be produced into organic and inorganic composite fertilizer, the fertilizer not only has a significant yield effect and can also improve the utilization rate of fertilizer. (4) incineration process incineration is characterized by rapid reduction, suitable for combustible organic waste treatment, the treatment technology will be sorted out in the sorting process of combustible organic matter for incineration.
Due to the low water content and high calorific value of the garbage used for incineration, incineration does not require additional auxiliary combustion, the heat generated by the energy required for fertilizer drying, which in turn can save energy. This process uses pyrolysis incineration technology to reduce the capacity of combustible organic waste and reduce the amount of treatment.
Pyrolysis incineration is an advanced incineration technology that has begun to develop internationally. The technology makes use of the high content of volatile organic matter in the garbage as a characteristic, firstly, the garbage will be pyrolyzed (or called gasification), and then gas phase combustion will be carried out after the volatile matter is released.
Through the pyrolysis gasification incineration, the dust, NOX, SOX, HCl, etc. in the flue gas is treated by dust removal and water washing to ensure that the exhaust gas is discharged in compliance with the standards. (5) The gasification power generation process adopts the waste gasification - internal combustion engine power generation technology of Guangzhou Energy Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Sciences, which is based on the same principle as pyrolysis (gasification) incineration.
The combustible gas is burned at high temperature in the internal combustion engine, which can completely burn the harmful macromolecular organic matter and generate small molecules such as CO2, H2O and other harmless substances. The process is characterized by small installed capacity, investment saving, flexible and convenient starting.
This process is the key link to reduce production costs. (6) Landfill process The landfill part of this system utilizes the original landfill facilities.
Scientific and technological innovation to overcome the challenges of technology integration unique solution to a series of key scientific and technological issues. Mathematical simulation of pyrolysis incineration and pyrolysis incineration, gasification equipment amplification effect; organic waste gasification power generation process research and equipment development; thermal treatment process pollutant formation mechanism and control methods; sorting, composting, pyrolysis incineration heating, gasification power generation, water and gas slag purification and other technology integration, optimization, control research.
Throughout the original unit processing technology. Pyrolysis incineration is a waste incineration technology, the Institute on the basis of previous research, developed its own strong cyclone pyrolysis incineration.
4. How should rural household garbage be classified
According to the actual situation of rural household garbage, household garbage is divided into four categories according to the treatment and disposal methods or the possibility of resource recycling.
(1) Compostable (organic matter): the main component is food waste and other organic waste, the direction of treatment is livestock and poultry consumption, direct return to the field, compost, fuel and biogas production. (2) Inert class (inorganic matter): refers to cinder, construction waste, etc., the treatment method is to build roads, embankments, building fill and landfill.
(3) Recyclable waste: including waste plastics, paper, glass, metal, waste furniture and electrical appliances, fabrics, leather and rubber, etc., the treatment method is to use economic means, recycling. (4) Harmful waste: such as pesticide bottles, expired drugs, batteries, lamps, paint buckets, etc., to strengthen the management, centralized and safe disposal.
5. How to classify garbage in the countryside
In the garbage sorting field, on the broad field, more than a dozen sorting workers will sort and pack the garbage after weighing and weighing and loading the trucks, and in the garbage plant, a big forklift will be shoveled into the cleaner trucks of the waste garbage that needs to be filled in the landfill, and the whole process of garbage sorting will be carried out in an orderly fashion.
Garbage classification will be an important part of the future of garbage disposal, at present, Guangzhou is the city-wide implementation of garbage classification processing, but the effect is not obvious. The city's garbage classification are difficult, the rural is even more tricky, in this case, Guangzhou Baiyun District Zhonglutan town took a compromise: the establishment of a garbage transfer point, that is, through the transfer point of the town's garbage will be concentrated to the sorting site, and then sorted. Garbage sorting map
With the implementation of the village sweeping town transport project to establish a garbage sorting site, the classification of garbage, so as to maximize the rational use of waste resources, Zhong Lu Tan's approach in the Baiyun District is still the first of its kind. This way not only can recycle valuable waste resources, reduce landfills, protect the environment, so that the reasonable return of resources, but also to establish a more scientific long-term mechanism for waste disposal, clean and environmentally friendly savings.
In addition, the town of Zhongluotan also bidding market-oriented mode of operation of the garbage sorting field, in the form of bidding the garbage sorting field contracted to a professional cleaning company. Market-oriented operation does not solve all the problems, the current Zhong Lu Tan town from the heavy garbage transfer after the main responsibility for the supervision and coordination of enterprises, as well as cleaning fee collection.
The town's trash compactor station is set up in two areas, Liangtian and Zhuge, both of which are relatively far from the waste sorting site. Since the sorting site is not equipped with a garbage compactor, the garbage that needs to be landfilled needs to be reloaded and transported to the two garbage compactor stations for reprocessing. Zhong Lu Tan town's waste disposal method provides a reference for rural waste disposal.
6. What is rural waste (garbage)
Rural waste refers to objects including domestic garbage, livestock and poultry waste, crop residues, forest product waste and other waste.
Among them, domestic garbage includes ashes, slag, commodity packaging, human and animal waste (excluding large-scale industrialized farming waste), used batteries, food waste, gardening waste, thrown away household goods and other waste materials produced by rural residents in the course of their daily lives. Livestock and poultry farming waste refers to solid waste such as feces and urine produced by farms, sewage from flushing houses, bedding from livestock and poultry houses, discarded feed and scattered feathers, and also includes malodorous gases such as hydrogen sulfide and ammonia.
Crop straw is a general term for the residue of crops after processing and extracting the seeds. In Zhejiang Province, there are many kinds of crops, including rice, wheat, corn, beans, potatoes, melons, oil crops, cotton and sugar cane.
The straw and husk from the rice is called straw. Rural forest product waste mainly includes discarded wooden furniture, wooden buildings (such as wooden doors and windows), shavings, sawdust and disposable chopsticks, in addition to discarded writing paper and paper beverage boxes.
7. General Knowledge of Garbage Classification
From the viewpoint of domestic and foreign cities on the classification of domestic garbage, it is roughly based on the composition of garbage, the amount of garbage generated, combined with the local garbage resource utilization and treatment methods to carry out classification. For example, Germany is generally divided into paper, glass, metal, plastic, etc.; Australia is generally divided into compostable garbage, recyclable garbage, non-recyclable garbage; Japan is generally divided into combustible garbage, non-combustible garbage, and so on. Nowadays, domestic garbage in China can be divided into four categories: recyclable garbage, food waste, hazardous garbage and other garbage. At present, the commonly used waste treatment methods are: comprehensive utilization, sanitary landfill, incineration power generation, composting, resource return.
Recyclable garbage
Mainly includes waste paper, plastic, glass, metal and cloth five categories.
Food waste
Includes leftovers, bones, roots, leaves, peels and other food waste
Hazardous waste
Includes waste batteries, waste fluorescent tubes, waste silver thermometers, expired medicines and so on, which require special and safe treatment.
Other garbage
Including brick and tile ceramics, slag, toilet paper, paper towels and other hard-to-recycle waste in addition to the above categories of garbage, taking sanitary landfill can effectively reduce the pollution of groundwater, surface water, soil and air.
8. What problems need to be paid attention to for the successful implementation of separate collection and treatment of domestic garbage in rural areas
China's rural residents generally have a low level of literacy, the density of the village distribution is low, especially in the mountainous areas and natural villages along the coast, the establishment of a domestic garbage collection and treatment and disposal system in rural areas of China should focus on the selection of collection and transportation equipment, transportation routes, and planning and operation of the system of capital investment.
In addition, in order to ensure the normal and sustainable operation of the system, it is also necessary to continuously increase the publicity of environmental protection, and improve the environmental awareness of the villagers. In general, the successful implementation of separate collection and treatment of household waste in rural areas requires attention to the following issues.
(1) In response to the current situation of disorderly discharge of garbage in rural areas, we should consider the cost of collection and transportation, resource recycling, and separate treatment in accordance with the characteristics of the rural population distribution density, and set up a source sorting and classified collection and transportation system of domestic garbage suitable for the current situation of rural areas. On this basis, garbage on both sides of rural roads, rivers and around farmers' houses will be cleaned up and transported to counties (cities) for treatment through township transfer stations.
In addition, we should also increase the development and promotion of cost-effective technologies for the resource utilization of rural household waste, such as the fermentation of waste to recover methane gas and the production of organic and inorganic compound fertilizers by composting. (2) There is a need to find appropriate sources of funding to ensure that the waste separation work can be sustained and operated in a stable manner.
It is difficult to rely on the financial support of villages and townships alone to meet the costs of a continuous and stable garbage collection and transportation system. Because of the lack of financial input, the garbage collection and transportation equipment and cleaning personnel in some places are uneven.
Therefore, the financial department should arrange special funds for rural garbage collection and disposal every year, which can be used for the construction of sanitation facilities and the operation of the sanitation system. (3) Strengthen the management to ensure that the management is in place.
On the issue of rural living garbage classification collection, treatment and disposal, should pay attention to the leading role of ***, *** investment in the purchase of garbage collection devices, special vehicles for transportation, the construction of garbage transfer station, the management of the township government, the villagers are actively involved in the management of the mode of operation. (4) Improve the villagers' awareness of environmental protection.
The villagers are the first implementers of the separate collection of household garbage, and it is vital to raise their awareness of environmental protection and strengthen their awareness of garbage classification for the successful implementation of the separate collection of household garbage. At the same time, it is necessary to pay attention to the local customs, habits of the villagers, and the level of economic development to determine the classification of the name of the classified, artificially over-divided will increase the difficulty of the work, so that the feasibility of the decline.
In daily life, items that can be reused should be reused, and waste that cannot be reused but can be sold as scrap (e.g., glass bottles, cans, milk bottles, old raincoats, sandals, etc.) should be collected. However, in general, due to the poor sales channels, to a certain extent, the incentive of rural residents to separate the collection of household waste is weakened.