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International logistics is developed along with the development of international trade, at the same time, international logistics has become an important factor affecting and restricting the further development of international trade. The development of international logistics has greatly improved the environment of international trade, international trade provides a variety of convenient conditions, the rapid growth of world trade and the development of international logistics is inseparable. The further development of international trade needs the support of international logistics, if the development of international logistics can not keep pace with the development of international trade, will greatly hinder the deep development of international trade.
This paper focuses on the relationship between international trade and international logistics development, and North America, Japan and Europe, the world's three most active trade activities and logistics level of the more advanced countries and regions of the information on the relationship between international trade and international logistics to do further empirical analysis.
I. Theoretical analysis of the relationship between international trade and international logistics
(I) international trade promotes the emergence and development of international logistics
The so-called international logistics is an extension of domestic logistics and further expansion, is across the border, the circulation of the expanded scope of the "circulation of goods", is to realize that the goods are in two or more countries (the country). The so-called international logistics is the extension and further expansion of domestic logistics, which is the "circulation of goods" with an expanded scope of circulation across national borders, and the realization of international trade activities that occur as a result of the physical movement of goods between two or more countries (or regions).1 From this concept, we can see that international logistics is essentially a part of, and serves the needs of, international trade activities. Therefore, the premise of international logistics is the existence of international trade. If there is no international trade, there is no international flow of goods, so there is no need for international logistics.
1, international trade promotes the generation of international logistics
International trade is the premise of international logistics, at the same time, international logistics is also a necessary condition for the realization of international trade. If there is no international logistics support, goods can not move between countries, international trade can not be completed. Therefore, international trade will inevitably promote the emergence of international logistics. With the development of international trade, trade on both sides of the international logistics service specialization, integration requirements to strengthen the international logistics from the early only refers to the physical movement of goods from one country supplier to another country demanders, the development of today's set of procurement, packaging, transportation, storage, handling, circulation processing, distribution and information processing and other basic functions in a comprehensive system. It can be said that international trade has generated international logistics, and promote its development to modern international logistics.
2, the development of international trade to promote the progress of international logistics technology
Logistics technology (Logistics technology) refers to logistics activities in the use of natural and social sciences, theories, methods, as well as facilities, equipment, equipment and technology in general. The development of international trade to the enterprise and the community's logistics forecasting management and other technical aspects of the proposed higher requirements, but also to promote the development of logistics technology is one of the main motivations. With the development of international trade, countries around the world, major enterprises in the world market to launch a fierce competition. Although quality is increasingly important in the eyes of consumers, consumers are concerned about more than just price, but the price is still an important factor in winning. The development of international trade requires from all aspects of cost reduction: raw material prices, order costs, transportation prices, inventory costs and so on. This puts forward new challenges and requirements for all aspects of international logistics. In this kind of promotion of international trade, international logistics from the theory to the technology has been a major innovation and development.
3, the development of international trade, international logistics constantly put forward new requirements
The development of the global economy, the level of human needs to improve, on the one hand, making the country trade has made great progress, one is the rapid growth of trade volume, the second is the tradeable commodities are greatly enriched; on the other hand, but also to make the structure of international trade has produced a huge change, the traditional primary products, Raw materials and other trade varieties are gradually giving way to high value-added, precision-processed products. The development of international trade changes in the quality of international logistics, efficiency, safety and other new requirements.
4, international trade on the development trend of international logistics impact
Because of the development of international trade to the buyer's market, a lot of traders to cater to the increasing purification of consumers, personalized product demand, and to take a variety of small amount of trade, and thus high frequency, small batch distribution needs also arise. In economically developed countries and regions such as the United States, Japan and Europe, these specialized logistics services have formed a scale and have a wide range of development prospects. Accompanied by the international traders business orientation of the change should come into being the logistics operation of specialization, intensification, e-logistics and green logistics.
In short, the development of international trade will certainly promote the international logistics in all aspects of new progress and breakthroughs. In today's world, the links between countries are getting closer and closer, and the volume of global trade is also rising, which will surely provide greater space for the development of international logistics, and will also give greater impetus to the development of international logistics.
(2) efficient international logistics system to become a guarantee of the sustainable development of international trade
International trade led to the birth of international logistics, but, from its birth, international logistics has begun its own independent development of the course of continuous development and growth, and, the international logistics of the progress and development of international trade has also played a far-reaching role in promoting the development of international trade.
In a large number of cross-border trade, can not be ignored is the transnational transfer of goods brought about by the rise of international material flow. The volume of trade is bound to bring more material flow, which requires international logistics for the transfer of goods in the transportation of goods, loading and unloading, warehousing, information transmission and other aspects are to provide convenience. Modern logistics use of science and technology, so that information fast, accurate feedback, the use of optimal channels for the circulation of goods, the product according to the needs of consumers to produce, quickly delivered to the hands of consumers to improve the quality of service, to stimulate consumer demand, to speed up the response speed of enterprises to the market. In the supply chain linkage between the enterprises to realize the resources **** enjoy, greatly shorten the product circulation cycle, accelerate the speed of logistics and distribution. Enterprise logistics channels, logistics functions, logistics links and manufacturing link integration, so that the logistics service expansion and serialization, and through the standardization of operations, so that the trade process, delayed delivery, delivery is not timely or goods damaged or lost and other uncontrollable risks are greatly reduced, so as to facilitate the enterprises of various countries to reach trade. Inefficient logistics system will also become a bottleneck in the development of international trade, the benefits of engaging in international trade will be offset by the huge cost of circulation expenses.
The functional elements of the logistics system are generally considered to be transportation, storage and custody, packaging, loading and unloading, circulation and processing, distribution, logistics information, etc., and each element gives full play to their respective functions, so as to rationally and effectively achieve the purpose of the role of the logistics system.
In the international transfer of goods, the logistics function of the higher requirements. Take transportation as an example, compared with domestic transportation, international transportation involves more links, greater risk, long lines and wide, more complex situation. International transportation mainly involves the selection of modes of transportation such as sea transport, land transport, air transport, pipeline and multimodal transport in supply and sales logistics, the determination of reasonable transportation routes, and the effective management of transportation activities. In the whole transportation process, using a variety of means of delivery, changing different modes of transportation, midway through the many loading and unloading handling, through different countries and regions, and dealing with the owners of goods, insurance companies, banks, customs and a variety of intermediary agents in various countries. The political, legal, financial and monetary systems of different countries are different, and there are many variable factors, in which a certain part of the problem will affect the efficiency of the whole logistics. Therefore, in order to meet the requirements of international trade for transportation, it is necessary to give full play to the role of transportation in the entire international logistics system, to achieve the goal of safety, speed, accuracy, savings and convenience.
With the intensification of competition in the globalized market, many products have completed the transformation from seller's market to buyer's market. The focus of competition among traders is how to better and faster to meet the diversified and individualized needs of customers. Products and services in international trade tend to be diversified and customized. Producers with standardized parts to achieve economies of scale, traders are informed of the specific requirements of customers in the international market, through the circulation of logistics processing functions, parts and components in accordance with a variety of ways to combine, the formation of personalized products in line with customer requirements, and then through the packaging, transportation, delivery of products to the hands of consumers, to achieve the "door-to-door" service. The service of "door-to-door" is realized.
Efficient logistics system for the continuous development of international trade to provide favorable support, so that countries involved in trade to improve the interests of more non-tradable goods into trade goods.
In order to achieve cost minimization, many enterprises purchase raw materials and components from the countries and regions with the lowest cost in the world, and at the same time, sell finished products to all over the world. Purchasing and sales of multinational enterprises in international trade occupies an increasingly large proportion, according to statistics, multinational enterprises hold 2/3 of the world's international trade. In the current production of multiple varieties, small batch production trend gradually strengthened, the product life cycle is increasingly shortened as well as increasingly fierce trade competition, enterprises can not be alone, through partners, such as suppliers, traders, retailers, agents *** with the participation of the dynamic improvement of the product, and constantly tap the customer's new demand, which requires the formation of an efficient global supply chain system to continuously Integration of global resources. Enterprises can rely on a highly flexible and responsive logistics and supply chain system, the world's full range of restructuring, elements to further optimize the allocation, production positioning and layout, and thus maximize the benefits of trade.
In the global supply chain management, the use of e-commerce technology to optimize the supply chain management, first complete the integration of business processes within the enterprise, and then to the extension of partners outside the enterprise, to achieve the full integration of production, purchasing, inventory, sales, as well as financial and human resources management, so that the logistics, information flow, capital flow to play the maximum performance, the ideal supply chain operation into reality. All logistics management in the supply chain can be coordinated through information communication, responsibility allocation and mutual cooperation among all members of the supply chain, so as to reduce the uncertainty of each member of the chain and reduce the operation cost of each member. Enterprises can complete inventory turnover with less equipment, reduce the amount of capital employed, cut overhead costs, thereby reducing costs and improving the efficiency of activities such as transportation, packaging, labeling and paperwork processing.
It can be seen that international logistics has also become an important factor affecting and restricting the further development of international trade. The development of international logistics has greatly improved the environment of international trade, international trade provides a variety of convenient conditions, the rapid growth of world trade and the development of international logistics is inseparable.
(C) the relationship between international trade and international logistics
By the above analysis, we can see that international trade and international logistics are complementary to each other, promote each other's relationship. The further development of international trade needs the support of international logistics, if the development of international logistics can not keep pace with the development of international trade, will greatly hinder the deep development of international trade. Therefore, in addition to policy support, global cooperation and other traditional methods of promoting international trade, must vigorously develop international logistics, in order to adapt to the needs of the development of international trade, and promote the lasting development of international trade.
Two, the empirical analysis of the relationship between international trade and international logistics
In order to more accurately reveal the causal relationship between international trade and international logistics, the second part of the world will be representative of the country, the use of time-series data, the method of Granger causality test on the causal relationship between international trade and international logistics empirical analysis.
1. North America
The import and export volume used in the following is adopted from the International Finance Yearbook prepared by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) from 1983 to 2004, and the data on the volume of maritime transport is adopted from the Review of Maritime Transport 1983- 2004 prepared by UNCTAD. The relationship between total imports and exports and the volume of maritime transportation of trade goods in North America is shown in Figure 2 below.
Using Eviews to analyze the data characteristics of the total amount of imports and exports and maritime transportation, the analysis results show that the maritime transportation of foreign trade goods T and the total amount of imports and exports E are both first-order monotonic, and there is a cointegration relationship between them. (See the appendix for the specific test procedure.) The results of Granger causality test are as follows:
At 5% significant level, the F statistic value is greater than its critical value, and the null hypothesis can be rejected, that is to say, the conclusions of Granger causality test results are confirmed that we have 95% certainty that there is a feedback mutual causality between the volume of maritime transportation of foreign trade goods and the total amount of imports and exports.
2. Japan
The relationship between total imports and exports and the volume of seaborne transportation of trade goods in Japan is shown in Figure II.
Using Eviews to analyze the data characteristics of the total amount of import and export and maritime transportation, the analysis results show that the volume of maritime transportation of foreign trade goods T and the total amount of import and export E are both first-order single-integrated, and there is a cointegration relationship between the two.The results of the Granger causality test are as follows:
At the 5% level of significance, the F-statistic is greater than its critical value, and it can be rejected as the zero In other words, the conclusions of the Granger causality test results confirm that we have 95% certainty that there is a feedback causality between the volume of maritime transportation of foreign trade goods and the total amount of imports and exports.
3, European region
The relationship between the total amount of imports and exports and the volume of seaborne transportation of trade goods in the European region is shown in Figure III.
Figure 3: The volume of maritime transportation of foreign trade goods T and the total volume of imports and exports E
Using Eviews to analyze the data characteristics of the total volume of imports and exports and the volume of maritime transportation, the analysis results show that the volume of maritime transportation of foreign trade goods T and the total volume of imports and exports E are both smooth sequences, and the two have the premise of Granger causality test between them. (See Appendix for the specific test procedure.) The results of Granger causality test are as follows:
At 5% significant level, the F statistic value is larger than its critical value, which can reject the null hypothesis, that is to say, the Granger causality test