If the questioner only needs a simple UV lamp for fish, and the price is relatively low, he can choose many brands, mainly Philips in the Netherlands, or many German brands. Domestic products are not bad now. The key point is to shop around and confirm where your needs are, so that you can know whether you want to buy only ultraviolet lamps for sterilization or buy a whole set of ultraviolet sterilization equipment in the most economical situation!
The picture above is a simple aquarium (fish tank) with external UV light, which is very cheap and can be bought everywhere!
More expensive for special equipment. As shown in the above figure, UVC ultraviolet germicidal lamp is used to be installed in other places that need disinfection. In this regard, you need to consult a professional installation technician!
Ultraviolet sterilization efficiency is high. The pet shop mentioned by the questioner is a place where humans and pets gather, and germs are easy to spread. Guests, pets, fleas or staff in pet shops may be infected through polluted air, feed, equipment and environment.
There are many options for cleaning and disinfection of the environment and disinfection of medical instruments and equipment in clinic, with only one purpose, that is, to reduce the spread of germs and reduce the occurrence of infection. Physical disinfection methods commonly used in clinic include ultraviolet disinfection, Pasteur disinfection or boiling. The application of physical disinfection can avoid the toxic residue of chemical substances and the harm to the health and safety of workers. Ultraviolet is one of them, which uses the principle of radiant energy to achieve the effect of eliminating bacteria and viruses.
As shown in the figure below, this ultraviolet germicidal lamp assembled for a large office or kindergarten is usually installed next to the air outlet of an air conditioner to disinfect a large enclosed space, mainly to remove bacteria that can be killed by ultraviolet rays.
Or the drinking water system (drinking machine or drinking water pipeline) is equipped with an ultraviolet germicidal lamp device for sterilization, as shown in the following figure:
The following briefly introduces several kinds of germicidal lamps, and the types of ultraviolet germicidal lamps are briefly described as follows:
(1) Various new artificial ultraviolet germicidal lamps: hot cathode low-pressure mercury vapor discharge lamp, cathode low-pressure mercury vapor discharge lamp, cold cathode low-pressure mercury vapor discharge lamp, etc.
Hot cathode low-pressure mercury vapor discharge lamp can be divided into straight tube, H tube and U tube.
There are also differences in motivation. For example, a top-class 30W UV lamp set can cost more than 5,000 yuan, while an ordinary UV lamp only costs 65,438 yuan +020~700 yuan.
It can also be divided into three types: low ozone (ozone-free gas), ozone and high ozone. With the continuous development of various newly designed ultraviolet lamps, the application of ultraviolet germicidal lamps is also expanding. In addition to common surface disinfection and air disinfection, a new ultraviolet sterilizer has also been successfully developed. Now it is used in drinking water disinfection, sewage disinfection, air purification sterilizer, beauty tool disinfection, medical supplies disinfection, tableware disinfection, ticket disinfection and so on, which shows its wide application.
Above, this is an ultraviolet lamp designed for disinfection and sterilization after washing hands in bathroom equipment or toilets.
(B) the application of ultraviolet germicidal lamp
At present, the most common problem in the use of ultraviolet disinfection and sterilization lamps is that the decrease of lamp intensity is not re-valued by users, who think that as long as the lamps are on, they must have sterilization ability. The quality of the lamp tube is evaluated by the general concept of fluorescent lamp, and the quality is judged by the strength of its visible light and the freedom of visible light.
This method is easily misunderstood. Lamps without disinfection and sterilization ability will continue to be used. Of course, articles without thorough disinfection will also be mistaken for disinfection and sterilization. As a result, infection, poisoning and illness were caused, but the cause could not be found. Isn't it penny wise and pound foolish?
Please include the following points for your reference:
According to the guidance of Technical Standards for Disinfection and Sterilization, each microorganism has its own specific ultraviolet killing and lethal dose standard, and its dose is the product of irradiation intensity and irradiation time {k (sterilization dose) = I (irradiation intensity) t (irradiation time)}. According to the formula, the effect of high-intensity short-time irradiation is the same as that of low-intensity long-time irradiation. The average user, who has used the lamp for several years, can't check whether the irradiation intensity is still sterilized, and often can't grasp it at all. The production, sale and use of products that are not completely disinfected, regardless of their bacterial status, are very risky.
The ultraviolet lamp tube is made of pure timely glass tube made of crystal. At present, because of different costs and uses, high borax glass tubes are also used instead, and their characteristics and effects are also very different. Pure quartz tube made of crystal and high borax glass tube made of high borax not only have different effects, but also have several times different prices. Therefore, different choices should be made according to the place of use. The ultraviolet transmittance of pure quartz tube is more than 80%, and that of high borax glass tube is less than 50%. According to the above data, unless thorough disinfection is regarded as an unimportant factor and service life is not regarded as a key equipment, the ultraviolet lamp tube of the timely glass tube should be considered.
The penetration of ultraviolet rays is not as high as expected, and any paper, lead glass and plastic will greatly reduce the irradiation intensity. Therefore, the dust and oil stains on the lamp tube will directly affect its penetration ability. Therefore, before the new lamp tube is used, it should be wiped with gauze soaked in 75% alcohol to remove oil, sweat and dust. The tubes and quartz tubes in use should be cleaned regularly, so as not to affect the ultraviolet penetration and irradiation intensity.
Ultraviolet rays have strong lethality to bacteria, and also do some harm to human body. The most vulnerable part of the human body is the cornea of the eye. Therefore, don't look directly at the lit lamp at any time to avoid injury. In case you have to see it, use ordinary glass (wearing glasses) or transparent plastic sheets as protective masks. Never use seasonal glass by mistake, because ordinary glass is almost completely opaque to ultraviolet rays. Once injured, don't panic, the face burns, and the epidermis falls off after a few days and heals without medicine. Eye trauma will be red, swollen, tearful and stinging, and it will take about three or four days to heal. In any case, once injured, it is recommended to seek medical advice immediately.
Users or installation manufacturers should regularly check the irradiation intensity and immediately replace the lamps with insufficient intensity. Ultraviolet light is invisible light, and violet-blue light in low-pressure discharge lamp is mercury vapor pressure. Although the intensity of mercury vapor pressure is still related to ultraviolet light, it does not directly represent the intensity of ultraviolet light. Therefore, the intensity of ultraviolet light cannot be judged by the intensity of violet and blue light in this visible band. Among them are the optical attenuation and ultraviolet transmittance of the timely glass. In other words, the intensity of ultraviolet rays cannot be judged with the naked eye.
In order to kill bacteria in the air, such as MERS or SARS, ultraviolet disinfection lamps in closed spaces are usually designed in this way, which are specially used in closed spaces and places where people gather, such as offices or schools.
For example, the picture below is a UVC ultraviolet lamp tube specially installed for large kitchens, as long as it is installed on ordinary lamps.
Ultraviolet germicidal lamps that produce ozone, such as glass tubes, can penetrate all bands of ultraviolet rays. In low-pressure mercury vapor discharge lamps, mercury vapor will generate ultraviolet rays with the wavelength of 185nm. Ultraviolet rays of this wavelength can change O2 in the outside air into O3 (ozone). Ozone is a very active molecule, which can easily undergo chemical changes with other molecules, leading to re-decomposition and conversion into oxygen, thus achieving the purpose of fresh air, deodorization and sterilization. The special glass tube can effectively control the escape of ultraviolet with the wavelength of 185nm, thus controlling the amount of ozone.
According to the needs of different occasions, there are many products such as low ozone (no ozone), ozone, high ozone and so on. Generally, it is not recommended to use the ozone tube in the time or space where people are active, because the ozone in the air will promote the coagulation of hemoglobin after being inhaled into the human body, resulting in insufficient oxygen supply to the human body, dizziness and nausea, which will affect health. In particular, working in an environment with a concentration of > 0.3 ppm (mg/m2) will cause serious injuries. Users of extra ozone tubes must be especially careful.
Ultraviolet light was discovered by 180 1. 1877, British scientists used ultraviolet rays to kill Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus, which proved that it had bactericidal ability. 1937 Dr. DerylHart, Duke University, USA, in view of the high infection rate of postoperative patients, in order to effectively prevent surgical wound infection,
Teachers cooperated and applied the principle of sunshine disinfection to invent an artificial ultraviolet device, which was placed in the operating room to improve air pollution, reduce the number of microorganisms suspended in the air and reduce the incidence of wound infection in the operation site. In 1965, Sykes et al. found that the wavelength between 240-280nm has bactericidal effect. Because ultraviolet rays are sterilized by radiation sources, it is impossible to sterilize cleaning agents or articles washed with water in clinic, and ultraviolet disinfection is still the first choice. Many medical hospitals in China use ultraviolet irradiation lamps to disinfect the surface of space or objects. However, the clinical staff's understanding of the ultraviolet irradiation lamp will affect the willingness and accuracy of using the ultraviolet irradiation lamp, and improper use will also cause unnecessary harm.
At present, there are many brands of small UV-UVC germicidal lamps that can be assembled by individuals, as shown in the following figure:
The assembly is also very simple. Basically, as long as it is a small UVC ultraviolet germicidal lamp product from Germany or the Netherlands, it will be accompanied by a warranty card, as shown in the above figure:
The assembly instructions are also simple. You can simply assemble a small UVC ultraviolet germicidal lamp as shown above in about two or three steps, which is the best choice to save money and give it to your family or pets:
The picture above shows the quartz tube special for ultraviolet lamp:
This small ultraviolet germicidal lamp will have a simple fixing device, which can be installed anywhere, saving money, saving trouble and being convenient, as shown in the above picture:
Small ultraviolet germicidal lamps made in Germany or the Netherlands are usually attached with this fixing clip, which can be clamped anywhere:
The installation is completed as shown above, with a simple plug and a simple setup device. Remember to read the instructions clearly:
Installed in the bedroom, small ultraviolet UVC lamp can kill bacteria on the bed;
The effect of turning off the lights is more obvious. After being irradiated by ultraviolet UVC lamp, the bed and bedding will be particularly soft and comfortable;
Bathroom equipment can also be disinfected with ultraviolet UVC lamp, and the device is convenient:
Plush toys and the like can also be sterilized by ultraviolet UVC lamps, but remember: they can't be directly used on pets!
(3) Introduce the basic characteristics of ultraviolet:
Light has a wide range of wavelengths. The wavelength range of light visible to human eyes is about 400 nm to 730 nm. The light wave from the red light wave belongs to long-wave infrared, and the wavelength is about 730nm to 1 500nm. High energy, heat conduction to human muscles or other tissues, but no sterilization. The light wave shorter than the purple light wave is ultraviolet, and its wavelength is about 400nm. The sun is the biggest source of ultraviolet rays on the earth. Due to the protection of the ozone layer, all living things on the earth are protected from ultraviolet rays. Ultraviolet rays are divided into three categories, namely UVA(400-320nm), UVB(320-280nm) and UVC(280-230nm), which are distinguished according to different wavelengths and the degree of ozone absorption. UVC has poor penetration into the atmosphere, and it is almost completely absorbed by the upper ozone when it passes through the ozone layer, so the radiation dose is not easy to reach the surface; When UVB passes through the ozone layer, 98.9% of the radiation is absorbed by the lower ozone layer, and only about 1. 1% will reach the earth surface. UVA is completely unaffected by ozone. It not only goes directly through the ozone layer to the surface, but also enters the car and the room through the glass.
UVC is the most harmful to us, but most of it is absorbed by the upper ozone, so it is not easy to reach the earth's surface, so its impact on us is almost zero; Most of UVB is absorbed by ozone in the lower layer, and only 1. 1% will reach the earth's surface. At present, we are worried that UVB will have an impact on the ecological environment on the earth. Due to the reduction of ozone, the UVB radiation on the surface will increase greatly (the ozone concentration will decrease by 1%, and the ultraviolet radiation on our skin will increase by 2%), but it will have the most serious impact on us. The influence of UVA is the smallest and mildest of the three ultraviolet rays, but it will not be absorbed by the ozone layer, so its radiation almost completely reaches the surface of the earth, and it is also the most exposed ultraviolet ray in our living environment. Although its influence is not as serious as UVB can cause sunburn and peeling in a short time, the influence of UVA is chronic, and the black spots that girls are worried about are caused by UVA's long-term accumulation. In addition, it will make the injured skin difficult to recover, and may also induce skin cancer, and the eyes and immune system will also be affected. Although ultraviolet rays are harmful to the environment, animals and human beings, they still have some benefits, such as sterilization and helping human cells to produce vitamin D. The characteristics of the three kinds of ultraviolet rays are shown in Table 2.
Function of Organic Matter: In 1972, Morris has studied that when Serratia marcescens is placed in a buffer containing protein, protein, milk, especially blood or serum, the required ultraviolet dose is higher than that of a buffer containing only bacteria.
Effect of temperature: Except for radiation resistance, most microorganisms are sensitive to ultraviolet rays at low temperature.
Wavelength of ultraviolet radiation: generally, 253.7nm has the best sterilization effect, and compared with the wavelength greater than 300nm, 250-280nm is the best.
(5) Introduction of the principle of artificial ultraviolet lamp:
The principle of artificial ultraviolet light is that current passes through a special gas and is excited by impact. When the special gas returns to the initial state from the excited state, it will release excess energy, thus generating electromagnetic radiation and ultraviolet light. With the continuous development of various new ultraviolet lamps, the application of ultraviolet irradiation lamps is also expanding. In addition to common surface disinfection and air disinfection, a new ultraviolet sterilizer has also been successfully developed. Now it is used to disinfect drinking water, sewage, air purifier, beauty tools, tableware and tickets, which shows its wide application. At present, ultraviolet instruments used in medical field are divided into low-pressure, medium-pressure and high-pressure mercury lamps according to different pressures. The ultraviolet lamp used for sterilization in clinic belongs to low-pressure mercury lamp (also called cold quartz lamp), and its wavelength is more than 95% concentrated at 253.7nm, which is the wavelength range with the strongest sterilization effect of ultraviolet C-. According to the place, time and purpose of disinfection and sterilization in clinic, there are several different types of ultraviolet sterilization equipment:
Ultraviolet disinfection of upper air: mostly used in operating rooms, passages and corridors, using continuous radiation. In order to avoid harm to human eyes and skin, it should be installed at a height of 2-2.5 meters from the ground, and the irradiation range is the upper space of the operating room. Through the convection cycle of cold air descending and hot air ascending, the air in the operating room is continuously disinfected to reduce the number of microorganisms in the operating room.
Mobile ultraviolet irradiation lamp: suitable for final disinfection of respiratory isolation (tuberculosis, legionnaires' disease, etc.). ) and wards that need to be closely isolated. After the patient is discharged from the hospital or transferred out, the mobile ultraviolet irradiation lamp is placed in the center of the ward, and the surfaces of air, mattresses and other articles are disinfected by strong light sources in a quick and direct way, and then the environment and equipment surfaces are decontaminated and disinfected by chemical disinfectants.
Ultraviolet device in air duct of air conditioning system: the ultraviolet lamp is installed in the air duct of air conditioning system, and the air flows through the air duct filled with ultraviolet rays through the fan, and is sent out after disinfection. This equipment is far away from personnel, so there is no problem with safety.
The picture above is a news report from Taiwan Province Province. Due to the cold weather in winter, a child used ultraviolet UVC lamp as electric heater. As a result, many people burned their eyes and almost went blind!
(6) Application of ultraviolet lamp sterilization and matters needing attention:
Experiments show that sufficient ultraviolet radiation can kill mycobacterium tuberculosis, so ultraviolet lamp can assist other equipment in air disinfection, but it should be specially reminded that ultraviolet lamp can not replace HEPA filter. But it can be used for air disinfection in the same ward, such as emergency room, tuberculosis isolation or disposal room, tuberculosis waiting area, or areas where hospitalized patients gather, so that indoor air can pass through pipes equipped with ultraviolet lamps and then return to the room to form recirculation. The key to the function of pipeline irradiation system depends on the indoor air flow mode, which should ensure that the indoor air flow can be disinfected through the pipeline. Under the following specific circumstances, the use of ultraviolet lamps is not recommended, or it is necessary to reduce the use of ultraviolet lamps for sterilization.
The air in the isolation ward must be circulated to other areas of the medical institution. It is not recommended to use pipeline ultraviolet system instead of HEPA filter.
Ultraviolet alone cannot replace HEPA filter or negative pressure exhaust system. Using ultraviolet rays and HEPA filters in the same room at the same time does not guarantee better results than using HEPA filters alone. Therefore, for air disinfection and cleaning in infectious wards, we can't just use ultraviolet irradiation lamps or HEPA, because the result can't completely replace negative pressure isolation wards.
If ultraviolet rays are improperly installed and used, it will cause harm to medical staff and other patients (such as acute and chronic skin lesions and visual effects).
Ultraviolet dose is the product of irradiation intensity and irradiation time [K (germicidal dose) = I (irradiation intensity) ×t (irradiation time)]. According to the formula, the effect of high-intensity short-time irradiation is the same as that of low-intensity long-time irradiation.
Ultraviolet tubes are pure time glass tubes made of crystal or high borax glass tubes, and their characteristics and effects are quite different. The ultraviolet transmittance of pure quartz tube is more than 80%, and that of high borax glass tube is less than 50%. The ultraviolet lamp tube made of timely glass tube should be considered for disinfection and sterilization.
The penetration ability of ultraviolet rays is poor, so the dust and oil stains on the lamp tube will directly affect its penetration ability. Therefore, before using the new lamp tube, wipe the lamp tube with gauze dipped in 75%(V/V) alcohol to remove oil, sweat and dust. The lamps in use should also be cleaned regularly to avoid affecting the transmittance and irradiation intensity of ultraviolet rays.
The operation method of ultraviolet irradiation lamp must be operated correctly according to the user manual, and the timely lamp tube should be replaced regularly according to the service hours of the lamp tube. Users or installation manufacturers should regularly check the irradiation intensity, and the lamps with insufficient intensity should be replaced immediately.
When using, the window must be closed with curtains to prevent people from looking directly at ultraviolet rays and causing eye injuries, and warning signs should be hung on the door or locked to prevent others from entering by mistake.
During disinfection, the room should be kept clean and dry. When the relative humidity increased from 33% to 56%, the sterilization efficiency decreased to 65,438+0/3. In addition, when the number of dust particles in the air reaches 800-900 /cm3, its sterilization efficiency is reduced by 20%-30%.
In the process of sterilization, the air conditioner should be turned on to allow natural convection of indoor gas to achieve the best sterilization effect.
In case of special circumstances in the process of continuous disinfection or sterilization, goggles with ultraviolet filtering should be worn before entering the disinfection area to avoid damaging the cornea. Protective masks should be made of ordinary glass (wearing glasses) or transparent plastic sheets, because ordinary glass is almost completely opaque to ultraviolet rays.
The part that cannot be irradiated by ultraviolet rays will cause incomplete sterilization. Therefore, the lamp tube should be unscrewed and extended outward, which can increase the sterilization range and radian. Try to spread the mattress, quilt and other items and turn them over regularly, which can improve the sterilization effect.
If the indoor area is too large, the machine should be moved to an unsterilized area for sterilization again, or two or more ultraviolet irradiation lamps should be used for sterilization at the same time, because the ultraviolet irradiation intensity is higher than 70μ w/cm2 (1w =103mw =106μ w) to play an ideal disinfection role, even if the irradiation intensity is lower than 40μw/cm2.
Ultraviolet rays have been widely used in disinfection and sterilization, but the disinfection efficiency is related to many factors, among which the dose of ultraviolet rays is a very important factor. At present, the most common problem in the use of ultraviolet irradiation lamp is that the decrease of irradiation intensity of lamp tube has not been paid attention to by users, who think that as long as the lamp is on, it must have sterilization ability. Ultraviolet light is invisible light, and violet-blue light in low-pressure discharge lamp is mercury vapor pressure. Although the intensity of mercury vapor pressure is related to ultraviolet light, it does not directly represent the intensity of ultraviolet light. Therefore, the intensity of ultraviolet light cannot be judged by the intensity of violet and blue light in this visible band. Among them are the optical attenuation and ultraviolet transmittance of the timely glass. In other words, the intensity of ultraviolet rays cannot be judged with the naked eye.
Some people are used to evaluating the quality of ultraviolet lamps with the concept of using fluorescent lamps in general, and judging the quality by visually observing the strength and freedom of visible light. This method is easily misunderstood, and lamps without disinfection and sterilization ability will continue to be used. Of course, articles that are not thoroughly disinfected and sterilized will be used as if they were disinfected and sterilized, which will lead to infection, poisoning and illness, but the cause of the disease cannot be found. Isn't it because of a small loss? Recently, many experimental evidences and conclusions greatly provide the control of ultraviolet disinfection efficiency, which is beneficial to the development of accurate measurement mode of ultraviolet disinfection system and the design of ultraviolet disinfection system in the future.