Population density: 8 people/km2
The county town of Malcolm is the state capital of Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, and is the political, cultural, financial and information center of the state.
Located in the northwest of China's Sichuan Province. County capital of Malcolm town for the northwest Sichuan transportation , trade center. Area of 6632.7 square kilometers, in 1990 the population of 56,200, for the Tibetan settlement. "Malcolm" Tibetan means the place where the fire flourishes.
The former school mill, ZhuoKeJi, songgang, party dam four toji jurisdiction. 1953 to establish the Malcolm office, 1955 to set up Malcolm county, in 1958 the autonomous prefectural government organs moved here, become the Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture people's government seat.
Northwest Sichuan Plateau, the southern edge of the high mountains and valleys, mountain plains accounted for about 65% of the area, high mountain valleys accounted for about 35%. Climate characteristics of cool summer and cold winter, four distinct seasons, average annual precipitation of 753 mm, the average annual temperature of 8.6 ℃. Agriculture and forestry are the main industries.
Industries include agricultural machinery, pharmaceuticals, foodstuffs, printing, matches, electricity, and wood processing. Ethnic goods production mainly has national clothing, leather products, Tibetan furniture, national jewelry, hardware products and so on more than 80 kinds of. Agriculture mainly produces barley, wheat and so on.
Forestry specialties include spruce wood, birch wood, etc., matsutake mushrooms (green_mushroom ) and valuable Chinese medicines such as shellfish and cordyceps. Native specialties are cow and sheep skins and so on. The ancient monument Zhuokeji Tusi official fortress is listed as a national key cultural relics protection unit by China.
Administrative divisions
In 2000, Malcolm County governed 1 township and 13 townships: Malcolm Township, Zhuo Keji Township, Suomo Township, Songgang Township, Baiwan Township, Dangba Township, Mulzong Township, Foot Mushu Township, Shalzong Township, Dazang Township, Longerjia Township, Cao Deng Township, Kanshan Township, and Ribe Township. [font color=#669900]According to the fifth census data:[/font] the county's total population of 55,046, of which the population of the townships (people): Malcolm Township 25337 Zhuo Keji Township 1281 Soma Township 2515 Songgang Township 2282 Baiwan Township 2815 Dangba Township 2733 Mulzong Township 1313 Foot Muzu Township 3602 Shalzong Township 2234 Long'erjia Township 1897 Dazang Township 1109 Kangshan Township 1718 Caodeng Township 3194 Ribe Township 3016[font color=#f7f7f7][/font]
In 2004, Malcolm County governed 3 townships (Malcolm, Zhuo Keji, and Songgang), and 11 townships (Suo Ma, Baiwan, Dangba, Mulzong, Gongmu Fu, Sharzong, Long'erjia, Dazang, Khamsan, Cao Deng, and Ribe).
Geography
Located in the central part of the Autonomous Prefecture. East and Hongyuan, Li County border, south and Jinchuan, Xiaojin neighboring, west and bordering Yantang, north and Hongyuan, Aba connected. Geographic coordinates, north latitude 30 ° 35 '~ 32 ° 24', east longitude 101 ° 17 '~ 102 ° 41'. It is 134 kilometers long from east to west and 90 kilometers wide from north to south, with an area of 6632.73 square kilometers. Located in the northwest of the Sichuan Basin, east of the Tibetan Plateau, Qionglai Mountains, the northern section of the plateau canyon area.
The terrain is irregularly rectangular, and the terrain gradually decreases from northeast to southwest. Located in the north-east oriented Longmen Mountain, north-west oriented Freshwater River Fracture Zone and the intersection of the Songpan Massif. The geological structure is complicated, and the strata are mostly sandstone, slate and metamorphic rock of the San Diei system. The highest peak in the territory reaches about 5,000 meters above sea level, and the lowest valley is about 2,300 meters above sea level.
Mountains and ridges, ravines and valleys are steep, Sokuma River from the eastern part of the county entry, in the hot foot and foot Muzu River confluence, the territory of the flow length of 91 kilometers. Tea Castle River originated in the northern part of the Stud nuclear mill township Dazhengping, from east to west in the Longtou摊confluence with the foot Muzu River, 67 kilometers long. Foot and foot of the river (Maerqu River and the grass and the river) originated in Qinghai Province, Banma County territory, from Aba County into the northwest territory, in the Kerin and the Duke River confluence after the party dam into the Jinchuan County, the territory of the flow length of 124 kilometers.
The region is a plateau continental monsoon climate, the main climatic features are: dry and rainy seasons are obvious, the four seasons are not clear, most of the region without summer, abundant sunshine, temperature difference is large, dry season windy days. The average annual temperature is 8~9°C, annual rainfall is about 753 millimeters, sunshine reaches more than 1500 hours, and the absolute frost-free period is about 120 days. The soil is mainly mountain gray-brown soil, mountain brown loam, mountain brown soil, mountain brown brown soil, mountain brown brown soil, mountain alpine meadow soil and so on.
History
Anciently, it was the land of Ranlong. In the Qin Dynasty, it was under the jurisdiction of the Dai Di Dao. In the two Han Dynasty, it was part of the Wenshan County. Tang, Song had belonged to the _ Mi 32 states. The first is the "Tubo", which is a part of the Tubo Xuanwu Division. Ming Yongle years belongs to miscellaneous Valley Pacification Division. Qing dynasty qianlong time belongs to li fan directly under the hall, jiaqing time belongs to miscellaneous valley directly under the hall. In the Republic of China, it belonged to Lifan County (Li County).
December 1950, Mao County Commissioner's Office sent a working group into the four soil area (Malcolm County territory of the original Department of the Stud Studs part of the territory and Zhuo Keji, Songgang, party dam under the jurisdiction of the Department of the soil, so there is a "four soil area" of the name), set up the four soil and Choushijia area of the Provisional Working Committee. 1951 in August, the four soil In August 1951, the four areas declared peaceful liberation, in September set up the four soil Aba Chos A temporary military and political committee.
April 1953, by the State Council approved the establishment of the Sichuan Province Tibetan Autonomous Region Malcolm Office. 1956 April State Council approved the formal establishment of Malcolm County. 1990 end, the county jurisdiction of 1 townships, 13 townships, 104 villages, 230 villagers group. The county people's government is located in Malcolm town. Malcolm Town is also the state people's government, 395 kilometers from the provincial capital of Chengdu.
County name origin: because the resident has "Malcolm" temple and named. It means "fire is flourishing", which is extended to "prosperous place".
Population: 1990 the end of the population of 58,049 people. Of which 22,691 urban people, the rural population of 35,358 people, the birth rate of 15.11%. The birth rate was 15.11 percent, and the natural growth rate was 8.12 percent.
Ethnicity: the county is a Tibetan settlement, mainly inhabited by the Jiajung Tibetan. JiaZhong system "JiaMo chaZhong puddle velvet" short, meaning that live in the JiaMo Murdoch mountain around the climate of the mild river valley area residents. Of the total population, 63% are Tibetans, 34% are Han Chinese, and 3% are other nationalities.
Economy
The territory is rich in natural resources. The high mountain valleys are densely forested, with a woodland area of more than 168,000 hectares and a standing forest stock of 643,000 cubic meters. The main species are fir, spruce, larch, and birch, alpine oak and so on. Alpine forests are inhabited by state-level protected animals such as leopard, white-lipped deer, sika deer and takin antelope, as well as state-level rare birds.
The rivers in the territory are rapid, lakes are listed, there are rich water resources. The four big rivers with abundant water contain huge water energy. The theoretical reserves of stream and river water energy in the county amount to more than 2.4 million kilowatts, and the developable amount reaches more than 700,000 kilowatts.
The alpine meadows with abundant water and grass account for 15.8% of the total area of the county, which are natural pastures suitable for animal husbandry production. Before liberation, mixed herd grazing, livestock degradation, epidemic, greatly restricting the development of livestock production. After the liberation, to strengthen the pasture construction, the introduction of good animal breeds, the establishment of veterinary outlets, the promotion of science and technology, animal husbandry production has been a relatively rapid development. 1990 the end of the pasture stock 146,000 head of cattle, sheep 5,689, the value of 2.81 million yuan of goods.
There are 76,149 acres of arable land, mainly distributed in the river valley and high semi-mountainous areas. Produce wheat, beans, barley, corn, taro and so on. Before liberation, in a feudal serf society, backward agricultural and livestock production, low productivity, land multiple opium, a small amount of land planting food is also a wide range of thin harvest, mu yield of only 50 kilograms or so, a serious shortage of food. After liberation, after the democratic reform, overthrew the feudal serfdom system, emancipated the productive forces, promote the application of agricultural science and technology, improve the production conditions, promote the development of agricultural production. 1990 the end of the year, the renovation of five canals, irrigation area of more than 1,330 acres, the construction of human and animal drinking water projects in 31 places. Solved the problem of drinking water for farmers and herdsmen. The county has 687 tractors, agricultural vehicles, bulldozers 194 (Taiwan), a variety of supporting farm equipment 2537 units. In 1990, the grain output was 199 kilograms per mu, and the total output reached more than 14,718,700 kilograms, an increase of more than 4.2 times that of the 3.5 million kilograms at the beginning of the liberation. Rural per capita food 457 public hall, per capita net income of 599 yuan. Economic forestry development faster and faster, in 1990 there were 280,000 apples, peppers 65-40,000 plants, walnuts 49,000 plants, Sydney 22,700 plants. Fruit production amounted to 1222.95 tons, walnuts and other dried fruit production of 105 tons.
Society
Before the liberation, there were only very few handicraft artisans in the territory, and the industry was almost equal to zero. After the liberation, the industry gradually developed from scratch, the establishment of food, matches, sewing, electricity, forest industry, mining, chemical, building materials, wood processing, printing, leather and other industrial enterprises, the production of lithium alloy concentrates, alluvial gold, matches, furniture, folk supplies and other products. There are 25 state-run enterprises, 11 collective enterprises, 7 township enterprises, the total industrial output value of 10,728,100 yuan, of which the total output value of township enterprises 2.63 million yuan.
Before the liberation, the transportation is closed, there is not an inch of highway, there are only circling in the mountains and mountains of the goat path and the outside world to communicate. The ruggedness of the mountain roads seriously hindered the development of social economy. After the liberation of the construction of highways, the traffic situation has greatly improved. Brush (through the temple) Furnace (Huo) highway crosses the east and west, is the territory of the traffic artery; Zhuo (Keji) small (Jin) highway and the southeast of the small Jin County connected. Malcolm Forestry Bureau, Longer Jia Forestry Bureau, Yantang Forestry Bureau in the territory of the construction of forest roads to communicate with the western and northern areas of the traffic, rural construction of mechanized roads and highways connected to the trunk line, the basic formation of the transportation network. 1990 the end of the county, there are 20 four-level highway, 27 simple highway, forest roads 7, the vehicle mileage of 672.83 kilometers. Chengdu, the provincial capital, can be reached in one day by automobile. There are direct passenger buses to all counties in the state. Freight turnover of 60.78 tons of kilometers, passenger turnover reached 614.53 passenger kilometers.
Before the liberation, there was no postal and telecommunication communication in the territory, and the Tusi and the headman contacted with the outside world, relying on manpower to send letters on foot. After the liberation, the rapid development of post and telecommunications communications. 1990, the establishment of post and telecommunications branch 9, 31 post and telecommunications outlets, 439 kilometers of postal routes, the county villages and cottages are postal; there are two sets of medium-range carrier three-way equipment, telephone exchanges 4, telephone exchange capacity of 110, the volume of agricultural telephone business of 157,000 yuan, the telephone pivot line of 187 lines of the line on the kilometer; the city of the telephone exchange capacity of 2,000; user 1458 households; carrier telephone circuits, long-distance calls, direct-dialing telephone opened, can talk to all parts of the country, can also talk to foreign countries. Has formed a statewide equipment hub radiation center, Wenchuan for the auxiliary center of the post and telecommunications communications network.
Republic of China 27 years (1938) around, "four soil" and the nearby areas began to plant poppy, opium production rose year after year, Malcolm area formed a variety of grain brain, big and small Jinchuan, Choshi A and other places of opium smoke distribution market. The traders in Gansu, Qinghai and Sichuan exchanged guns, ammunition, grain, oil, tea, cloth and daily necessities in the area. Before liberation, the Malcolm area became a distribution market with abnormal economic development. After the liberation, the people's government banned the production of opium, the healthy development of national commerce and trade; in 1951, the territory established a trade store, the rapid development of local commerce. Commercial, supply and marketing outlets throughout the urban and rural areas, greatly facilitating the production and living needs of the people of all ethnic groups, and promoting the development of the urban and rural economy. 1990, the pure domestic purchases amounted to 1,599,600 yuan, of which agricultural and sideline products purchases amounted to 57,400 yuan. Pure domestic sales amounted to 10,593,800 yuan, and the retail sales of social commodities amounted to 43.67 million yuan.
Before the liberation, the county economy is very backward, after the liberation of the rapid development. 1954 financial income of only 23,000 yuan, in 1990 reached 4.32 million yuan, is 1954 187.8 times.
The natural landscape and religious attractions in the territory are precious tourism resources. Cao Deng Township Baoyan hot water pond water temperature moderate, containing a variety of minerals, skin diseases, arthritis, etc. have good therapeutic effect. Zhuo Keji township of white Norzap Department 120O years ago Nyingmapai great interpreter eight Gore - white Norzana - static seat of the natural caverns, in the Tibetan area is quite famous. Songgang township of straight wave ancient watchtower and idyllic Tibetan villages, is a provincial cultural relics protection units. Zhuo Keji Tusi official fortress, architectural wonders, is a national key cultural relics protection units. Foot wooden foot white credit temple is the Red Army during the Long March held "Zhuo Mu Diaoyuan" site. Exquisite architecture, carved beams and paintings of the Kusadeng Temple is a group of temple buildings, for the state-level key cultural relics protection units.
Culture: liberation 40 years, the rapid development of cultural undertakings, cultural and entertainment facilities throughout the urban and rural areas. Gradually established the state, county-owned cultural centers, libraries, radio, television relay stations (stations), management offices, stadiums, amateur sports schools, singing and dancing troupes, Xinhua Bookstore, film companies, movie theaters, mass cultural stations, etc., to promote the construction of spiritual civilization, and enriched the cultural life of the people of all ethnic groups.
Before the liberation, the territory only in the area around the Soma River, there are a few private schools and a very small scale of the national school. After liberation, the people's government attaches importance to education, school, the rapid development of educational undertakings. 1990, the county has 2 kindergartens, 425 children enrolled in the park, there are 57 staff members; 93 elementary school, 4774 students; there is a complete secondary school, national boarding junior high school 1, elementary school cap junior high school 1, 1,195 students; there is the state of the Malcolm National Teacher Training School, 1, Aba Prefecture 1 health school.
Before liberation, there is no medical and health institutions in the territory, only foreign travelers and a few Tibetan doctors. People can't get medical treatment, most of the people ask God, chanting, in order to seek divine blessing, disaster-free less disease, the result is epidemic, the gods do not show, can't fight death, seriously jeopardize people's health. After the liberation, the rapid establishment of medical and health institutions, and the gradual development. 1990, the county built epidemic prevention stations, maternal and child health stations, people's hospitals, district and township health clinics and other medical and health institutions, individual medical stations, cooperative medical stations have also been established. The county had 370 hospital beds and 753 health technicians. Endemic diseases and epidemics have been effectively treated and controlled, and rural medical and healthcare networks have been basically formed, and the health of the people has been greatly improved.
Before liberation, there were no scientific and technical personnel to speak of. After the liberation, the scientific and cultural undertakings have been greatly developed. in the past 40 years, it has cultivated a scientific and technological personnel and scientific and technological cadres of all races in a complete range of disciplines. by 1990, there were 1,009 professional and technological personnel of various types, including 7 senior titles, 139 intermediate titles, 863 junior titles.
Resource Situation
Hydraulic Energy Resources. Malcolm County area dendritic water network is dense (*** there are 3 rivers and 69 streams), streams and rivers are highly developed, deep valleys, fast-flowing water, large drop, wide watersheds, water energy resources are extremely rich. Theoretical reserves of hydro energy amounted to 7.2 million kilowatts, and now according to the reservoir regulating development, the amount of development can be doubled, only the main rivers within the foot of the Wood River according to the reservoir type of gradient development of hydro energy resources up to 3.2 million kilowatts or so.
Mineral resources. With superior geological conditions for mineralization, the main mines are lithium, silicon, tantalum, niobium, gold, aluminum, zinc, lead, titanium and other 17 varieties. Among them, the lithium ore reserves of 2.31 million tons; silicon ore more than 250 million tons, grade as high as 99.2%. There are also non-metallic minerals such as marble, granite and quartzite.
Agricultural resources. Malcolm County is a half-farming half-pastoral highland mountain line, arable land area of 48,000 acres, pasture area of 4.27 million acres, the county's pasture theoretical livestock capacity of 220,000 (only), the stock has reached 155,000 (only); the main food crops are corn, wheat, barley, taro, etc.; the main economic forests are apples, peppercorns, walnuts, pears, etc.; the main livestock are yaks, goats, sheep, pigs; there are the world's largest There is also the world's largest test farm for raising roe deer, and the scale of ecological roe deer raising reaches more than 700.
Forestry resources. Malcolm County forest coverage rate of 52.26%, forest and grass coverage rate of 95.32%, standing wood volume of 40.29 million cubic meters. Natural sequoia resources are abundant. In the dense forest, inhabited by red pandas, golden monkeys, wrinkled antelope, deer, deer, bears and other seventy-three rare wild animals; parasitic matsutake mushroom, more than ten kinds of wild mushrooms, such as mongolus, more than 10 kinds of mushrooms; growth of dulcimer, ginseng, shellfish, cordyceps and other more than 270 kinds of valuable medicinal materials, known as the "Western Sichuan medicine mountain".
Tourism resources. Malcolm County, the territory of national key cultural relics protection unit Zhuo Keji Tusi official fortress, straight wave towers. And because it is located in the heart of the Tibetan nation Jiazhong region, after a long period of ethnic integration, formed a distinctive Jiazhong Tibetan customs. Unique stone for the house building tradition and "Qiongcang" style of construction, a long history of Tibetan opera art, distinctive food culture, colorful Jiajiu costumes, magnificent pot Zhuang dance, well-made, unique folk crafts, mysterious Dazang Temple, exquisite thangka paintings and excellent ghee flowers, and so on, let a person to linger! It is a tourist attraction in Aba Prefecture featuring the folklore of Gyaltsen. The beautiful alpine canyon scenery, both with the majestic beauty of the snow-capped mountains, but also the river valley spring flowers, summer rich, colorful autumn, winter rugged. Cuckoo, red leaves, hanging ice, flowing beads, the Malcolm's spring, summer, autumn and winter depicted splendid and colorful, sacred caves, castles, ancient petroglyphs, Tusi fortress Malcolm's magical story interpretation of the remote and mysterious, the strange stones, strange trees, rock springs, waterfalls more Malcolm's infinite charm.
On December 3, 2020, the Sichuan Provincial Office of Spiritual Civilization Construction announced the list of selected cities for the fifth Sichuan Provincial Civilized Cities, and Markham was on the list.
In June 2020, Malcolm City was included in the list of the second batch of revolutionary cultural relics protection and utilization area districts and counties (Long March Area (Red First Front Army), Long March Area (Red Fourth Front Army)).
On December 9, 2019, the National People's Committee named Malcolm City as the seventh batch of national national unity and progress demonstration areas.
On February 21, 2017, Malcolm City was on the list of 2016 National Basic Balanced Counties (Cities and Districts) for Compulsory Education Development.
In July 2016, Malcolm City was honored with the title of 2016 National Model City (County) of Double Embrace.
On January 23, 2009, Malcolm City was on the list of the second national civilized villages and towns.