What is the impact of trade barriers on the development of economic globalization

The direct impact of the new trade barriers is that many of our products due to technical, environmental or labor factors can not enter the target market or forced to exit the target market. Caused by this situation for three reasons: First, China's exports do not meet the standard requirements of the importing country, was rejected; Second, the target country of trade to arbitrarily raise the standard, resulting in export enterprises can not be achieved; Third, the standard increases the cost of exports, some exporters can not afford to pay for the cost of having to withdraw from the market. Specific performance are as follows: 1, because our products do not meet the requirements of the environmental and technical standards of importing countries, was restricted from imports. Due to the higher technical requirements of developed countries, some of China's products in the environment, health and safety technical standards do not meet the requirements of importing countries are restricted imports are common. For example, from January 1998, in more than 20 warehouses across the United States have been found to come from China's wooden packaging materials contain aspen, and in mid-January in Chicago found that some trees have been damaged by aspen. September 11, 1998, the U.S. Department of Agriculture signed a new decree requiring all wooden packaging from China to take a rigorous inspection requirements, all packaging must be high-temperature treatment, fumigation, or protective agent treatment, otherwise, all of the packaging must be treated, fumigation, or protective agent treatment. or protective agent treatment, otherwise, all incoming goods will be refused entry. Although after our government's repeated negotiations, but the U.S. government still announced that from December 17 that year will prohibit China's wooden box packaging products into the U.S. territory. The United Kingdom, the European Union and others also announced that they would take urgent measures against the wooden packaging of products departing from China and implement new quarantine standards. According to estimates at the time, only the EU's decision to affect at least more than 7 billion U.S. dollars of China's export trade to Europe.　　2, due to the importing country to implement some kind of new mandatory regulations or standards, was restricted imports. Developed countries often promulgate mandatory decrees, the technical requirements of imported products to be strictly limited in order to prevent the entry of environmentally and humanly harmful products. Such as Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province in 2000, there are two textile enterprises export fabrics due to the use of banned azo dyes by the German "blocking". In fact, the German government as early as July 28, 1994 issued a decree prohibiting the use of textiles in the formation of 20 kinds of carcinogenic aromatic amines can be decomposed in any one of the azo dyes. Later, the bill was amended several times, the number of carcinogenic aromatic amines increased to 22, the number of banned azo dyes increased to 118. In Germany after the implementation of this provision, some other EU member states have followed suit. In recent years, the EU has also been brewing to draft a decree restricting the use and sale of products containing azo dyes, and it is very likely that the legislation on banning azo dyes will be completed in the near future.　　3、Importation is restricted due to unreasonable regulations or standards adopted by importing countries. Developed countries sometimes set nearly harsh technical standards to protect their industries in order to restrict the import of certain types of products. For example, on July 10, 2002, the Japanese government issued a vegetable importers to "self-restricted imports" of frozen vegetables in China directive. The reason is that in the Chinese frozen vegetables found in the inspection of the pesticide "chlorpyrifos" content exceeds the Japanese standard, up to 0.07 PPM. the Japanese government requires vegetable importers must be pesticides exceeding the standard of imported frozen vegetables all destroyed. In fact, the so-called Chinese frozen vegetables pesticide residue limit exceeds the standard, is entirely due to the Japanese government on my frozen vegetables to develop the "chlorpyrifos" residue limit standard is too high. Japan imports 4-5 million tons of vegetables every year, 99% from China. In order to limit China's vegetable imports, Japan's vegetables imported from China, "chlorpyrifos" residue limit of no more than 0.01PPM, but the limited standard for the country's mass production of radish is 3PPM, a difference of 300 times more. Last year, due to Japan's imports of agricultural products to implement harsh quarantine standards, resulting in China's agricultural products is difficult to enter the Japanese market.　　4, due to the importing country to limit imports and the implementation of double standards, was restricted imports. Some countries implement double quarantine standards for imported and domestic products, so that our exports suffer unfair treatment. For example, the European Union banned imports of animal origin products from China is a typical case of double standards. January 31, 2002, the European Union issued a resolution to ban imports of Chinese animal origin products from China. The resolution involved 94 enterprises in China, with a trade balance of US$623 million, and some enterprises with a single export market and product structure were on the verge of bankruptcy as a result of the incident, which involved a workforce of nearly 50,000 people. The reason for banning imports was that chloramphenicol in my animal origin products exceeded its regulation of 0.1-0.3 PPB. at that time, only in the port of Rotterdam, the Netherlands, there were 265 containers of my animal origin products stranded. Moreover, the number of problematic containers detected by the EU is increasing. Once destroyed, my export enterprises will suffer huge market losses. According to the EU regulations, any processed food containing 2%-3% animal origin ingredients should be extended and traced back from the market to be recalled and destroyed. in the middle and end of March 2002, the China Chamber of Commerce for Import and Export of Foodstuffs, Native Produce and Animal Husbandry organized a delegation and went to Luxembourg, Germany, Belgium, Holland, Sweden, and Denmark to carry out civil lobbying and negotiation, and found that the official laboratories in Holland and Germany made the trace chloramphenicol which does not cause any danger to human beings. It was found that the official laboratories of the Netherlands and Germany made the test report and the Dutch legislation that the chloramphenicol testing standard of veal exported to the United States is not more than 10PPB, but the EU hid the test result that a certain amount of chloramphenicol would not be harmful to human beings from the public. On the one hand, the EU banned imports of Chinese products on the grounds that they exceeded the chloramphenicol standard, while at the same time it allowed its members to export chloramphenicol-containing animal products to other countries (including Arctic shrimp exported to China that were also found to exceed the chloramphenicol standard). This practice is obviously not in line with the WTO principle of non-discrimination. In addition, the EU requires that the standard of chloramphenicol content in my animal origin products should not be more than 0.1-0.3PPB, but in fact, most of the instruments in the laboratories in the world at present are difficult to do so, not to mention the experimental instruments in developing countries, even the EU countries themselves do not have the conditions to implement the accurate detection of chloramphenicol content in all products. It is said that there are only two laboratories in the EU that are capable of detecting 0.3 PPB. Therefore, even the importers in the EU think that "the EU is imposing on the underdeveloped countries what it cannot yet do itself, and it is using its own laws to trap others in something that has not yet been scientifically finalized in the international arena, and it is a new kind of plundering of the underdeveloped countries. "　　(ii) Impact on product competitiveness The indirect impact of new trade barriers on enterprises is manifested in the impact on product competitiveness. First, the enterprise technology, environmental protection and for the improvement of workers' labor conditions of the investment are directly increase the cost of products, thus losing the product price advantage, weakening its competitiveness in the international market. Secondly, there is a lack of advanced testing equipment in China, and the import of a large number of equipment increases the cost of export enterprises. Third, the enterprise to obtain the relevant certification costs have increased the cost of enterprises accordingly. Specific forms of performance are: 1, no access to relevant certified products market competitiveness is greatly reduced. At present, as people pay more and more attention to health and the environment, there are environmental management system certified enterprise products or environmental labeling certification of products are increasingly favored, which leads to no environmental management system certified enterprise products or did not get the environmental labeling certification of products market competitiveness is greatly reduced. A product with environmental labeling indicates that it not only meets the quality standards, but also complies with the environmental protection requirements during production, consumption and disposal, and will not cause damage to the ecological environment and human health. If there are two identical products on the market, one with environmental labeling and the other without, then consumers tend to choose the former even if the former is more expensive than the latter. For example, Xiamen Silk Import and Export Company's silk clothing is very popular with the company's French partners, the French side would like to import, but because of these silk clothing did not get the environmental labeling, Xiamen Silk Export Company's French partners can not get from the French government to import quotas, and thus this transaction did not succeed.　　2, in order to meet the relevant standards and increase the cost of raw materials to weaken the competitiveness of products. As developed countries continue to improve product inspection and quarantine standards, China's enterprises to meet the standards to purchase higher-priced raw materials, resulting in higher production costs, weakening the competitiveness of products in the international market. Such as textile exports in the European Union countries in the inspection of several important indicators, that is, the azo dyes and 19 kinds of disperse dyes (dyeing raw materials of several harmful chemical compounds) whether or not to exceed the standard. After accession to the WTO, the hometown of textile Shaoxing has an unprecedented export momentum, but many Shaoxing textiles in European countries repeatedly frustrated, most of the problems in the dyes. To solve this problem, we must start from the chemical industry that provides dyes. Although there are hundreds of domestic production of dyes, but more than 60% of the environmentally friendly reactive dyes market is controlled by Germany BASF and other large foreign companies, its price is equivalent to twice the domestic enterprises. However, due to the lack of stability in the performance of similar domestic dyes, textile exporters have to bear the pain of spending high prices to buy imported dyes. In this way, the original price advantage of China's textile products is at stake.　　3, technology, environmental protection and improve the labor conditions of the input to increase costs, weakening the competitiveness of enterprises. As multinational buyers require our enterprises or products to obtain ISO9000, ISO14000, SA8000 and environmental marking, safety marking and other related certificates, our enterprises and their products must be environmental protection, safety and health to put forward higher requirements, which is a heavy burden on most of our enterprises. If our enterprises want to become the suppliers of multinational buyers, they must meet the standards and requirements put forward by them. For example, if the enterprise wants to become the United States General Electric Company (GE) suppliers, after the application, GE will send technicians to investigate the daily management process of enterprises in line with GE's environmental protection, health and safety standards, the standard covers a very wide range, even including summer heat and winter heat preservation facilities are complete, the plant safety exit is set up reasonably, on the workers of the medical treatment equipment, cafeteria construction and so on! The specific indicators are formulated according to the actual situation of each supplier's enterprise. The technician will make an evaluation report based on the field visit and list the items that need to be improved according to the report. If the enterprise is willing to cooperate with GE to meet its standards, cooperation will be possible. Orders are placed only after the inspection and remodeling are completed. Obviously, the enterprise has to get orders, must invest considerable human, material and financial resources, however, sometimes only get a small number of orders.　　4, excessive inspection and quarantine costs lead to a decline in product competitiveness. Due to the high cost of inspection in importing countries, so that China's originally very competitive products have lost price competitiveness. 2002, Japan's exports to China's agricultural products, aquatic products, inspection and quarantine measures continue to strengthen the inspection and quarantine scope of all agricultural products exported to Japan, aquatic varieties, increased detection of pesticide residues of up to 43 kinds of items; batch inspection leads to slow customs clearance of imports, increasing the cost of demurrage, increase the cost of inspection, these have greatly increased the cost of inspection. Inspection costs, these have greatly increased the inspection costs to 44% of the value of the goods, and cause a decline in product quality, so that the products lose competitiveness, thereby forcing Japanese importers to reduce the purpose of ordering. For example, Japan's eel exports to me to implement the airport 48 hours of hanging water inspection caused a large number of deaths, forcing me to stop eel exports to Japan. According to statistics, in 2002, China's production or storage of river eel (ko eel) exports, the number of 8.6% less than the previous year, the amount of 4.6% less. Again, vegetables, short freshness period, and batch inspection leads to slow down the import customs clearance, resulting in a decline in the quality of vegetables, and at the same time, due to the increased number of samples, the inspection costs from the original 50,000 yen per batch to 800,000 yen, the high cost of forcing the Japanese importers to cancel the order of our country one after another.　　5, expensive certification costs lead to a decline in the competitiveness of enterprise products. Developed countries often require our products to obtain certification to enter the country's market. However, the cost of obtaining and maintaining certification is very high, which directly affects the competitiveness of products. For example, the establishment and implementation of ISO14001 certification costs are high, these costs include long-term environmental review and the establishment of environmental management systems, technical consulting, certification costs and improve environmental pollution equipment, pollutant testing, staff training costs and so on. At present, China's application for ISO14001 certification costs, only consulting fees, system set up costs, audit fees and certification costs generally need 20-30 million yuan (not including environmental equipment investment). This is for some smaller enterprises, it is more difficult to bear.