120 pre-hospital first aid knowledge questions and answers 1, pre-hospital first aid principles
First save the dead and then treat the wounded (treat the disease), first emphasize the light, first eliminate the danger and then rescue, first save the people and then dispose of the bodies, and give priority to rescue and maintain the basic vital signs of the wounded and sick.
2, the principle of transfer, on the premise of injury permits, must be quickly sent to hospital for treatment under medical care, closely observe the changes of injury and vital signs on the way, carefully record the scene and transfer records, and properly keep them.
3, pre-hospital emergency nursing work characteristics:
(1) Sociality and randomness
(2) Time is pressing.
(3) High liquidity
(4) Poor medical emergency environment
(5) The disease is complex.
(6) Give priority to symptomatic treatment.
(7) Strong physical strength
4, the basic quality of pre-hospital emergency nurses:
(1) Ideological and psychological quality
(2) Professional and technical quality
(3) Nursing professional quality
(4) The physical quality of nurses.
5. Basic requirements of pre-hospital emergency nurses
(1) Master the basic principles and operating techniques of basic and advanced life first aid;
(2) Master the action principle, dosage and observation points of commonly used drugs.
(3) To master the etiology, pathology, symptoms and signs of common emergencies of patients in pre-hospital first aid, and skillfully cooperate with doctors to complete the symptoms.
On-site rescue work.
(4) Master the use technology of all equipment in the ambulance, such as defibrillation monitor, ventilator, electrocardiograph, etc.
(5) When performing the rescue task, you must obey the unified command, and you must not leave your post without leave to solve the patient's problems at any time.
6, nursing physical examination includes
Basic physical examinations such as looking, touching, knocking and listening, especially paying attention to observing the changes of vital signs and finding problems that can be solved by nursing methods.
7, nursing physical examination should pay attention to three clean.
Listen to the complaints of patients or others.
Ask about the details of the disease or trauma.
See clearly the symptoms, signs and local manifestations related to the chief complaint.
8, emergency care procedures mainly include
Nursing physical examination
Implement emergency nursing measures, transfer and monitor on the way.
9, acute myocardial infarction should be used to relieve pain.
morphine
10, ECG monitoring of patients with acute myocardial infarction? The first step should be taken to rescue ventricular fibrillation immediately.
Asynchronous DC defibrillation
1 1. Patients with sudden increase in blood pressure, severe headache, convulsions and coma are diagnosed as:
hypertensive encephalopathy
12, the basic reason for the shock is
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
13, the most common causes of upper gastrointestinal bleeding are:
peptic ulcer
14, uremia is the most common cause of death:
Cardiac insufficiency
15, the clinical features are:
Take a deep breath and exhale rotten apples.
16, the main cause of death of diabetes in China is
Cerebrovascular accident, coronary heart disease
17, the most common cause of cerebral hemorrhage is
hypertension
18, patients with cerebral hemorrhage have dilated pupils on both sides, and the light reflection disappears, which is common in:
Temporal sulcus hernia
19, not allowed when cerebral hernia is formed.
lumbar puncture
20, the treatment of acute cerebral hemorrhage is:
Lowering blood pressure, mannitol reducing intracranial pressure, maintaining water-electrolyte balance, and antibiotics preventing infection.
2 1, the most common cause of cerebral thrombosis is
Cerebral atherosclerosis
22, in acute cerebrovascular disease, the most common is:
Cavity embolism
23, oral acute poisoning, which of the following circumstances should not be gastric lavage.
Accidental ingestion of corrosive poisons (strong acid, strong alkali)
24, eating acute poisoning patients with gastric lavage tube to remove toxic substances in the stomach, that kind of patients can't use this method to gastric lavage, coma patients disabled.
25, rescue organophosphorus pesticide gastric lavage poisoning, atropine dosage according to the positive;
Degree and treatment response of organophosphorus pesticide poisoning;
26, the treatment of dichlorvos acute poisoning cholinesterase resurrection agent is
Double compound phosphorus
27. The best effect of phosphorus solution and phosphorus chloride on organophosphorus pesticide poisoning is that:
Parathion poisoning (1650)
28, acute carbon monoxide poisoning, the important treatment is
Oxygen therapy
29, the treatment of acute carbon monoxide poisoning is the first:
Get out of contact and move to a place with fresh air
30, upper limb bleeding application tourniquet to stop bleeding, tourniquet should be tied in:
Upper arm 1/3
3 1, severe active bleeding at the distal end of the lower limb, and a tourniquet should be tied.
Middle and lower thighs 1/3
32, limb open injury with vascular injury, use tourniquet, continuous blocking blood flow time shall not exceed 60 minutes.
33. What hemostasis method can cause acute renal failure?
Tourniquet method
34, wound hemostasis, commonly used hemostasis methods are as follows
Finger pressure to stop bleeding, pressure dressing, tourniquet to stop bleeding, padded limb flexion to stop bleeding
35. Generally, gastric lavage is the most effective within a few hours after taking poison.
4? Within 6 hours
36, rescue barbiturates poisoning caused by respiratory failure is an important measure:
Keep the respiratory tract unobstructed and artificially assist breathing.
37, for respiratory cardiac arrest caused by drowning, the first aid measures are:
Artificial respiration and chest compressions
38, the key measures to rescue massive hemoptysis asphyxia are:
Take immediate measures to relieve airway obstruction.
39, sodium nitroprusside treatment mechanism of heart failure is:
Reduce the preload and afterload of the heart.
40, patients with rapid atrial fibrillation, in the process of treatment with digitalis, the heart rate is slow and neat, the best treatment is: stop using digitalis.
4 1, the most typical symptoms of angina pectoris are
The feeling of retrosternal compression lasted for several minutes during labor.
42, acute myocardial infarction, the earliest ECG changes are
T-wave towering
43, electric injury emergency care
(1) cut off the power immediately.
(2) Carry out artificial resuscitation immediately.
(3) check the burn situation
(4) intravenous infusion
44. How to cut off the power supply after electric injury?
Turn on the wires or appliances on the patient with a wooden stick or other insulation, and turn off the main power switch.
45, limb fractures and joint injuries, accompanied by thermal burns, how to deal with alkali burns, first wash the injured limb with water, and then bandage and fix it.
46, ten thousand hand, finger or limb fracture, how to deal with?
The severed limb should be wrapped with sterile towel and put in a good plastic bag to reduce the metabolism of the severed limb. The proximal end of the severed limb should be bandaged with sterile dressing under pressure to avoid blind clamping with pliers, so as not to aggravate the neurovascular injury.
47, the use of inflatable splint, can stop bleeding and fixed, but it should be noted that:
Don't put too much pressure on it. When using upper limbs, it is best to move your hands and toes freely. Place ice cubes around or tie blood vessels.
When using lower limbs, use
48, when using splint fixation should be paid attention to
Too tight will compress the affected limb and affect the blood supply, too loose will lose its function, so the tightness is moderate, and the fixing belt can move up and down 1cm is appropriate.
49, how to deal with abdominal open wound prolapse of intestine?
When the intestinal tube comes out of the abdominal wound, it is not advisable to return to the abdominal cavity to avoid aggravating pollution. The outer intestine can be covered with a large piece of sterile dressing and fixed with a circle made of rice bowl or wide belt and bandage for protective treatment.
50. What should I do if I encounter a large abdominal trauma and a large number of intestinal tubes come out?
When a large number of bowel prolapse is difficult to protect, or the pulling affects blood pressure, or the bowel prolapse is embedded suddenly, the bowel should be sent back to the abdominal cavity and the abdominal wound should be bandaged.
5 1, how to give emergency care to open pneumothorax
(1) Half-sitting oxygen inhalation to establish venous access.
(2) Close the wound immediately and use 5? It was sealed with six layers of vaseline emery cloth, so that the open pneumothorax became a closed pneumothorax, and then it was wrapped with sterile dressing.
(3) Anti-shock therapy.
(4) During the patient's transfer to hospital, closely observe the changes of respiration, blood pressure and pulse, prevent the dressing that closes the wound from loosening and slipping, and be alert to the occurrence of tension pneumothorax.
52, tension pneumothorax emergency care
(1) Take a semi-recumbent position, and use a thick needle to quickly puncture and exhaust at the high point between the second and third ribs and the clavicle midline of the affected chest. The needle is connected with a rubber finger sleeve and cut a small mouth at its neck to make it a valve exhaust needle. Puncture and exhaust must be carried out after sealing the original mouth.
(2) Establish venous access to correct shock.
(3) Use sedative and analgesic drugs and closely observe the changes of vital signs.
(4) Quickly send the patient to the hospital under close supervision.
53. How much is hemoptysis in the chest?
haemothorax
54, moderate hemothorax condition observation:
haemothorax
55. Symptoms of massive hemothorax
Blood chest > 1500ml, with shock symptoms, accompanied by severe circulatory and respiratory dysfunction, weakened respiratory movement on the injured side, trachea shifted to the healthy side, and respiratory sounds were obviously weakened or disappeared.
56, emergency care of heart trauma
(1) establish multiple venous channels, rapidly infuse plasma substitutes or balanced solutions, and give oxygen inhalation to correct or improve the severe shock state.
(2) If there are obvious signs of pericardial tamponade, pericardiocentesis can be performed on the patient to relieve cardiac compression. (3) If the wound still has a sharp stab wound, don't pull it out at the scene to prevent massive bleeding, so that the patient will die immediately.
(4) Never drink or eat before the diagnosis of chest trauma.
(5) Every minute counts, and the patient should be sent to the hospital at once.
57. In pre-hospital first aid, what is the basis for judging the severity of craniocerebral injury?
It depends on the state of consciousness, the severity of symptoms, the depth and duration of coma and the changes of vital signs, which is of great significance to on-site rescue.
58, mild craniocerebral injury:
The patient has mild headache, dizziness, nausea and other symptoms, and the coma time is less than 30 minutes.
59, the performance of moderate craniocerebral injury:
The nervous system signs were slightly abnormal, and the vital signs changed. The coma time was within 12 hours.
60, the performance of severe craniocerebral injury:
The positive signs and vital signs of nervous system have obvious changes. /kloc-after 0/2 hours of deep coma or coma, the disturbance of consciousness gradually increases, or coma again after waking up.
6 1, subretinal hemorrhage caused by brain contusion and laceration, with pupil manifestations as follows:
Bilateral pupillary contraction
62, brain hernia pupil performance is as follows
Unilateral pupil dilation
63. Emergency nursing care of brain contusion and laceration
The patient is supine. Hold your head up a little, keep quiet and have a rest.
(2) Monitor vital signs and closely observe the changes of pupils and consciousness.
(3) Give oxygen, clear respiratory secretions in time, and keep the respiratory tract unobstructed.
(4) Open venous access and give dehydration treatment.
(5) local wound treatment, hemostasis and prevention of infection.
64. First aid for organophosphorus pesticide poisoning
(1) Move the patient out of the toxic environment.
(2) Take off toxic clothes and seal them with plastic bags.
(3) Open the venous access and give atropine, anticholinergic, cholinesterase rejuvenation agent and other drugs according to the doctor's advice.
(4) Closely observe the changes of illness and vital signs, and make detailed records.
(5) Oral poisoners should thoroughly lavage their stomachs as soon as possible to eliminate the unabsorbed poisons.
65, sleeping pills, sedative poisoning treatment
(1) induce vomiting immediately
(2) Keep airway unobstructed and artificial respiration, intubate patients with respiratory depression immediately to assist breathing, and give oxygen therapy.
(3) ECG monitoring, such as cardiac arrest, should be immediately cardiac compression.
(4) Open the vein and input central stimulants, diuretics and drugs for alkalizing urine according to the doctor's advice.
(5) Close observation of vital signs.
66, the main symptoms of nitrite food poisoning
Acute onset, 30 minutes to 3 hours after eating, with palpitation, shortness of breath, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, cyanosis and hypoxia as the main symptoms.
67. Clinical manifestations of nitrite food poisoning
Consciousness changes, blood pressure drops, convulsions, coma, dyspnea and even respiratory and circulatory failure.
68, nitrite food poisoning pre-hospital emergency how to do a simple determination of methemoglobin?
Take 5ml of blood and shake it evenly in the air 15 minutes. Blood is brown or positive without discoloration, and blood red is negative.
69, nitrite food poisoning emergency care
(1) Patients must stay in bed and be placed in an environment with fresh air and good ventilation.
(2) Oxygen inhalation to keep respiratory tract unobstructed.
(3) those who have convulsions should be protected to prevent injury in the process of transfer.
(4) Establish and maintain unobstructed venous flow, closely observe vital signs and send them to the hospital as soon as possible.
70. Emergency care of carbon monoxide poisoning?
(1) Put the patient in fresh air, release the button and keep the respiratory tract unobstructed. When the rescuer enters the C0 poisoning room, he should lie prone.
(2) Correct hypoxia, immediately give high-concentration pure oxygen inhalation, use respiratory stimulants when necessary, and establish artificial airway.
(3) Prevention of brain edema, rapid infusion of 20% mannitol (250ml) and proper use of diuretics and hormones.
(4) Symptomatic treatment, quickly send patients to the hospital for hyperbaric oxygen treatment.
7 1, acute alcoholism, mainly caused by:
Dysfunction of central nervous system, circulatory system and respiratory system.
72, the excitement of acute alcoholism as follows:
Blushing, multilingual, gibberish, incoherent speech, unclear speech, emotional instability, vomit and alcohol smell in the breath.
73, acute alcoholism lethargy performance as follows:
Insomnia, shallow coma to deep coma, pale face, cold skin, blue lips, slow breathing accompanied by snoring, decreased blood pressure, hypothermia, tachycardia, and often death due to respiratory center paralysis or cardiac arrest.
74. First aid for acute alcoholism
(1) Protect the airway to prevent vomit from being inhaled into the airway and causing death. The patient should lie on his left side with his head down.
(2) Monitoring vital signs, especially respiratory monitoring.
(3) When respiratory depression occurs, tracheal intubation or artificial assisted breathing is performed.
(4) Monitor the change of consciousness level.
(5) If drinking is in 1? Within 2 hours, the patient will be awake due to vomiting.
(6) When poisoning causes trauma, check the head, chest and abdomen.
75, acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding emergency care
(1) Establish venous access quickly, and try to use venous indwelling needle.
(2) Infusion of dilating fluid quickly and close observation of vital signs.
(3) Inputting hemostatic drugs, such as hemostatic drugs and hemostatic aromatic acids.
(4) Proper use of sedatives can alleviate patients' fears.
76, acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding is characterized by
Hematemesis and melena
77, the most important symptom of cerebral hemorrhage:
Sudden disorder of consciousness, loss of consciousness
78, drowning emergency nursing process
(1) Quickly remove moisture and foreign bodies in the respiratory tract and open the airway.
(2) If the heartbeat stops breathing, artificial cardiopulmonary resuscitation should be carried out immediately.
(3) Observe vital signs and keep warm.
(4) Transfer to hospital after recovery.
79, the performance of moderate coma
No response to various stimuli, defensive reflex to severe stimuli, weak corneal reflex, and slow pupil response to light.
80. Emergency nursing measures for acute abdominal pain
(1) Establish an effective vein channel.
(2) Before a definite diagnosis, fasting, drinking water, painkillers and hot compress should be prohibited.
(3) Closely monitor vital signs and changes of illness on the way to the hospital.
8 1, what is shock?
The effective circulating blood volume drops sharply, and the blood perfusion of tissues and organs is insufficient, which leads to the pathological syndrome of hypoxia, ischemia, metabolic dysfunction and cell damage.
82. What is a fever
When the body temperature regulation function is disturbed, resulting in a body surface temperature higher than 37.5 degrees, it is called fever.
83. The location, depth and frequency of chest compressions. Pressure-blowing ratio
(1) The lower edge of rib arch slides upward to the junction of sternum and xiphoid process, that is, the middle and lower sternum 1/3;
(2)4? 5 cm:
(3)80? 100 times/minute
(4)30:2
84, tracheal intubation is suitable for
Patients with heartbeat, respiratory arrest, respiratory failure and respiratory muscle paralysis.
85. The respiratory failure caused by chronic asthmatic bronchitis in the elderly should be treated with simple ventilator, and how much oxygen concentration should be selected and controlled.
(1) Continuous low concentration
(2)50%
86, common carotid artery and femoral artery hemostasis:
(1) Compression of common carotid artery to prevent head and face bleeding;
(2) Pressing the thumb slightly below the midpoint of inguinal ligament can prevent thigh bleeding.
87, tourniquet hemostasis generally should not be more than a few hours, and should be relaxed every few minutes, the relaxation time is half a minute to a minute.
(1)3 hours (2)30 minutes
88, such as bandage limbs, check the method of blood circulation disorders:
Press the nail bed hard to make it white. After relaxing the pressure, the nail bed quickly returned to pink, indicating that the blood was unobstructed. If it can't be recovered, the color will be gray and the hair will be cold, indicating that there is blood supply disorder.
89. Thoracolumbar fracture fixation
The wounded should lie flat on a padded flat stretcher or shovel stretcher, and high pillows should not be used. Lumbar fracture is padded at the waist, which makes patients feel comfortable and free from oppression.
90, damage detection classification mark:
(1) Red represents critically ill patients. (2) Yellow represents moderate wounded and sick.
(3) Blue represents mild patients. (4) Black represents the dead.
9 1, First-aid procedures for generalized seizures:
(1) Support him to lie down and prevent him from falling or bumping;
(2) Among acupuncturists, Yongquan is matched with Neiguan and Zusanli;
(3) Pay attention to observing consciousness and breathing frequency.
(4) Continuous low-flow oxygen inhalation to keep the respiratory tract unobstructed.
(5) Take medicine according to the doctor's advice and control the attack quickly.
(6) Transfer to hospital
92, cerebral infarction emergency nursing process:
(1) Lie still and move as little as possible;
(2) Observe the changes of consciousness, respiration, pulse and blood pressure;
(3) Oxygen inhalation to keep breathing unobstructed.
(4) Use sedatives according to the doctor's advice to control brain edema and reduce intracranial pressure.
(5) The condition allows immediate transfer.
93, oral vomiting bright red or dark red blood can also be coffee residue-like denatured blood, mostly caused by what disease. Most of them are caused by acute bleeding in the upper digestive tract.
94, the need for immediate tracheotomy burn emergency patients are:
Patients with extensive burns and dyspnea
95, limbs without fracture, using padded limb flexion hemostasis method is:
You can use a bandage roll, towel or clothes roll as a pad and put it on the flexion side of the joint, and then use bandages and cloth strips to fix the joint in the flexion position to stop bleeding at the distal end of the joint.
96, how to apply the airbag tourniquet
In the application of air bag tourniquet, after the tourniquet is tied, besides the pad, a bandage or cloth belt should be tied on the tourniquet to prevent the layers from separating after the tourniquet is inflated, and the hemostatic effect cannot be achieved.
97. The main basis for observing the severity of vasospasm in shock patients is:
pulse pressure
98, acute lumbar disc herniation, commonly used treatment: traction.
99. The most common arrhythmia in acute inferior myocardial infarction is atrioventricular block.
100, how many hours of ECG monitoring after electric shock cardioversion? 24 hours