Since the anti-U.S. war against North Korea, China's national economy began to recuperate, a few years of economic development is particularly fast, the army has also begun to establish a sound military sequence one after another. However, the national defense construction seriously lagging behind the situation is very prominent, especially the shortage of all kinds of military vehicles, seriously hindering the process of national defense modernization. In view of the gaps in the production of off-road vehicles in China and the urgent need for national defense modernization, it is necessary to put the off-road vehicle manufacturing plant into production, the country began to put the development of off-road vehicles on the agenda. And this important task to the FAW.
FAW accepted the task at the same time, in September 1956 sent personnel to Shenyang, Guangzhou Military Region, the army's existing U.S. production of Stibek US-6, Chimsey CCKW-353, the Soviet Union produced Gill-151 cross-country car use of the situation of the survey, in order to make the results of the investigation have a certain depth, but also on some of the prototype car performance tests. 1956 winter, with the 11-18 model, the car was used in the winter of 1956, the car was used in the winter, the car was used in the winter, the car was used in the winter, the car was used in the winter, the car was used in the winter. In the winter of 1956, with 11-18 type tires equipped with Soviet-produced Gus-63 car in the Northeast region to do the snow test. 1957 summer, with 12-18 type tires mounted on the U.S.-produced Studebaker US-6 car in Changchun on the shore of the South Lake to do the test of the marshes in the open source of the Liaohe River beach in Liaoning Province and the Haicheng Wanghaizhai beach sang to do the test of the sand driving. Through these investigations and tests, it was confirmed that the off-road vehicles to be produced by FAW would be better with three-axle drive.
Through a series of investigations on the existing military vehicles as well as off-road vehicles made in other countries, the design program of the off-road vehicle was prepared in October 1956. Its program consisted of two parts: 1. its own design, with the model number CA31; 2. imitation of the Soviet Union's Gil-157, with the model number CA30. However, the self-designed program was rejected due to the limitations of production conditions, funds and a series of objective conditions at that time. The main reason was that 50% of the parts between the Gill-157 and the CA10 trucks being produced by FAW could be used in common, so if the Gill-157 was selected for production, it would be possible to meet the needs of the troops in advance with less investment.
In the fall of 1957, the Soviet Union provided the Gil 157 cross-country car drawings to the plant. Meng Shao-nong, deputy director of the plant, personally presided over the design of the FAW design department, deputy director of the engineer Fu Man as the design of the master, based on the drawings of the Gil-157 cross-country car, try to use and FAW is producing CA10 common parts, and the new design of CA10 improved front end transplanted over.
In March 1957, the CA30 cross-country vehicle was put into production preparation. Because of the many varieties of parts, involving a wide range of technical conditions require high, so the production preparation task is very heavy total, but in the factory, office, workshop and other leaders at all levels and the active support of the majority of workers, after more than a year of efforts, CA30 cross-country car in early 1959 into mass production, the production of CA30 cross-country car 221 units that year.
As the CA30 cross-country vehicles were produced and assembled in mixed flow using the CA10 heavy-duty vehicle production line, with the gradual growth of the output of these two products, this mixed flow production became more and more difficult, which seriously affected the quality and output of the two, and there was an urgent need to set up a cross-country vehicle production base.
Therefore, in 1962, the state made a special investment to expand the production base of CA30 cross-country automobile and establish the production scale with the capacity of 3,000 cross-country automobiles per year. The project started construction on May 2, 1963 and was basically completed in December 1965, with a total construction area of 28,806 square meters and 549 sets of equipment installed. 4,104 off-road vehicles were produced in 1966, exceeding the design program of 3,000 vehicles per year.
In 1959, the CA30 cross-country automobile began mass production and started to equip the army. However, in the actual use of the army, many design defects and quality problems were soon exposed, and production was forced to stop in 1962. At that time, the Soviet Union unilaterally suspended its assistance. In this very difficult situation, FAW decided to restyle the CA30. The modification was designed by Liu Jingchuan and some other designers, and seven major improvements were made to the CA30 cross-country vehicle, which greatly improved its performance and changed its appearance.
In 1964, the improved CA30 cross-country vehicle was finalized as CA30A. The model passed the test of 50,000 kilometers and could pass through general sea sand, roadless areas, ice and snow roads and some types of rice fields. The frame steel plate spring is relatively strong. The engine cylinder bearings and other parts have better wear resistance, and the steering and braking mechanisms are more reliable. Compared with the original Gill-157 cross-country vehicles, the drive axle is easy to break, the oil supply system produces "air resistance" and poor heat dissipation and other major defects have been basically or completely eliminated.
CA30 off-road vehicles are mainly supplied to the army, in the battle of Vietnam and the United States, CA30A played an important role. Because of this, CA30A production began to climb from the end of the 1960s. after hard work, by 1970, FAW had completed a cumulative investment of 66,195,100 yuan, laying a solid foundation for an annual output of 60,000 vehicles. 6,040 cross-country vehicles were produced in 1970, breaking through the design program of 6,000 vehicles a year. 9,303 more vehicles were produced in 1971, reaching the highest since the start of production. The company's annual output was the highest since the start of production.
After 1979, the demand for off-road vehicles decreased year by year. The off-road vehicle branch plant gradually increased the production of civilian automobile products while guaranteeing the task of off-road vehicle production. in April 1981, a part of the public **** automobile chassis was assembled on the off-road vehicle assembly line on a trial basis, which was an important step for the conversion of military production to civilian production under the new situation. in September 1981, FAW decided to compress the production capacity of off-road vehicles. The rotating axle products were transferred to the chassis sub-factory for combined production; the parts workshop was changed into a production base for 6110 diesel engines; and the bracket products were transferred to the subsidiary factory for production.
In May 1980, FAW made the decision of "increasing production and income, self-financing, and transforming into a new model"; in December 1981, the State Council approved FAW's transformation program. As CA30A cross-country vehicle was produced on the basis of CA15 (improved version of CA10) cargo vehicle, there were more than 2,300 parts in common with each other, and with the change of products, the common parts would have no source. For this reason, FAW reported to the state in April 1985 about the discontinuation of CA30A cross-country vehicles. In the same month, the Bureau of Mechanical and Electrical of the State Planning Commission issued a report on the bridging production of CA30A and EQ-245 off-road vehicles.
In 1984, at the military parade held in Beijing to celebrate the 35th anniversary of the founding of the country, CA30A off-road vehicles loaded with missiles, rockets and other modern weapons passed through Tian'anmen Square to be inspected smoothly.
On October 24, 1985, FAW held a meeting to dissolve and hand over the off-road vehicle branch plant, which completed its historical mission. FAW also ended its history of producing the first generation of cross-country vehicles. 84411 cross-country vehicles were produced by FAW from 1958 to 1985, which were basically used for national defense construction and foreign aid. Some variants were also produced for different users.
FAW has accelerated the modernization of military equipment and strongly supported the national defense construction through the production of off-road vehicles for more than 20 years, which has written a glorious chapter in the history of China's military vehicles.
About the first off-road vehicles produced in which country, which company, it is now difficult to make a clear conclusion. Because it is very complex, a successful model is often a combination of the advantages of many models, is a gradual maturation process. Germany's Mercedes-Benz claims to have introduced an off-highway-capable G1 buggy as early as 1926, a day that Mercedes-Benz says will live in infamy. Although it is difficult to find pictures of the 1926 G1 off-road vehicle to get a glimpse of it, we have found a precious photo of the G4 off-road vehicle introduced by Mercedes-Benz in 1933. Indeed, the G4 is marvelously beautifully styled and crafted, but its shortcomings are obvious.
The real success of the buggy was born in the United States on November 11, 1940, when Willys sent two prototypes called "QUAD" to the U.S. military. Both prototypes had the option of four-wheel or two-wheel drive. Previously, the U.S.-based Bantam Company had submitted a prototype vehicle called the "Step Liz Patch" to the military, but in terms of a combination of indicators, the "QUAD" was truly outstanding. As a result, the Willlys-Overland-Motors "Quad" became the national standard for off-road vehicles in the United States. Therefore, if we have to find out the source or originator of "off-road vehicle", then we think that Willlys "Quad" deserves the honor, because the basic characteristics of off-road vehicle established by "Quad" are still the characteristics and essence of today's off-road vehicle.
Willis and Ford produced 600,000 off-road jeeps during World War II. U.S. World War II General George commented on Jeep's performance on the battlefield, "Jeep was a creditable war hero of World War II." Indeed, in World War II, the Jeep played many roles such as: stretcher, cargo, musket racks, reconnaissance vehicles, gun and ammunition carriers and cabs and so on.
The Jeep's name is now known throughout the world. It must be recognized that the Second World War not only tested the convincing performance of the Jeep with the most arduous practice, but also gave the Jeep a huge cultural connotation, but also in the world sown the "off-road vehicle worship" cultural spark. Although the end of World War II, off-road vehicles began to be divided into two development trends: one is to continue for the military, and the other is to develop for civilian use. But whether it is for military or civilian use, the essential characteristics of off-road vehicles have not been discarded because of the end of the war, that is, off-road vehicle through the ability and the ability to conquer dangerous environments.
120 emergency vehicles on the symbol called "star of life"
Star of life (star of life) is the emergency medical services system (EMS) of the international record, whether in the ambulance, ambulance helicopters, ambulance equipment and ambulance technician uniforms can be found on the star of life symbol, but everyone **** the same one. However, we all have the same question: Why is the Star of Life represented by a scepter and a snake? Especially those involved in emergency medical care will be more curious about its origin.
The blue Star of Life (star of life) was designed by Mr. LEO R. Schwartz, the head of the Emergency Medical Services Department of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration in the United States in 1973 (the Emergency Medical Treatment Act (EMTA) of the United States was also enacted in the same year). Prior to that, most of the American EMS symbols were represented by an orange cross on a white background. Since the symbol was similar to that of the Red Cross and caused confusion among the public, the Red Cross frequently responded to the EMS department in the hope that the unit would change to a different symbol to differentiate between them, and the concept of the Star of Life, thus, the Star of Life***, has six corners, each of which represents one of the functions of the EMS system, including: examination of patients and injuries, reporting and reporting of injuries and illnesses, and the provision of emergency medical care. Includes: patient inspection, reporting, ambulance attendance, on-site treatment, care during transportation, transportation to a specific medical unit and other six.
The origin of the snake and scepter in the center of the symbol has two different stories. The first is from ancient Greek mythology, where the snake and the scepter are in honor of Asclepius, the great healer. Asclepius (asclepius) for the sun god - Apollo (Apollo) son, Asclepius from the demi-human beasts - Cheron learned medical technology, but the king of the gods - Zeus (Zeus) worried about Asclepius profound medical knowledge will be all the people and therefore immortality, in order to avoid such a thing, Zeus (Zeus) will be thunder and lightning to the Zeus struck Asclepius to death with a thunderbolt to prevent this from happening. After that, people worshipped Asclepius as one of the gods and gathered in his temple to rest and sleep, and folk even believed that they could pass the secret recipe for healing to the patients in their sleep to make them cured immediately. In view of the people's belief in Asclepius, Zeus had to let Asclepius come back to life and formally sealed him as a god.
Because Asclepius usually appeared in front of the people in a standing position, dressed in robes and holding a scepter with a serpent wrapped around it, the scepter became the only symbol of medicine. The snake on the scepter is a symbol of medicine and health, while the scepter and the pair of wings are a symbol of peace. Its origin is said to be that once Asclepius encountered a patient with a very complicated condition, which Asclepius could not cure, so he consulted a snake and sought advice, and finally the patient was cured. During the consultation and discussion with the snake, in order to be able to discuss the matter face to face with the snake and to show that the two were equal in status, Asclepius asked the snake to wrap itself around his scepter. The origin of the wings is that Mercury saw two snakes fighting and when he couldn't get them to stop by any means, he put his scepter on the ground to try to separate them, but the snakes went up the scepter and wrapped themselves around the scepter.
The second origin is based on the ninth verse of the twenty-first book of the Bible: Legend has it that Moses cast a serpent out of bronze and set it on a pole, so that if a person was bitten by a poisonous snake, he would be healed immediately if he went to the pole and gazed at the serpent cast out of bronze.
The above two stories are the background stories that were used in the design of the Star of Life symbol.
To date, the Star of Life has been widely used as the distinctive symbol of emergency medical service systems around the world, but its use has been limited to:
1?The marking of ambulance teams.
2?Regardless of whether it is mounted on or used in an ambulance.
3?EMTs who have passed the required training course and have obtained a license are required to have the Star of Life quilt embroidered on their sleeves
4?EMT's personal equipment, such as first aid kits, badges, lapel pins, etc.
5?EMTs are also required to wear the Star of Life quilt on their sleeves.
5?Emergency ambulance books, manuals, reports, or other related materials.
6. When the Star of Life armband is embroidered on the sleeve, it must have a "blue" Star of Life design on a "white" square or circle background.
In the 1860s, steam engines were widely used for transportation. At that time, the steam engine automobile was emitting black smoke and white gas at the same time. The rumble of the engine in people's ears ...... Compared with the gorgeous decorations, embedded with gold and silver, ringing clear, wheel and hoof urgency (kongzong) of the BMW car, both the upper class and the countryside people are both novelty and abhorrence, and even the farmhouse watchdogs to see such a monster to be barking more than.
The steam car is ugly, but it is more than 8 people per load; cargo capacity of 4 to 5 tons. This was a major factor in the success of the steam carriages. At that time, the horse-drawn carriages companies in European countries were very powerful and put pressure on the government, saying that the automobile stole the jobs of the horse-drawn carriages and caused the unemployment of the horse-drawn carriages workers; the farmers said that the automobile scared their livestock; the doctors said that the automobile poisoned the air; and the women's rights organization, the Country Women's Association of Great Britain, submitted a petition to Queen Mary, saying, "Our children are always in danger, our things are polluted. Our windows cannot be opened, our sleep is disturbed by noise ......" So the British Parliament enacted the Motor Vehicle Act in 1865, which stated that: cars must not exceed 6.4 kilometers per hour (4 mph) in the countryside; 3.2 kilometers per hour (2 mph) in the city; each car was to be equipped with three drivers, and the steward, who carried a red flag in his hand, was required to walk 55 meters in front of the car to warn pedestrians of the safety of the road, and to be responsible for the car's prescribed speed; drivers were forbidden to sound their horns and let off their breath, so as not to frighten the Horses; to give way to horses on narrow roads ...... This is what is ironically called the "Red Flag Ordinance".
The world's first traffic law made cars disappear from Britain's cities and towns. The traditional horse-drawn carriages were revived.
At this time, the French electrical engineers to Novo has developed a successful two-stroke internal combustion engine; "red flag regulations" in the United Kingdom in the third year of implementation of the German engineers in 1867 Otto also developed the world's first four-stroke gas engine. People who understand the British Industrial Revolution know that it was the British Scot who first proposed the idea of the internal combustion engine in 1794; it was also the British inventor Hennett who was the first to develop the world's first internal combustion engine ignition device in 1838.
British automobile pioneer David Salomancz (F. Salomancz) was the first to develop the world's first internal combustion engine ignition in 1838. David Salomancz (F.R. Simms) advocated the establishment of the British "Association for the Promotion of the Automobile" on December 10, 1895, at the Cannon Hotel in London, and organized various activities to request the abolition of the Red Flag Ordinance. It was not until early November 1896 that the British Parliament repealed the Red Flag Ordinance by way of a Supplementary Ordinance. In order to celebrate this victory of the automobile industry, on November 14, 1896, the British Association for the Promotion of Automobiles organized the London ---- Brighton Automobile Race, with the theme of the event: driving on Emancipation Day. The London Helen Park - Brighton classic car race was organized every November thereafter.
An absurd "Red Flag Ordinance" cut off the opportunity for the development of the British automobile, and from then on, the French and German automobile industry far exceeded the United Kingdom and led the world. This is exactly what we are talking about: the memory of the past, but it was already lost at the time.