①, different disciplines instruments should be separated.
②, the same discipline instruments should also be arranged separately according to the characteristics of the discipline. Such as physics instruments according to mechanics, electricity, optics, thermology and other classifications, but also according to the "equipped with the standard" in the discipline of the major categories of numbering, divided into general (0), measurement (1), special instruments (2), model (3), wall charts, software and information (5), glass instruments (6), drugs (7), other experimental equipment and tools (8) and so on. Chemical instruments are separated from drugs, and dangerous drugs are separated from general drugs. Chemical instruments can also be categorized according to metal instruments, glass instruments, and supporting instruments; chemicals are categorized according to inorganic and organic substances; inorganic substances can be divided into monomers, acids, bases, salts, etc., and organic substances can be divided into alcohols, phenols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, acids, and esters, etc. according to their functional groups. Biological instruments according to the general instrument, specimen, model classification, specimens can be divided into immersion specimens, peeling specimens, bone specimens, section specimens, specimens and models can be re-stored according to the plant, animal and physiological health of the three categories, respectively, in turn.
③, demonstration instruments and grouping instruments are relatively separate.
If the school instrument is more, better conditions can be divided into more detailed. Larger schools are generally a subject one floor, rural schools can be physical and biochemical instruments stored in separate rooms. In short, to adapt to local conditions, to achieve sub-discipline room storage.
2, storage
Classification is to store, in general, the same type of instrument to be placed in the same row or adjacent to several instrument cabinets. Conditional schools can be the same type of instrument storage room, such as specialized biological specimen room, physical and mechanical instrument room. Special emphasis on chemicals must be stored in a separate room, dangerous drugs must be stored in a special room (cabinet). Because the Ministry of Education issued by the instrumentation standards have been instrument according to the discipline, nature, teaching content in order, so the storage of instruments in accordance with the order of the number, and then in the same cabinet to make appropriate adjustments can be.
(E), instrument storage must pay attention to the following points:
1, in line with the principle of the instrument's own characteristics. To prevent improper storage and damage to the instrument or reduce the life of the instrument. Such as: ① magnet to prevent vibration, demagnetization, to make the magnetic circuit closed. Strip magnets should be two by two, corresponding to the staggered, so that the opposite poles of the title; hoof magnets to pairs of anisotropic leaning against a single hoof magnet in the middle of an armature; a small magnetic needle to be stationary in the direction of the Earth's magnetic field. ② instrumentation to be stored in all switches set to "zero". ③ meter storage to be short-circuit protection, magneto-electric instruments (such as demonstration meter) to avoid strong magnetic field storage. ④ Instruments generally should be placed, flat, not stacked, so as not to deform each other stacking. Balance, microscope, electric meter, electric tester, etc. can not be placed upside down or sideways. ⑤ Optical instruments, electronic instruments, biological specimens and various wall charts should not be placed in direct sunlight. (6) The finalized sets of chemical experimental equipment should be stored in a fixed cabinet for the next time. (vii) Chemical reagents should be kept in a dry, cool and ventilated place. The volatile drugs should be kept sealed. Flammable, explosive, toxic drugs to have special protective measures. (8) more varieties of glass instruments, different sizes and shapes, easy to damage, according to the shape of the vessels to make a special placement rack, or horizontal, or vertical insertion, grouped in cabinets, to avoid mutual collision and damage. ⑨ biological microscopes, dissecting scopes, etc. to be placed in the original box for storage, to dust, moisture and so on. ⑩ on the dry requirements of the instrument should be placed in the instrument cabinet in the upper. Again, such as: peeling specimens to prevent moth; dip specimens to add liquid upward; grinding mouth of the reagent bottle cap, syringe inside and outside the cylinder should be taken out of the number of storage, in order to prevent long-term adhesion or expansion due to temperature changes to make the glass cracking; latex tube should be cleaned and put talcum powder, in order to prevent the rubber aging away from the failure of the rubber; drive belt should be unloaded in order to prevent the aging, and so on.
The storage of the instrument has specific requirements, should continue to summarize the law, especially with the changes in teaching materials, new scientific and technological products into the laboratory, the reasonable storage and maintenance of these instruments more need to explore, summarize and exchange.
2, in line with the principle of beauty. Instrument storage display should be vertical and horizontal neatly, stored in an orderly, organized, beautiful and generous, to pay attention to the artistry, like the store to arrange the window as carefully placed instruments. Instrument storage should be done in the cabinet layer, layer fixed point, fixed cabinet, positioning storage. As far as possible to do light, small pieces on the top, heavy pieces, large pieces in the bottom; short pieces, small pieces in the front, high pieces, large pieces in the back. When the higher instrument in a layer (such as human bust model, etc.) cabinet can not be put, should adjust the height of the partition to solve the problem, but also can be particularly tall instruments centralized cabinet or according to the instrument tailored cabinet storage; conditions of the school can be specially produced double-sided glass cabinet, concentrated in a room or placed in a laboratory relatively closed public **** place to store biological models and various types of specimens for students to enjoy after class; birds and animals Stripped or simulated specimens to be positioned in accordance with the shape (like an exhibition window) stored indoors for students to visit. Displayed to the students to observe the various types of specimens should be attached to write the name, scientific name, origin, characteristics and other content of the relevant instructions; wall charts of various disciplines, picture materials to produce a special rack placed. In short, to achieve an organic combination of scientific and artistic.
3, in line with the principle of easy access. Instrument storage display to facilitate the management and use. Instruments to the laboratory should be installed, test, and assembled into a usable state storage. Commonly used instruments, special small pieces of equipment to be placed in the middle of the instrument cabinet, the main accessories of the same instrument, spare parts to be placed together, while the use of the instrument should also be placed together as far as possible.
In the instrument into the cabinet should pay attention to the following points: the same layer of the cabinet to put different student experiments with the instrument should be arranged in blocks, blocks and blocks to leave a certain gap between the Figure
The same layer of the cabinet to place a variety of demonstration instruments should be placed in a vertical queue, the teacher experiments can be accessed in order to use, see Figure.
Some schools will be arranged into a variety of instruments, see Figure
Then access and placement of the inside of the instrument must first remove the front of the instrument, very inconvenient.
The above is the classification of instruments stored in a few principles. In the actual operation process, there are often contradictory phenomena, which should be considered comprehensively, first to ensure that the instrument's own characteristics in line with the requirements, and then consider the principle of beauty and ease of access.
(F), build a card
Instruments categorized after storage, but also to the instrument cabinet as a unit to build cabinet card. Instrument cabinet card is in order to facilitate the search for the labeling of an instrument cabinet storage instrument varieties, number and location of the card. General in the card with "instrument (or equipment) number", "name", "the number of existing" and "Cabinet No. "and other columns, cabinet card should be designed to beautiful, medium-sized, thick paper, preferably computer-printed. Generally set up a card per cabinet, such as more varieties of storage instruments, the upper half of the cabinet and the lower half of the cabinet can be set up a card. Cabinet card is generally fixed with transparent tape on the front of the instrument cabinet, glass back of the upper right corner of the glass. Fixed cabinet card location to be unified, such as instrument cabinet specifications vary greatly, it is also necessary to ensure that the same room or the same row of instrument cabinet card location unity.
Additionally, the cabinets in which the instruments are stored should be numbered according to the discipline, and location labels should be posted on the cabinets. Instruments can be made according to the category of the cabinet with a more significant marking classification positioning labels fixed in the upper left of the instrument cabinet, to do a neat and beautiful.
Laboratory cabinet card
Category Cabinet
No.
Instrument (or equipment) name
Specification
Existing number
(F) Instrument maintenance
Instruments in the process of long-term storage by the impact of the surrounding environment will produce texture changes, performance deterioration and other issues, even the scrapping. scrapped. Therefore, the experimental teachers should be based on the characteristics of the instrument itself, do a good job of maintenance and maintenance work, so that the instrument is often in a good state of availability, in order to extend its service life.
1, instrument maintenance, maintenance work focuses on doing a good job "eight prevention"
①, dust. Dust can make optical instruments to reduce light transmission, so that the insulation of electrostatic instruments to reduce the potentiometer, switches, relays and other poor contact, can make the high-voltage power supply part of the spark discharge, or even cause a short-circuit, but also affect the normal heat dissipation components. For example, the moving parts of the machinery will increase mechanical wear and tear, metal surfaces have dust will adhere to water vapor and rust, electrostatic instruments adhering to the dust will affect the insulation properties, optical instruments adhering to the dust will affect the transmittance, so that the lens mold and so on. The instrument itself should be wiped regularly or with mechanical dust removal dust, especially precision and valuable instruments (such as air cushion guide, electronic instrumentation), often to keep clean, some of which should be loaded into the original box for storage, and some should be covered with a dust cover and so on. Usually, the instrument dust should do the following two aspects of work: First, to cut off the source of dust, such as instrument room often close the doors and windows, usually pull the curtains; with a wet mop to clean the instrument indoor ground; instrument cabinets door to be closed; in the precision instruments on the cover cloth and so on. Secondly, regular dust routine maintenance of the instrument, in addition to the instrument used after the cabinet before a maintenance, should also be done annually on all the instruments in the cabinet for a dust maintenance. Instrument maintenance should be equipped with special tools, such as various specifications of the brush, ear ball, mirror paper, clean soft cloth, etc., conditions can also add a small vacuum cleaner.
②, moisture. Humidity has a great impact on instruments and equipment. For a longer period of time for the storage of electronic instruments, electrical equipment to be regularly energized; for precision optical instruments for a long time without using, to be loaded into a special box or plastic bag, and put on the desiccant. Commonly used desiccants such as silica gel. If the instrument room is a cottage or ground floor, the ground must be moisture-proof treatment. When placing instrument cabinets and shelves, there should be a certain distance from the wall. In dry weather without wind to do a good job of instrument room ventilation, usually to use natural ventilation to regulate indoor temperature and humidity, schools with conditions should be equipped with dehumidifiers. Storage of precision instruments and electronic instruments to be placed in the cabinet desiccant (such as calcium chloride, silica gel, etc.), and to be regularly replaced or dehumidified.
③, anti-corrosion. Drug storage room and chemical laboratory experiments, the air will be scattered with a variety of harmful gases, such as sulfur dioxide and so on. These gases can cause metal corrosion, affecting the service life of the instrument. Therefore, instruments should be stored separately from medicines, and exhaust fans should be installed in the medicines room and the laboratory should be ventilated. In addition, the use of dry battery multimeter, laser pointer and other instruments, into the cabinet storage must be taken out of the battery to prevent electrolyte precipitation corrosion circuit.
④, mold. Mold on a variety of instruments have a destructive effect, including optical instruments, biological specimens, radio equipment is more serious. In order to prevent moldy instruments, precision instruments can be sealed storage, and put into the desiccant, so that its internal air dry, clean. Specimens can be taken to dry, dip specimens should pay attention to supplement the protective fluid.
⑤, anti-rust corrosion. After the use of the instrument with a cloth to wipe the surface of the metal parts or coated with neutral petroleum jelly, moving parts to be coated with oil, valuable precision instruments to be coated with watch oil, knob parts coated with grease, rotating parts to be added to the lubricating oil.
⑥, anti-deformation. Instruments should not be stacked, extrusion, to prevent touching, anti-pressure, flat and put, to avoid gravity or other external forces caused by deformation of the instrument. Such as: mechanical instruments should be used up according to the requirements of the dismantling or dismantling loose placed to prevent bending and deformation; drive belt should be used in a timely manner after the release; spring clockwork should be used to completely loosen the deformation of the lifting; wooden ruler should be stacked horizontally; balance should be used when not in the tray under the frame washer on the rubber, so as to avoid deformation of the cutter under pressure for a long time.
7, anti-insect. Biological specimens, bone specimens, insect specimens are particularly susceptible to insect infestation, generally can be used to put sanitary balls (mothballs) or fumigation method of insect prevention and extermination.
⑧, shockproof. Precision instruments, high-grade instruments to be gently held. Projector (instrument), projector in the process of use do not move, use to be cooled before moving, in order to prevent filament breakage at high temperatures.
2, the maintenance of special instruments and maintenance
①, peeling specimens. Stripped specimens can not be mixed with immersion specimens, storage should pay special attention to ventilation, dry. Because of the peeling specimens after the moisture of the fur is easy to rot, hair is easy to fall off, before and after the rainy days to take advantage of the good weather, open the windows to ventilate or directly to the outdoors to dry. In order to prevent specimens from being corroded by insects, the cabinet needs to be put in silica gel (desiccant), camphor or synthetic camphor (de-worming), generally two times a year according to the spring and fall fumigation of the specimen room. Commonly used insecticidal sterilization agents are carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, bromomethane, formaldehyde, hydride (highly toxic). If the infestation has occurred, you can use aluminum phosphide, ethylene dichloride fumigation (fumigation should pay special attention to the safety, to prevent poisoning) within the sealed ring, but also 2.5% deltamethrin original solution diluted to a concentration of 1:250 after spraying.
②, bone specimens. A, bone specimens should be placed in a dry, ventilated specimen cupboard to save, avoid direct sunlight, in order to prevent yellowing of the bones, joints and dehiscence. B, the use of bone specimens should be gently take and put, do not violent vibration and impact, in order to prevent the bones from dehiscence and fracture of the fine bones. C, if you find that specimens have dehiscence, can be used to polyethylene acetate adhesive glue, and then tied with a line to fix, to be solidified after removing the binding line. D. If the bone is broken, it can be repaired with polyvinyl acetate adhesive.
③, insect specimens. This kind of specimens in its box in the lower corner of the permanent camphor corner, factory generally put camphor or sanitary ball, the school acceptance should be checked, such as found not to be added in a timely manner, and then to be regularly checked.
④, microscopes. A, microscopes used, must be kept in a box to prevent dust fall into the optical components, often on some optical devices with a brush to brush the dust, and then use a fine silk cloth or special long-fiber cotton wipe, do not use ordinary coarse cloth or flannel to wipe. Because these materials are not only rough fibers and easy to dye with dust, will scratch the surface of the optical parts, make it hairy. If there is dirt on the mirror surface is not easy to wipe, you can first use a silk cloth or special long-fiber cotton dipped in a little xylene wipe, and then change a clean silk cloth or mirror paper to wipe clean. But the amount of xylene to be less, wipe the number of times should not be too much. Because the lens of the microscope is mostly made of several layers of lenses glued together with resin, xylene will make the resin dissolved. In addition, the lens of the microscope should not be rubbed with alcohol to avoid being damaged. Long-term use of the microscope lens can be concentrated into the drying cylinder, drying cylinder put useful gauze wrapped lime, and regularly check whether the lime is ineffective. b, the microscope can not be placed in the sun exposure, so as not to melt the resin and destroy the lens. c, the microscope should not be combined with a few layers of resin. The microscope should not be stored with chemical reagents to prevent corrosion by harmful gases.C. Don't wipe the microscope on rainy days to prevent rust and corrosion caused by moisture intrusion into the microscope.D. Don't apply oil when wiping the mechanical parts of the microscope. The transmission part can only be coated with a little grease but not oil to prevent sliding. e. At any time, the eyepiece must be inserted in the lens barrel or a cover must be put on to prevent dust from entering the lens barrel from the upper part. (Long fiber cotton and grease dedicated to the maintenance of the microscope can be purchased from the manufacturer of the microscope.)
Third, the instrument loan
Teaching instrument loan is divided into teaching loan and non-teaching loan two kinds.
Teaching instrument loaned by the borrower to fill out the "instrument loan record". The record is generally designed as a table format, the main columns are the date of borrowing, the name of the instrument, the borrower's signature, the date of return. Non-valuable, civilian instruments and non-hazardous materials lending, instrument name column can be filled in simply as "a set of so-and-so demonstration experimental equipment". The actual operation of the management can be filled in first, the borrower to collect the signature can be.
Non-teaching instruments must be loaned by the borrower to issue a loan note, approved by the relevant school leaders before lending, managers should pay attention to timely recovery.
Fourth, the end of the instrument
The process of experimentation due to man-made or teaching instruments themselves in the following cases, you can apply for the end of the application: ① instrument more than the service life, the performance of the experiment can not meet the minimum requirements, and can not be repaired; ② damage is serious, can not be repaired; ③ the main parts of the purchase of the main parts, can not be repaired; ④ repair cost is expensive, there is no value of the repair.
The loss and scrapping of teaching instruments should be identified by the school laboratory organization, confirming that no repair value and use value, after the school leadership review and approval, before going through the write-off procedures, and save the file, so that there is an account can be found, there are evidence to support. Laboratory teachers (laboratory technicians) shall not be handled without authorization. Instruments should be scrapped regularly, according to the size of the laboratory, generally 1 ~ 2 years.
The end-of-life instrumentation must be properly handled, there are several ways to deal with the following: ① laboratory retained: although as a whole instrument, the performance has not reached the minimum requirements or can not be repaired, but some of the parts of the instrument may still be intact, can be removed for the repair of similar instruments. ② Establishment of a laboratory for used instruments, open to students, so that students can utilize extracurricular time, under the guidance of teachers, dismantling and installation of instruments, and carry out practical activities of interest. ③ Transfer and gift: due to funding, personnel and other reasons, there are still many grass-roots schools lack of basic laboratory equipment, so the end-of-life instruments can be transferred or given to schools with poor conditions, as a demonstration of teaching instruments. ④Scrap sale processing: in the above aspects are unable to use the end-of-life instruments, can be sold as scrap, by the scrap recycling department to recover, as a renewable resource.
Fifth, the management of chemical drugs
Chemical experiments used in the drugs, also known as chemical reagents, mainly solid and liquid two categories, the gas is prepared for use. Chemical reagents have their own characteristics, some reagents are prone to moisture, some easy weathering, some of the light easily deteriorated, so it must be placed in a dry and ventilated place, to prevent exposure to strong sunlight. Also pay attention to the convenience of access, divided into categories arranged in a certain order.
(a), the classification of chemicals
Nearly one hundred kinds of chemical reagents in junior high school (elementary school science classes, less drugs, not to speak, you can refer to the management of junior high school chemistry class drugs). The premise of good management of chemical reagents is to categorize chemical reagents. At present, most of the secondary school chemistry laboratory first reagents are divided into two categories of inorganic and organic.
Inorganics are then divided into two categories according to solid and liquid, and then classified according to monomers, acids, bases and salts. Monomers are divided into metals and non-metals, and salts are divided into halides, sulfates, nitrates, carbonates, etc., according to their acid roots. Organic reagents are divided into alcohols, phenols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, acids, esters, sugars, nitrogen-containing compounds, halogen-containing compounds, sulfur-containing compounds, and so on, according to functional groups.
(B), the acceptance and storage of chemicals
Chemicals into the warehouse acceptance should check the reagent name, quantity, packaging, specifications, and timely registration. Check whether the packaging is qualified, i.e. whether the packaging meets the storage requirements of the reagent, whether the container is broken, penetration, and whether it is airtight. Check whether the label is clear and firmly affixed. Check the reagents for deterioration and signs of deterioration. After acceptance, the reagents should be categorized and stored properly according to the requirements. Problematic reagents should be handled in a timely manner.
1, chemicals should be stored in a special room. Drug room should be dry, cool, ventilated, with fire prevention measures. Hazardous materials should be placed in the hazardous materials cabinet (room), separate storage. At the same time, attention should be paid to safety to prevent fire, poisoning, explosion, weathering, deliquescence, exposure, volatilization and so on. Under this premise, and then according to the characteristics of the reagents, pay attention to the convenience of access.
2, some of the reagents such as acid, such as a purchase of more, do not have to open all the cabinets, can be part of another storage.
3, in the classification of storage at the same time, the students will be grouped into reagent bottles, teachers demonstration experiments reagent bottles and has been matched to use the vials of reagents stored separately. In order to achieve the chemical reagents to find convenient, first purchase first use and avoid light and other purposes, in the storage of chemical reagents can be taken out of each variety of a bottle in the upper part of the cabinet for the use of drugs, the lower part of the cabinet to put the excess reagents, the lower part of the reagents of the same species arranged vertically to achieve the purchase of the first in the front, the newly purchased row to the back. When used when the top of a bottle of drugs used up and then take out a bottle from below to supplement.
4, indoor temperature, humidity, to prevent the label on the reagent bottles to fall off or corrosion, generally take the outside of the label coated with a layer of paraffin protection. A small number of purchases with plastic packaging reagents, after storage to be modified stored in reagent bottles, and labeling. Reagents that are easily decomposed or deteriorated by light, such as silver nitrate, potassium iodide, hydrogen peroxide, etc., should be contained in brown glass bottles and placed in a low-temperature dark place; reagents that are easy to volatilize, deliquesce or weathering, the glass bottles should be sealed with paraffin wax and the tightness of the seals should be checked frequently. Sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, barium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate solution must be contained in a glass bottle with a rubber stopper, concentrated sulfuric acid, etc. to be contained in a bottle with a glass stopper and so on.
(C), regular inspection of drugs
Chemicals in the custody of attention to regular inspection. Check whether the drugs are deteriorated, invalid, check the preservation of liquid (such as water, kerosene, etc.) is volatile lack of, check whether the label is rotten, peeling, whether the text is blurred. If problems are found, take appropriate measures in time. The use of general reagents should follow the principle of "first in, first out, last in, last out". Chemical experiments on the consumption of reagents, not only to pay attention to the safekeeping, but also to take into account the practice of economy, to eliminate waste.
(D), the management of dangerous drugs
Chemical reagents are many varieties, each with its own characteristics. Where flammable, explosive, corrosive, poisonous and other dangerous properties, under certain conditions can cause combustion, explosion or poisoning, leading to the destruction of property and cause personal injury and death of chemicals collectively referred to as chemical hazards. Secondary school chemistry experiments in contact with the following eight categories of dangerous drugs, custody of special attention to safety.
①, flammable liquids: these drugs are mainly organic reagents, very easy to volatile into gas, such as open flame will burn. Such as gasoline, benzene, toluene, xylene, methanol, ethanol, ether, acetone, ethyl acetate, turpentine, etc., should be stored separately in a cool, ventilated place, pay special attention to stay away from fire.
②, flammable solids: inorganic substances such as red phosphorus, sulfur, magnesium powder, magnesium, aluminum powder, etc., organic substances such as nitrocellulose, camphor, etc., the ignition point is very low, easy to catch fire, should be separated from the storage.
③, spontaneous combustion products: white phosphorus placed in the air is oxidized heat, the temperature rises gradually, will catch fire and burn itself, should be stored in water, and placed in a cool place away from light. Two thirds of the bottle of white phosphorus storage should be buried in yellow sand for safekeeping, in order to prevent the water in the bottle from freezing in winter will bottle expansion, resulting in the exposure of white phosphorus and cause danger.
④, easy to burn items in contact with water: metal potassium, sodium, calcium carbide, zinc powder and so on will produce flammable gas in contact with water, if the heat generated in the reaction process is not easy to dissipate or contact with open flames, these gases will be burned, and sometimes even cause an explosion, storage should be paid special attention to. Metal potassium and sodium should be stored in kerosene. The bottles of calcium carbide and zinc powder must be sealed tightly to prevent moisture.
In order to prevent glass bottles due to temperature changes or other reasons for fragmentation, two thirds of the bottles containing such reagents should also be buried in yellow sand for safekeeping.