In response to some of the problems that exist in China's pregnancy health care, the health administration and women's health experts have proposed some pregnancy health care measures with a view to comprehensively improving the quality of China's obstetrics work:
1. Sound health care institutions: first of all, improve the three-tiered health care network, and formulate the staffing program for all levels of all types of health care institutions as well as requirements for maternal and child monitoring, resuscitation, equipment and so on. In particular, regular training and assessment systems should be held for grass-roots personnel below the county level.
2. Strengthening the systematic management of pregnant women: perinatal health care cards should be established as early as possible during pregnancy, and a health care reimbursement system should be implemented to increase the rate of early pregnancy checkups.
3, improve the level of health care during pregnancy: China's review of maternal mortality cases in 1998 pointed out that 87% of the deaths can be avoided. Improving the level of health care during pregnancy can effectively prevent maternal deaths.
4, the creation of perinatal medicine suitable for our national conditions: perinatal medicine is a combination of obstetrics and neonatology, obstetrics should be from the embryo formation, supervision of maternal health care throughout the pregnancy and fetal growth and development, until the baby is delivered to the neonatologist is responsible for the neonatologist immediately after delivery to the 28 days after delivery. In the obstetrics and neonatology in close cooperation with each other to ensure the health of the mother and child. First, pregnant women should not drink too much tea
Pregnant women should not drink too much tea, too strong, because the the theophylline (caffeine) in the tea has an excitatory effect, will make the fetal movement increase, and even jeopardize the growth and development of the fetus. Second, pregnant women should not drink too much drink, drink alcohol Because some drinks contain caffeine, colchicine and other alkaloids, pregnant women will drink nausea, vomiting, headache, rapid heartbeat and other symptoms of poisoning, affecting the normal development of the fetal brain, heart and liver and other important organs, resulting in the birth of babies suffering from congenital diseases. Wine contains ethanol, which is toxic to the human brain, liver and heart. It can enter into the fetus through the placenta and make the baby born with low intelligence, special face and short body, which can lead to intellectual disability in serious cases. Third, pregnant women should not eat more vinegar
The first half month of pregnancy, a large number of acidic food, can make the body alkalinity drop, thus causing fatigue, weakness. And long time acidic body, not only make the mother suffer from certain diseases, the most important thing is that it will affect the normal growth and development of the fetus, and can even lead to fetal malformation. Four, pregnant women should not eat hawthorn
Modern medical research has confirmed that hawthorn on women's uterus has a contraction effect, if pregnant women eat a lot of hawthorn and its products, will stimulate the uterus contraction, serious can lead to miscarriage.
Fifth, should not eat hot spices Eating hot spices such as cumin, fennel, peppercorns, cinnamon, chili pepper, five-spice powder and other hot foods such as frying and stir-frying after pregnancy will easily consume the intestinal water and reduce the secretion of gastrointestinal glands, resulting in constipation. After constipation, pregnant women force defecation, so that the abdominal pressure increases, oppression of the fetus in utero, easy to cause fetal restlessness, fetal development deformities, premature rupture of amniotic fluid, spontaneous abortion, preterm delivery and other adverse consequences. Sixth, pregnant women should not be exposed to too much detergent detergent in the straight chain alkyl iodate, alcohol and other chemical components, can destroy and lead to the denaturation and necrosis of fertilized eggs. Especially in the early stage of newlywed conception, if excessive exposure to various detergents (laundry detergent, shampoo, detergent, etc.), those chemical components will be absorbed by the skin and accumulate in the body, thus causing the outer layer of the fertilized egg cell degeneration, resulting in miscarriage. When a pregnant woman undergoes her first prenatal checkup, she should establish a perinatal health care card (handbook): fill in the details of her address, workplace, telephone number, name of her lover, occupation, etc. The card is kept by the pregnant woman. The perinatal care card is kept by the pregnant woman and brought to each checkup. After the checkup is over, the date of the next checkup is booked, and if she misses a visit, she needs to be followed up or visited.
Prenatal education should be provided at the same time from the start of prenatal checkups, through regular lectures, watching TV movies, or distributing simple, easy-to-understand, illustrated pamphlets. The contents include: ① anatomy of reproductive organs and pregnancy physiology; ② changes in the mother's body during pregnancy; ③ nutrition and hygiene during pregnancy; ④ knowledge of fetal growth and development; ⑤ the importance of self-supervision and methods of prenatal checkups; ⑥ pre-delivery education, explaining the general knowledge of childbirth, eliminating the fear of childbirth, establishing confidence in successful delivery, understanding the preparation for childbirth and the timing of hospital delivery, introducing the correct attitude towards cesarean section;
This is the first time that a woman has ever been in the hospital for childbirth. (vi) Pre-delivery education, explaining common sense of delivery, eliminating fear of delivery, building confidence in successful delivery, understanding the preparation for delivery and the timing of hospitalized delivery, and introducing the correct attitude towards cesarean section. ① Sleep and rest: Pregnant women should pay attention to their own feelings, rest when they want to, and sleep about 1 hour more than usual, with a minimum of 8 hours of sleep per day. Encourage napping for 1-2 hours. Emphasis on bed rest, because sitting and lying down often make the lower limbs pressure caused by edema.
② Physical exercise and travel: appropriate physical exercise is generally not harmful to pregnancy and childbirth. Such as choosing to walk, swim or ride a bicycle, but do not be too intense. The amount of exercise should be standardized to not feel fatigue. Long-distance flights should be avoided as much as possible during pregnancy. Long-distance flights can cause metabolic and physiological dysfunctions, venous stasis and water retention, leading to lower limb edema. Enhance exercise during pregnancy and try to maintain a continuous and steady weight gain to avoid gaining weight too quickly. Generally speaking, from the fourth month of pregnancy, the weight can increase 4 to 5 kg; from the seventh month of pregnancy, the weight can increase about 5 kg, the whole gestation period generally do not more than 10 to 12 kg, too fat on the fetal development of the baby is not favorable.
3 Work: Pregnant women should avoid work: heavy physical labor, the need for frequent bending or up and down the stairs of the work; exposure to embryotoxic or teratogenic risk of chemical substances, radioactive work; severe vibration or shock may affect the abdomen of the work; can not rest in the middle of the assembly line or a high degree of tension work; long hours of standing or cold, high-temperature environment, such as work.
④ Clothing: should be looser than normal clothing, easy to wear and take off, soft texture of the clothing. Pregnant women's metabolic rate increases, cotton fabric is easy to absorb sweat, better than fiber products. Breasts are best used with a properly designed, front-opening bra to hold the breasts in place. Socks should be taut stockings, in late pregnancy both feel comfortable and can reduce varicose veins. It is not advisable to wear high-heeled shoes, high-heeled shoes make the lumbar vertebrae protrude forward, the back is overstretched, easy to fall, and easy to cause ankle injuries.
⑤ Bathing: You should bathe frequently during pregnancy. Late pregnancy due to uterine enlargement, pregnant women are prone to lose balance, the bathroom should be paved with non-slip mats to prevent falls. Generally, a shower is appropriate to avoid water entering the vagina.
6 dental protection: pay attention to dental hygiene during pregnancy. When teeth must be extracted, general anesthesia should be avoided.
⑦ Sex: Normal pregnancy has no contraindications to sex, but it should be restrained or avoided in early pregnancy to prevent miscarriage. The last six weeks of pregnancy should avoid sexual intercourse to prevent premature rupture of membranes. Strong stimulation of the pregnant woman's nipples or uterus should be avoided. For those who have repeated miscarriages, preterm labor, vaginal bleeding or serious pregnancy complications, sexual intercourse should be avoided.
⑧ alcohol and tobacco: some pregnant women smoke before pregnancy, after pregnancy must quit smoking. Alcoholic beverages should be prohibited during pregnancy, alcohol has a potential teratogenic effect, may lead to fetal alcohol syndrome.
9 Drugs: The safety of most drugs used during pregnancy is not well known. Therefore, unnecessary use of drugs during pregnancy should be avoided, especially 3-8 weeks after conception is the risk of using drugs. The use of any drug during pregnancy should consider the impact on the fetus, must be used to weigh the pros and cons of the drug, and obtain the consent of the pregnant woman and her family.
⑩ Skin care: shower, adhere to the cold water and hot water alternately rinse the corresponding parts, promote blood circulation in the affected area, after the shower in the parts of the possible occurrence of stretch marks coated with protective grease (pregnant women stretch oil, pregnant women olive oil skin care products), often appropriate massage of the skin, increase the elasticity of the skin; choose the skin care products that stimulate the skin less, should not be heavily made up. Expectant mothers in mid-pregnancy should eat more food rich in vitamin C, such as citrus, strawberries Vegetables, etc.; should also eat more milk and its products rich in vitamin B6. Especially eat more tomatoes, because tomatoes are rich in lycopene and vitamin C, they are natural antioxidant substances, often eat to help get rid of spots. China's pregnant women's nutrition problems are:
① overfeeding, resulting in an increase in the number of giant babies, difficult and surgical delivery rate;
② food is too fine, resulting in the lack of certain nutrients, but affect the development of the fetus;
③ nutrient deficiencies or not in the guidance of the doctor to formally replenish, and even the abuse of nutrients lead to adverse consequences.
In order to adapt to the changes in the organs of the mother's body during pregnancy and the needs of the uterus, placenta, fetus, breast development, the nutrition required during pregnancy is necessarily higher than non-pregnancy. Inadequate nutrition during pregnancy can lead to various complications and affect the health of the fetus. Therefore, nutritional guidance during pregnancy should be emphasized so that pregnant women can strengthen their awareness of the intake of various nutrients, have a balanced diet and take reasonable supplements. Essential nutrients include amino acids, essential fatty acids, carbohydrates, water- and fat-soluble vitamins, minerals and trace elements.
It is important to point out that the recommended supply is for the guidance of the population, and the actual need of each pregnant woman is definitely different from the standard, so it should be analyzed in detail and guided individually. Meals should be "meat and vegetables, both coarse and fine, small meals, variety".
Pregnant women need to increase nutrition, diet should be uniform, diversified, easy to digest, rich in protein and vitamins, and should drink more water as well as selecting vegetables and fruits rich in fiber and pectin, such as celery, leeks, apples, pears, etc., in order to facilitate laxative. In the second half of pregnancy, the more ideal meal is a day with food 8 two-1 pounds, meat and fish 2-4 two, 1 pound of vegetables (many varieties), 2-3 eggs or soy products 2-3 two, half a taels of vegetable oil, half a pound of milk, 1-2 fruits, and weekly addition of black fungus, nori, kelp once a week. In addition, some iron, calcium and vitamin D supplements are also needed to be foolproof. Folic acid is a water-soluble B vitamin that is abundantly stored in green leafy vegetables, fruits and animal livers. Folic acid is involved in the whole process of human metabolism and is an essential vitamin for the synthesis of DNA, an important substance in the human body. Its deficiency can lead to fetal neural tube malformations in addition to an increase in the rate of malformations of the eyes, lips, palate, gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular, renal, skeletal and other organs.
Women who take 0.4 milligrams of folic acid supplements daily from one month before pregnancy to the second trimester can prevent the occurrence of most neural tube malformations in the fetus. It is worth mentioning that women taking folic acid should be under the guidance of a doctor, in addition, the following points should be noted:
1. It is necessary to start taking folic acid from one month before pregnancy. The purpose of emphasizing the need to start taking before pregnancy is to make the folic acid in the body of a woman to maintain at a certain level, in order to ensure that the early embryo has a better folic acid nutritional status. According to research, it takes 4 weeks after a woman takes folic acid for the folic acid deficiency in her body to be corrected. So that in the sensitive period of fetal neural tube formation in early pregnancy, enough folic acid to meet the needs of the developing nervous system, and to insist on taking it in the sensitive period of the first trimester of pregnancy in order to play the best preventive effect.
2. Women in areas with low incidence of neural tube malformations in China should also supplement folic acid. The incidence of neural tube malformation in China is higher in the north than in the south, and higher in rural than in urban areas. Therefore, some people think that women in low incidence areas can not take folic acid when pregnant, the existence of this understanding is likely to become the birth of a child with neural tube malformation of the hidden trouble. According to the survey, in the low prevalence area of women of childbearing age, there is still a considerable part of the body lack of folic acid.
3. Can taking folic acid supplements guarantee that I won't have a child with neural tube defects? Taking folic acid supplements is to prevent neural tube malformation caused by folic acid deficiency in pregnant women. Folic acid deficiency is the main, but not the only, cause of neural tube malformations. There are also family genetic factors and other environmental factors that can contribute to the development of neural tube malformations, and there is no definitive way to prevent these.
4. Don't use "folic acid tablets" instead of "small-dose folic acid supplements". Pregnant women in early pregnancy should not take this large dose of folic acid tablets, because long-term large doses of folic acid tablets on the pregnant woman and the fetus will have adverse effects, the normal amount of folic acid supplementation in fact, the general pregnant women's milk powder can provide.
5. Try to use low sodium formula salt instead of table salt, according to scientific institutions research found that during pregnancy pregnant women mention the expansion of blood vessels, blood flow increase, reduce sodium intake can effectively alleviate the incidence of cardiovascular disease in pregnant women later in life, to a certain extent to control cardiovascular morbidity, it is recommended that the use of low-sodium salt or ultra-low-sodium salt. And to a certain extent to maintain appropriate activities to ensure the rate of metabolism in the body. 1, adhere to regular exercise (three to five times a week), rather than three days fish two days sunshine net.
2. When you're pregnant, you need to burn about 300 extra calories a day, so it's important to pay special attention to your diet if you're going to exercise, and to drink enough water to prevent dehydration.
3. Don't exercise on an empty stomach. If you haven't eaten, your body may produce ketone bodies, which are harmful to the development of the fetus. So it is very necessary to have some snacks and drink some orange juice 30 minutes before exercise.
4, each exercise should have five minutes of warm-up exercises, the termination of the exercise should also be slow and gradually slow down. Do not suddenly get up from the floor after exercise, which is likely to lead to a sudden rise in blood pressure.
5, exercise process, pay attention to observe the changes in heart rate. It should be maintained within 140 beats per minute. Measurement of heart rate can use the instrument, but also with the speaking test. That is, in the process of exercise can not speak normally, it means that the heart rate is too fast, the activity is too much. Exercise for 20 minutes at a time. Low-intensity activities (such as walking) should not exceed 45 minutes.
6. It is best to choose a wooden floor or a carpeted area when exercising. The safety factor will be greater.
7, in the exercise, blood flow acceleration and metabolism acceleration means that you will feel hotter than usual, in the whole process of pregnancy, must avoid body temperature is too high (not more than 37 degrees), in the first trimester of pregnancy, the fetus's organs in the process of development and growth, this point is particularly important.
8. After the fourth month of pregnancy, avoid exercises that require you to lie flat on your back. This position stretches the uterus and causes the veins to compress, interfering with its ability to deliver blood to your heart and uterus.
9. Avoid exercises or sports that have the potential to throw you off balance, such as horseback riding and biking in the mountains. Even if you're usually good at these exercises, keep in mind that pregnancy hormones can loosen the links and ligaments in your pelvis, making you more prone to sprains and falls.
10. Be careful not to try those strenuous exercises, and avoid anything that poses a risk of injury to your abdomen. Particular attention should be paid in the second trimester of pregnancy to prevent premature labor and other symptoms. 1, irritable psychology, pregnant women should not be bad mood due to pregnancy reaction, boredom and anxiety, should be kept in a relaxed mood, emotional stability, to maintain psychological balance;
2, worried about the psychology, pregnant women will worry about the health of the fetus, you should put your worries out to rely on scientific means to determine, and do not worry about it blindly;
3, melancholy psychology, melancholy mood will cause pregnant women insomnia, anorexia, sexual hypofunction and vegetative nerve disorders. The growth of the fetus is unfavorable;
4, indifference to the psychological, during pregnancy, pregnant women may only care about the fetus in the body and outside of the matter of indifference so that will affect the husband and wife relationship;
5, dependence on the psychological, always hope that their husbands can be with them at all times, overly dependent on their husbands or mothers so that obviously not, pregnant women should be sympathetic to their husbands' careers and work, they should learn to learn to be self-reliant and self-supporting, learn to learn to Psychological self-regulation and self-balance;
6, irascible mentality, some women after pregnancy, love to lose their temper, still do not know that when pregnant women angry, the concentration of hormones and harmful chemicals in the blood will increase dramatically, and through the "placental barrier", so that the fetus is directly victimized in the pregnancy of 7-10 weeks, often angry, can cause Fetal cleft palate and hare lip;
7, guessing psychology, always want to be in the baby is a boy or a girl, worried about the baby's gender to their own pressure (from the husband's family), invariably to the pregnant woman caused by the psychological burden;
8, shy psychology, afraid of other people can see that they are pregnant, ashamed of appearing in the public **** place, which is completely unnecessary;
9, anxious psychology, expect a baby, worried about the baby and agitated all day long.
9, anxious psychology, looking forward to the baby, worried about the baby and all day restlessness;
10, nervousness, biased listening to the elders of the words of the birth of a kind of fear.