History of the invention
Zipper is also known as zipper. It is one of the top ten inventions that facilitate people's lives in modern times.
The appearance of zipper is a century ago. At that time, in some places in central Europe, people attempted to replace buttons and bows by means of bands, hooks and loops, and began to carry out experiments to develop zippers. Zippers were first used in military uniforms. In World War I, the U.S. Army first ordered a large number of zippers for soldiers to make clothing. But the promotion of zipper in the civilian population is relatively late, until 1930 was accepted by the women, used to replace the buttons of the garment.
The zipper acquired its current name in 1926. A novelist named Franco, at a luncheon for business and industry promoting a sample zipper, reportedly said, "One pull, and it opens! One more pull and it closes!" A very succinct description of a zipper. This is how the word zipper came about.
The invention of the zipper prototype, initially from people wearing boots. In the middle of the nineteenth century, boots were very popular, especially suitable for walking in the mud or horse feces on the road, but the disadvantage is that boots hooked buttons up to more than 20, extremely time-consuming to put on and take off. This disadvantage cost the inventor a lot of headaches and the sponsor a lot of money and patience. In order to avoid the trouble of putting on and taking off the boots, people even put up with wearing the boots for a whole day without taking them off. Finally in 1851, the Americans Alice Howe (Elias Howe) applied for a patent similar to the zipper design, but not commercialized, and even forgotten for half a century.
In 1893 (said 1883), an American engineer named Judson (Kuwaiti), developed a "slide's no tightening device", and received a patent, which is the original prototype of the zipper. The appearance of this device had an impact on the button hooks used on high boots. However, this invention did not catch on quickly, mainly because the quality of this early locking device was not up to scratch, and was prone to loosening at inappropriate times and places, making people embarrassed.
In 1913, the Swede Sandbak improved this crude locking device and turned it into a reliable commodity. The method he used was to attach metal locking teeth to a flexible shaft. This type of zipper works by having each tooth be a small hook that matches an eyelet under a small tooth on another strip next to and opposite it. This type of zipper is strong and can only be pulled apart when the slider slides to open the teeth.
The turnaround came in the 1890s, when Whitcomb L. Judson, a mechanical engineer from Chicago, came up with the idea of using a slider-device to nestle and separate two rows of buckles (the principle is very similar to that of a zipper, but the term zipper [ zipper] was a term that did not appear until about 30 years later). Judson's invention was fortunate to have the financial backing of Lewis Walker, a Pennsylvania attorney. Walker was highly interested in Judson's new design.
During World War I, when the U.S. economy was in the doldrums, with steel at five cents a pound and workers earning six dollars a week, the company was downsized to just Sembeck and one other person, Sembeck, who was both a manager and an engineer. The company was experiencing unprecedented financial difficulties, and in order to pay back the thousands of dollars owed to Wakabayashi, who supplied the steel wire, Sembeck had to repair a machine to make paper clips to make money. Fortunately, sponsors were always on hand, and James O'Neill, the father of playwrights, who was touring The Count of Monte Cristo, was very interested in Sembeck's pull-tab zippers.
Although his career took a turn for the better, Sembeck suffered a personal blow when his wife died in childbirth. Sambeck was saddened, but more dedicated to improving the zipper. 1913, he applied for a patent again, the patent license was approved in 1917 (Patent No. 1219881). Walker called the patent the "hidden hook" (hidden hook) and was optimistic about the future. Walker renamed the company "Hookless Fastener Company" (Hookless Fastener Company) and moved the factory to Meadville.
Sembeck further improved the Hookless Fastener by making the teeth spoon-shaped, with a convex tip and a concave end, and a sliding device that allows the left and right "teeth" to fit together and then slide back to separate, known as the "Hookless No. 2", and In 1913, he officially announced that this technology had been broken through. In 1913, he officially announced the breakthrough, and Science America featured Sembeck's patent as its cover story.
Six months later, Sembeck was ready to mass-produce the button, and the Hookless II was ready for market.
Walker's second son also spent eight years working on improvements to the hookless button. Josephine Calhoun of Florida patented a similar safety zipper in 1907. That same year, Frank Canfielt of Colorado also applied for a patent. The inventors who worked on this were not only in the United States, where the closest to Sembeck's final product were the patents of Katharina Kuhn-Moos of Zurich and Henri Forster in 1912, although neither became a commercial product like the Hookless II.
Market demand makes or breaks a product. The Hookless II did not have many orders at first. Pittsburgh's Mcreery (Mcreery) department store that hookless two is very suitable for use in dresses and suits, requiring manufacturers to use hookless two, but not many imitators, do not dare to risk the use of new products. Sembeck continued to improve the performance of the zipper to meet the demand in order to gain customers.
The factory in Medeville became so skilled that it made 1,630 hookless No. 2s a day with no defects, resulting in an increasing number of orders. The First World War also brought new opportunities for new products, the military's money belt to increase the demand for hookless two; air force flight suit hookless two not only saves material, but also better windproof effect; Navy life jackets also use hookless two. The government then allocated special metal materials for production.
Although the hookless number two proved to be useful, it was not popularized because of its high price. Understanding this, Sembeck worked to reduce the cost of production and improve manufacturing efficiency. He invented the S-L machine to reduce unnecessary waste of materials in the production process, as long as the original 41℅ of the raw materials can be. After reducing production costs, the application of the first product is Laktite (Locktite) tobacco bags, the results of the sales are quite successful, the end of 1921, the tobacco company needs an unprecedented number of hookless two per week. To accommodate the high demand, the Hookless Button Company added a new factory.
In 1921, B.F. Goodrich Company of Ohio ordered a small quantity of hookless buttons for their rubber overshoes. After trying the product and finding it to be effective, they ordered large quantities and informed Hookless of the shortcomings they found. The company improved the product and introduced the Mystery Boot, which featured a single pull to put on or take off.
The marketing staff was not satisfied with the name Mystery Boot, and wanted to find a name that better showed its characteristics, the manager of a moment of inspiration, thought of "Zip" this onomatopoeia - the sound of objects moving quickly, and renamed the Mystery Boot as Zipper (). The year was 1923, and "Zipper" - "zipper" - became the generic name for all similar hookless buttons. Sadly, Judson died in 1909 without ever having heard the term "zipper" or seen his invention successfully popularized in the world.
That winter, Howe sold nearly half a million pairs of zipper boots, and in the mid-twenties was buying at least a million zippers a year from the Hookless Button Company, which felt that the word "hookless" had a negative association and that the word "zipper" was a good choice for the Hoofer Company. The term "zipper" was coined by Howe & Fuchs, so they came up with the term "Eagle Claw" (Talon), and the company changed its name to Eagle Claw in 1937.
Before 1930, the hookless button company could sell 20 million "Eagle Claw" every year, from pen cases to motorcycle hoods. But the garment industry remained on the sidelines. By the mid-1930s, costume designer Elsa Schiaparelli was the first to adopt the Eagle Claw in such large numbers that the New Yorker described the 1935 Spring Fashion Show as "draped with zippers! ". Only thereafter did the ready-to-wear industry gradually adopt zippers.
The manufacturing technology of zippers gradually spread around the world with the circulation of products. European countries such as Switzerland and Germany, and Asian countries such as Japan and China started to establish zipper production workshops.
In 1917, zippers were introduced to Japan, at that time, due to the scarcity of zippers, they could only be used as jewelry for dignitaries to show off their status. 1927, at the beginning of the Showa period in Japan, the people of Onomichi, Hiroshima County, began to manufacture zippers, and began to sell them under the trademark of "Jig Brand". At that time, zippers were known for their strength and durability, so "jig" became synonymous with zippers. To this day, the Japanese still refer to "zipper" as "jig".
In 1932, Japan began making zippers by hand in large quantities. As machines such as the eccentric manual press, which was very advanced at the time, were developed, zippers were mass-produced, prices gradually dropped, and zippers began to be used in the apparel and luggage industries, making the industry outlook very active.
In 1934, zipper products from Shanghai, Hong Kong, and the United States began to be exported in large quantities. On January 1, 1934, "Sanshoukai", the predecessor of Nippon Yoshida Kogyo, was established.
After 1937, zippers from North America and Central and South America were sold in large quantities. Zippers finally appeared as a new industry, and likewise, zippers became an important player in Japanese industry. However, the Pacific War broke out in 1941, and Japan finally became a defeated country. The war brought a devastating blow to the Japanese domestic industries, including the zipper industry, and at that time, except for a part of the military zipper industry who stayed, almost all other workshops were forced to change their business or abolish their business.
After the war in 1946, the demand for zippers increased rapidly due to the influence of the U.S. troops stationed in Japan at that time. However, the great trauma brought by the war made the Japanese zipper industry unable to cope with the demand in the short term. The shortcomings of "Japanese manufacturing method" and handicraft manufacturing were exposed. At that time, it created a bad image of "easy to break zippers" made in Japan.
In 1950, Japan's "Yoshida Kogyo Co., Ltd." imported an automatic chain tooth machine, the first step into mechanized production. Following the invention of the company's automatic press, the development of successful. This not only solved the shortcomings of manufacturing in the past, but also reformed the manufacturing process to the production process, which led to the progress of the entire zipper industry in Japan. (Yoshida Co., Ltd. of Japan, product name YKK, in the domestic Ikuti, Kurobe, Koshiko, Tohoku, Shikoku, and Kyushu and so on six places with a factory, in more than forty countries and regions overseas set up factories) In 1951, Japan's own manufacture of 30 sets of chain tooth manufacturing machine put into use, and finally completed so that the industry is unrivaled in the modernization of the factory equipment.
Almost at the same time as the development of Japan's zipper industry, some European countries, such as Switzerland, Germany and other zippers are also developing. In the thirties, the Swiss Optilon company was founded and headquartered in Zug, Switzerland. Over the past decades, the company has taken "comfort" and "quality" as the first element, constantly improved its design, and through technical cooperation with more than 30 foreign companies, new varieties of zippers keep appearing, and it has set up enterprises and factories all over the world, and has become a leading manufacturer of zippers in the world, together with the Tyrone Zipper Co. It has established enterprises and factories all over the world and become a world-class zipper enterprise as famous as Tyrone Zipper Company of the United States and Yoshida Corporation of Japan.
In 1953, Germany launched the first zipper made of plastic as raw material, which created the precedent of non-metallic zippers.
China's zipper production was introduced to Shanghai from Japan in 1930. At that time, in Houjia Road in Shanghai city, Wang Hexing started the first zipper factory in China, later, Wu Xiangxin opened another zipper factory, and in 1933, he founded Shanghai Samsung (i.e. Huaguang) Zipper Factory.
In 1949, there were more than 20 small and medium-sized zipper enterprises in China, with about 1,000 people working in them. They were mainly operated by hand with simple equipment.
In 1958, Shanghai Sanshing Zipper Factory introduced the German automatic rice machine and carried out technical reforms, which increased the speed of the automatic rice machine from 1,440 revolutions per minute to 3,000 revolutions per minute, equivalent to 230 times of the manual operation; the production of slider was reformed from single-head punching to twelve-channel one-time molding, which increased the production efficiency by more than 50 times; and the post-processing equipment such as smoothing, brushing, tape washing, waxing, banding and shuttleless weaving machines were highly efficient. The reform of high-efficiency special equipments, such as shuttle loom, etc., was successful; the promotion of the use of aluminum-magnesium alloy liquid wire drawing, cemented carbide sintering into a whole mold and other new processes and technologies realized the first technological revolution in China's zipper industry.
1958 Invisible zipper (CONCEAL) began to sell.
1959 The Grand (L type) started to sell.
1961 Delrin resin zipper injection molding machine was introduced, and Delrin resin zippers were sold.
1963 EFJON double-bone zippers were introduced.
1971 Knitted fabric tape BEULON zipper began to sell.
1974 Beijing introduced Swiss nylon zipper (horizontal) production equipment; with the introduction of Tianjin and France produced eight polyester zipper production equipment; soon domestic such as Shanghai, Zhejiang, Hubei, Guangdong, and other places have introduced Germany, Japan, Taiwan and other countries and regions of the non-metallic zipper equipment, non-metallic zipper began to develop in China.
In 1978, zippers for fishing nets began to be sold.
1979 Resin zipper VISLON with wings started to sell.
1985 Watertight and airtight zippers began to be sold.
In 1988, JOYLONR track zipper was launched.
1989 Ion plating zippers start selling.
1991 Injection molded QUICKLON zippers start selling.
1992EVER BRIGHT, VISLON heat transfer zippers, and injection molding (die-cast type zippers) started sales.
1993Q meshe (QUICKLON), Q mate (paired QUICKLON), and Q touch (curtain track QUICKLON) start sales.
1994 Wide mold casting QUICKLON (continuous injection molding), Dali started sales. Sales began. On August 1, "Nippon Yoshida Co., Ltd." changed its name to "YKK".
Since 1980, especially after 1995, China's zipper production has been developing at an unprecedented speed, and a large number of new private zipper enterprises have emerged and expanded their scale. The number of zipper products has been increasing, at present, the world's three major types of zippers, all varieties and specifications can basically be produced. 1999 China's zipper production achieved the first historic leap, the output exceeded 10 billion meters, and it became the world's largest producer of zippers.
Show zipper
Judson in 1893 in Chicago, Columbia World's Fair to show his new invention, it will be made in the shoes, directly on their feet (patent application date August 29, 1893, Patent No. 504038). Walker was extremely impressed by this invention, and the two formed a partnership in 1894 to create the Universal Fastener Company (Universal Fastener Company), which was patented again in 1896. However, the product was a bit bulky and not favored by manufacturers. The product was later adapted for use in pouches, but only 20 pouches were in use by the end of 1897. Walker applied the design to military shoes, earning him the nickname "Colonel Walker".
Improving the design
Judson continued to improve the design of his products to accommodate the tights. He exhausted his efforts and kept coming up with new inventions, but each advancement brought more new problems and cost a lot of money. Walker, the partner, once depicted the grueling nature of the invention by saying that he discovered more problems than he solved in the process.
In 1901, Judson patented a machine to connect the teeth of a row of zippers. But the machine was too complicated to use, so the Global Slide Button Company languished for a while. In 1904, the company changed its name to the Automatic Hook and Eye Company, and named its product Safety (C-Hook). In 1904, the company changed its name to Automatic Hook and Eye Company, and named the product security (C-curity), taking the advantage that the convex zipper would not be easily loosened, but the zipper was still often violently open or stuck, and eventually had to remove the entire zipper from the clothes.
The shortcomings of Judson's design were later addressed by Otto Frederick Gideon Sundback, a Swede born in 1880. Interested in mechanics from an early age, Sundback studied in Germany, and after earning a degree in electrical engineering in 1903 returned to serve in the U.S. before immigrating to the United States. At first, he worked for Siemens in Pittsburgh, but due to the close proximity of his workplace to Pennsylvania, where the shareholders of the Automatic Hook and Loop Button Company, which produced safety zippers, lived, and because of geographic ties and the fact that Sundback did not get along with his bosses at Siemens, he moved on to the factory site of the Automatic Hook and Loop Button Company in Hoboken, New Jersey.
Sembeck began researching improvements to the zipper in 1908, and worked day and night to find a way to make the teeth of the zipper fit together to prevent it from being ripped open, and renamed the safety zipper the Plako zipper (patented in 1913 under patent number 1060378, which is considered an important milestone in the introduction of the zipper). However, Sembeck's dream was not realized, and the new product still had shortcomings, with many consumers writing to complain.
Editorials
3# Invisible Zipper
Combined width 4.15+0.03 Single width 2.65±0.03 Thickness 2.10±0.05mm
Electroplated slider: Mouth Width 4.4mm Mouth Height 1.9mm
Baked enameled slider: Mouth width 4.35mm Mouth height 1.85mm
Ordinary tape is suitable for thick fabrics; lace tape is suitable for thin fabrics.
Ordinary top stop: Advantage: high output (adjustable speed); Disadvantage: top stop sometimes can't be pulled to the root
U-shape top stop: Advantage: top stop can be pulled to the root, suitable for garments that require to be pulled to the root; Disadvantage: low production capacity, 4,000 strips/8 hours.
Factors that easily lead to defective 3# invisible zippers: big knife bend; slightly open mic teeth at the closing part when fixing the inch, which causes the lower stop welding not in place, and even the upper stop reveals the mic teeth, which makes the upper stop easy to fall off; the tape head is long and short; there is no insurance for the pull head after baking varnish.
3# nylon zipper
Combined width 4.15±0.05, single width 2.65±0.03, thickness 2.00±0.05mm
Slider mouth height: 2.05-2.15, slider mouth width: 4.2-4.25
Closed end: when fixing the inch, there is no need to divide into high and low mimic, so it can be adjusted to the head to open it; the lower stop is sometimes loose, and it is easy to have a drawing. The looseness of the cloth edge weft density is easy to appear silk phenomenon, affecting the beauty, it is best to stop the width range of the cloth tape pattern using a one-on-one weaving method, so that the lower stop penetrate the cloth tape is not easy to draw silk; the upper stop position must be to ensure that the flush, the front head of the tape 2.2mm, the back head of the tape 1.8mm, the front and back of the injection molding code tape to ensure that the head of the tape 4.0mm.
Open end: the fixed-inch selection of the teeth is more difficult, due to the tooth spacing is relatively small (1.2mm), so it is best to Selected fixed yardage, right insert left high right low, need to manually repair the microphone, supersonic half a microphone pressure to the root, both sides of the band shin distribution is even, and the face of the line is not constant, perforated cloth foot length of about 8mm, the pressure of the square pin when pulling the speed should not be too fast, both sides of the force is even and pull in place, the pressure organ must be slow to play a role in this way the mold is not easy to be damaged, the pressure is converted from high-pressure to low-pressure, for the slow closure of the mold, and then high-pressure action pressure is converted from low-pressure to High-pressure, high-pressure clamping, two inductive switch difference of about 20mm can be, due to the 3 # nylon thickness is thin, so the inductive switch action difference is small, the adjustment of the inductive switch position requirements are higher, the specific adjustment method: when the zipper idle inductive switch light, go to the zipper mimic teeth higher part of the inductive lever action, inductive switch light off, fishing needle down, hooked patch cloth with mimic teeth in place of the hole in the punch down.
Factors that can easily lead to defective 3# nylon zipper: due to yardage reasons, the surface line is easy to break when setting the inch, the ultrasonic half of the microphone is not pressed to death, causing the pressure to open the tail and pull it out of place.
Note: 3 # nylon open end need to accompany the open end puller, such as code installation is normal, the top stop can be injection molding.
5 # nylon zipper
Slider mouth height: 2.9-3.0 mouth width: 6.5-6.6 combined width: 6.45 ± 0.05 single width: 4.15 ± 0.05 thickness: 2.70 ± 0.05
Ordinary open-end: the fixed-inch selection of teeth should be adjusted at any time according to the different yardage (due to changes in tooth spacing) to ensure that the right insertion of the left high and the right low, and the left insertion of the opposite. Supersonic half-grain microphone pressure to the root, the position of the tape should be flush, to ensure that the pin square pinhole punch to the end, perforated cloth foot length of about 9.5mm, to ensure that the pin square mounted to the root, the pin punch needle penetration in the Bureau, the square with the tibia side to clamp firmly, and the punch needle penetration in the Bureau.
Maintenance of the folding mold must pay attention to the lower mold slope, that is, the right insert the left high right low, the left insert and vice versa, and to carry out a strong test, qualified before production.
Factors prone to defective products: due to open the cloth foot is too short or too long, respectively, resulting in insufficient strength, the pin square is not loaded to the root, resulting in the head of the square is crooked, not a good match, the strength of the standard value can not be reached, the reason for punching is too biased with the shin on the side of the outside, the punching is too deep resulting in the shin fracture.
Injection molding open end: fixed inch, the same as the supersonic, open the need to change the open mold, (Note: change the mold, pay attention to the starting position, because the mold stroke is not the same, otherwise it is easy to damage the mold), the specific adjustments can be a piece of paper into the mold, the hand disc with the wheel, the paper is just appropriate to cut down the perforated foot length of 9.5mm, the pressure of the square pins, please refer to the 3 # nylon open-end presses.
5# nylon double open-end
Fixed-inch supersonic with 5# nylon zipper, perforated cloth foot length of about 13cm, to ensure that the square pins loaded to the root of the four pinholes were centered to penetrate, the square must fall into place, or else it is easy to appear defective, separate pieces and slider to be matched, such as special slider, it is recommended that the production of large quantities of goods before trying to see if the matching, the punching needle, out of the center or separate parts of the breakage. The solution is to press the face of the punch needle in different directions.
3# resin zipper
Slider mouth height 2.6-2.7MM, mouth width 4.75-4.85 combination of width 4.55± 0.05 thickness 2.4±0.05
Closed-tailed: when pressing the upper and lower stops, the temperature, the injection delay, the holding time of the three should be adjusted appropriately, if the size of closed-tailed zippers in about 15CM, with a certain number of zippers can be used. If the size of the closed end zipper is about 15cm, it can be used when there is a certain quantity.
Open the end: fixed inch to ensure that the tape head Kiri?FONT face="Times New Roman">4.5cm, (17 grain microphone teeth), the supersonic tape pattern is clear, around the even, the position of the microphone teeth from the microphone teeth of about 1.5mm or so, to ensure that the perforation crochet hooks can be hooked firmly, and the word play through.
Adjustment of press: high pressure not more than 100kg/cm2, injection pressure 40kg/cm2, holding pressure 30kg/cm2, low pressure 10kg/cm2 or less, high pressure, holding pressure cooling time should be more than 0.1 seconds, according to the actual product (zipper model) and then adjusted.
Factors that are prone to defective products: shin exposure (the reason is whether the upper and lower mold positioning pins are broken or not, and whether they are appropriate), pin detachment (whether the injection pressure is appropriate, and whether the holding pressure and cooling time are enough), small square cloth sewing (the pressurized zipper should be cooled down and then put on the slider)
5# Resin zippers
Slider mouth height is 3.2-3.3mm, and the width of mouth is 6.05-6.15mm, and the combination width is 5.75± 0.5mm. Combination width 5.75± 0.05 thickness 2.95±0.05
Closed end: please refer to 3# resin closed end
Open end: fixed-inch guaranteed tape head 5cm (14 mice teeth), fine teeth with a tape head of 5.1cm (21 mice teeth), the supersonic tape pattern is clear and uniform left and right, the position of the mice teeth from the position of 2mm or so to ensure that the perforation of the hook and hook needle hooked firmly and the word through
p> Double open end: the position of the supersonic tape from the microphone teeth about 2.5mm, the other the same, resin zipper tape if the pressure is too deep, and then after the pressure open end, the root of the tape is easy to break.
8# Resin Zipper
Pull the head of the mouth height 4.15-4.25MM, mouth width 8-8.1 Combination of width 7.4±0.05 thickness 3.9±0.05
Open end: fixed inch row of microphone tape head 5.9-5.95 (14 grain microphone teeth), fine teeth tape head 5.55-5.6cm (23 grain microphone teeth)
10# Resin Zipper
Zipper mouth height 4.15-4.25MM, mouth width 8.9-9 Combination of width 8.2 ± 0.05 thickness 3.95 ± 0.05
Open end: fixed inch row of microphone band head 6.05-6.1 (12 grain microphone teeth), the pressure should be adjusted in the base of 5 # should be adjusted higher, the time is adjusted a little bit, to ensure that the square pins are full of polished.
3 # metal zipper
Pull the head of the mouth height 2.1-2.2MM, mouth width 4.55-4.65 combination of width 4.45 ± 0.05 thickness 1.95 ± 0.05
Closed: fixed inch after the mimi teeth must be removed after the damage to the mimi teeth, the upper and lower stops are flush and should be wrapped securely with the shin
Open: the cloth away from the mimi teeth of about 1.8mm or so to ensure that perforated crochet hooks can be hooked securely, and to ensure that the square pins are full and clean. Ensure that the perforated crochet hook can be hooked firmly, perforated cloth foot length of 8mm or so, to ensure that the pin square mounted to the root of the punch needle hole to punch to the tape and centered.
5# metal zipper
Pull the head of the mouth height 2.7-2.8MM, mouth width 6.0-6.05 combination of width 5.90±0.05 thickness 2.6±0.05
Closed: refer to the 3# metal zipper
Open: fixed inch to remove the bad microphone, patch the cloth from the microphone teeth of about 1.8mm or so to ensure that the perforation of the hook hook pin can be hooked firmly, punching the cloth foot length of 8.5mm or so, to ensure that the pin square installed to the root, punch the hole to the tape and centered. Cloth foot length of 8.5mm or so, to ensure that the pin square mounted to the root, and punch the needle hole to punch to the tape and centered.