In the 1830s, German scientists such as Schleiden, Schwann, and Weilshaw founded the cell doctrine.
In 1912, German doctors used cells for the first time in the treatment of "pediatric thymus hypoplasia and hypothyroidism". 1930, Switzerland's Daul Niehans (Daul Niehans, 1882-1971) became a famous physician of cellular treatment of skin rejuvenation, known as the "father of cell therapy". "the father of cell therapy".
In 1950, medical doctors transplanted bone marrow cells into animals exposed to lethal doses of radiation and found that they were able to save lives and rebuild the bone marrow hematopoietic immune system. In 1960, humans began to truly recognize and understand human and mammalian stem cells.
In 1967, Donal Thomas performed the first bone marrow transplant and was later awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology in 1990, and by 1980, hematopoietic stem cell transplants had become an important treatment for a wide range of diseases.
In 1984, the National Cancer Center of the United States took the lead in formally including cellular immunotherapy as the fourth mode of comprehensive tumor treatment. 1990s, the world's first umbilical cord blood stem cell bank was created in the United States in accordance with AABB standards.
In 2000, Japan listed regenerative medicine with cell engineering as the core technology as one of the "Millennium Century Projects", and invested 10.8 billion yen in that year; in the same year, there were 10,622 hematopoietic stem cell transplants worldwide.
This is the first time in the history of the world that the world's blood stem cell transplantation.
Second, the history of drug rashDrug rash, also known as drug dermatitis, is a drug that enters the human body through oral, topical and injection routes and causes inflammation of the skin and mucous membranes of the reaction.
Almost all drugs have the potential to cause dermatitis, but the most common are iodinated amines, antipyretic analgesics, sleeping pills and penicillin, streptomycin and so on. In general, drug rashes tend to appear 7 to 10 days after the start of treatment after sensitization.
However, if it has been previously treated with the same drug or a drug of similar structure, it can appear rapidly within a few hours or 1-2 days. The diagnosis of drug rash is based on the history and clinical manifestations. Except for the characteristic manifestations of fixed-type drug rash, most drug rashes are not easily distinguishable from other causes of the same symptoms, and must be analyzed and judged on the basis of the history and the course of the disease.
Clinically, it is important to be alert to the sudden onset of a generalized, symmetrically distributed rash during the course of treatment, and to inquire about the history of drug use, paying special attention to cross-sensitization to medications and hidden forms of drug allergy. Familiarize yourself with the characteristics of various types of drug allergies and rule out similar medical and dermatological conditions.
Generally, drug rashes are brightly colored and itchy. Usually, the rash improves and subsides quickly after discontinuing the sensitizing medication.
In clinical practice, a drug history of drug rash after drug use, disappearance after discontinuation of the drug and recurrence on reuse is very diagnostic. Modern immune test methods such as lymphocyte transformation test, radioallergen adsorption test, basophil granulocyte degranulation test, macrophage wandering inhibition test, leukocyte histamine test, etc., can assist us to understand the immune relationship between the drug and the organism, and no practical diagnostic value.
First Qin period, the natural and human body of all the accumulation, accumulation, loss of smooth phenomenon generally referred to as "Yu".
"Nei Jing" will "Yu" concept introduced to the human body organs and meridians, blood, gas, fluid, food and emotions of the stagnation of the human body changes caused by a series of discussions, and the emotional factors are seen as the cause of the human body qi dysfunction is an important reason. The first is the "Lingshu", which is the most important of all.
Ben Shen" said: "Sorrow, gas blocked and not work". Suwen.
Lift the pain on the "said:" "Thinking is the heart has to save, God has to return, the positive gas to stay and not, so the gas knot carry on. The treatment proposed "dredge its blood and qi, so that it can be organized, and lead to peace" method.
In "Suwen. In the "Su Wen. Six Yuan Zheng Ji Da Lun" according to the five movement disorder is too much to put forward: "wood Yu Da, fire Yu hair, soil Yu capture, gold Yu leakage, water Yu folding".
In particular, the "wood" is more clinically relevant. Later generations of medical doctors on the evidence of depression quite a lot of invention, such as Han.
Zhang Zhongjing in the "Golden Chamber Essentials" on the Lily disease, women's dirty mania, women's pharynx, such as sizzling sliced meat, Ben Dolphin gas and other evidence of the disease performance has a more detailed description, and proposed treatment prescriptions. Sui.
Chaoyuanfang in the "Source and Candidates of All Diseases. The symptoms of qi diseases.
Jie climate, said: "Jie qi disease, born of worry and thought, the heart has to save, God has to stop, the gas to stay and do not go, so the knot in the internal", pointing out that worry can lead to qi stagnation. In the Jin-Yuan era, it began to be clearer to treat depression as an independent disease.
Such as Yuan. Zhu Danxi in the "Danxi Xinfa" has been listed as a depression evidence, emphasized that the stagnation of qi and blood is an important pathological changes that lead to many diseases, and put forward the gas, blood, fire, food, moisture, phlegm, six depression, the creation of the six Yu Tang, Yueju Pills and other famous prescription, enriching the understanding of Chinese medicine on the depression and treatment content.
Ming. Yu Tuan "medical biography" first adopted the depression as the name of the disease, to "Suwen.
Six Yuan Zheng Ji Da Lun and Dan Xi Xin Fa as the main basis, but the discussion is still a broad sense of depression. Since then, medical doctors have gradually taken the depression caused by emotions as the main content of the depression evidence, such as Ming.
Xu Chunfu "Ancient and Modern Medical Unification of the book" said: "Yu for the seven emotions are not comfortable, and then become a depression, both the long time of depression, the disease change multiple," clearly pointed out that the cause of the depression is the seven emotions are not comfortable, and profoundly realized that the depression for a long time can appear a variety of clinical symptoms. The first step is to make sure that you have a good understanding of what is going on in your life.
Zhang Jingyue will be the five qi of the depression is called due to disease and depression, will be caused by emotions and will be called due to depression and disease. In the depression of emotion and will, he focused on the treatment of anger and depression, thinking and depression, melancholy, three kinds of depression.
To the Qing Dynasty, Ye Tianshi "Linzheng Guide to medical cases. The medical cases contained in the "Yu" are all emotional depression, the treatment involves soothing the liver, bitter Xin pass down, calm the liver and wind, clear the heart and diarrhea, strengthen the spleen and stomach, blood circulation, phlegm and drink, and benefit from the qi and yin, and put forward the "Yu evidence in the patient can be changed in emotional susceptibility," which is really not published.
Wang Qingren, on the other hand, elucidated the pathogenesis of blood stasis in depression, and in his book "Medical Correction. Hematopoietic chasing blood stasis soup for the treatment of the disease", "said:" dim, that is, small things can not be carried out, that is, blood stasis "," impatient, plain peace, there is a disease of impatience, is blood stasis "," the common saying that the liver gas disease, for no reason to love the gas, is the Hematopoietic Blood Stasis ", contributed to the application of blood stasis method of treatment of depression.
Fourth, what is the history of the World Psychiatric Association
The World Psychiatric Association began in 1950 as an association organized on the World Congress of Psychiatry, which had to recognize the world's range of events and health developments in the field of the situation.
Subsequently by the Second World War brought a great shock to all mankind, but *** same vision, indomitable determination and founding members of the *** same efforts. In the arena of mental health, the World Health Organization has just published the sixth revision of the International Classification of Diseases for the first time devoted to mental disorders including psychiatric, psychoneurotic and personality disorders as well as a section of the first edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders produced a few years later by the American Psychiatric Association.
The first World Congress of Psychiatry opened at the Grand Théatre of the Sorbonne, Paris, 1950 It was during the two World Congresses of Psychiatry published, held in Paris in 1950 and Zurich in 1957, that the international community recognized that the field of psychiatry was in constant flux, experiencing radical conceptual frameworks and unprecedented changes in practice patterns. The expansion of knowledge about the workings of the brain, the expansion of psychotherapeutic approaches to expanding borders, the recognition of the socio-cultural factors of mental illness and spirituality, the understanding of the emergence of medications for illnesses and help-seeking behaviors, are all contributing to these changes.
Between the course of events during that period, many of the consequences were perceived empirical knowledge over the importance of old or new theories, and that this knowledge had to be quickly put in all psychiatrists around the world to facilitate the enjoyment of professional competence ****. This demonstrates at the same time the need to agree on a more accurate and comprehensive definition of mental illness, as well as for the accumulation of new knowledge in which and the possibilities treated will be applied to a deeper understanding of the socio-cultural environment.
All this so that doctors can not play any isolated behind closed doors. They can no longer limit the sources of information within national borders nor keep up with new developments that adhere to the strict paradigm of thought.
The World Psychiatric Association was officially founded in 1961, marking a step towards a professional identity of international value, an inspiring effort to respect diversity and use it effectively to reach the goal of unity in action. By having all the different ethnic and cultural origins of psychiatrists under one roof, to different schools of thought, different interests in fields of divergence and ideological tendencies, the WPA aspired to build on the quest for increased knowledge and unity of professionals globally before relocating to the field and to a greater volume of care for the mentally ill.
The WPA's continuing protocols, which were prominent at the outset, were the preparation and implementation of the World Congress of Psychiatry as well as its regional meetings. At the same time, a key factor in ensuring the vitality and productivity of the WPA between the World Congresses of subcontinuity has been the establishment of the scientific sector.
These are well-established international anchorages for its rich academic body, as well as thoughtful contributions to a growing body of research, qualified symposia, and position papers of considerable impact. Through years of *** complaints of political abuse in psychiatry, the WPA General Assembly has consistently General Assembly formulated codes of ethics in the spirit of practice, including the 1977 Hawaii Declaration, its revision in 1983 in Vienna, and, most recently, the 1996 Madrid Declaration, expanded in 1999.
The latter was a well-received response to the current state of psychiatry, including the formulation of codes of specific situations. The cooperation of the WPF, as well as the cooperation with the United Nations and the World Health Organization to safeguard the human rights of psychiatric patientsThrough its Standing Committee on Ethics and the review of abuses related to psychiatry, it will continue to work in this field, making a fundamental overstep of its moral commitment.
More recently, and especially since 1990, the WPA has also paid more and more systematic attention to coordinating, often educational activities with the World Health Organization. Educational programs have been developed in all aspects of the technical field for the benefit of psychiatrists and other health professionals around the world, especially those living in developing countries.
Careful attention to political and social changes in the world has brought psychiatric societies to almost all of Eastern Europe in the past decade. Similar cross-continental efforts have resulted in our counting times the millennium, with 112 member societies starting from 96 different countries, as well as 7 international affiliated societies.
The organizational structure of the WPA has been evolving to accommodate its growing responsibilities. Procedural aspects of the manual have been developed to complement our bylaws and laws and to improve the efficiency and transparency of our operations.
The 18 regions of the world latitudinally intend to empower representatives of member associations to interact with the WPA's governing bodies and engage them more fully in all aspects of the institutional, secretariat, effective use of modern technology, and multilingual staff, and to be at all levels of priority communication as a tool to reflect the institution's affirmations. With the diversity of education, conferences, publications and scientific festivals activities, the preparation of statements in consensus has recently become an integral part of the extensive work of the WPA.
The challenges ahead remain enormous, and the task ahead is daunting. We are assured of a new vitality that seems to be fostered by the spirit of its foundations, inspired by doctors who recognize the need to integrate the various lands in an ecumenical commitment to the promotion of the organization of the highest levels of social legacy of the spirit of science, the humanities, and the ethics of psychiatric care around the world.
V. History of Shandong Pharmaceutical and Food Vocational College1958, Shandong Xinhua Medical Instrument Factory Technical School
1981, renamed Shandong Medical Instrument Technical School
1984, renamed Shandong Province Pharmaceutical Industry School
1999, renamed Shandong Province Pharmaceutical School
2005 April 27 by the people of Shandong Province *** approved, upgraded to Shandong Pharmaceutical and Food Vocational College (Lu Zheng Zi [2005] No. 115), for the full-time state-run higher vocational colleges;
May 13, 2005 in the Ministry of Education for the record (Teaching and Development Letters [2005] No. 71), Shandong Province, that year, in the Ministry of Education for the record of the only state-run higher vocational colleges
six Reuters, briefly described the history of ReutersIn 1849, born in Kassel, Germany, Paul Julius Reuter (Paul Julius Reuter) began to use carrier pigeons in Germany, Germany, A
Reuters Times Square
Heng and Belgium, Brussels, to pass the stock price, and a year later, due to the completion of the new telegraph line, the message changed to telegraphic transmission, and at the same time, Reuters also Reuters also used the newly opened Berlin-Arhen telegraph line to transmit messages between the two cities.
In October 1851, Reuters set up a submarine telegraph line office in the United Kingdom, and signed a contract with the London Stock Exchange to provide stock market quotes from continental Europe in exchange for access to British stock market information. In November of the same year, the laying of the submarine cable between Dover, England and Calais, France was completed, and Reuters used the submarine cable to provide British stock market data to traders in Paris, France.
Reuters' popularity grew, especially after it first reported the assassination of Abraham Lincoln in Europe in 1865. The services offered by Reuters grew to include general and financial news from around the world, and in 1923 it pioneered the use of radio to disseminate news internationally. Reuters himself became a British citizen in 1857. Today, Reuters has offices and 197 news bureaus in 200 cities and 94 countries around the world, providing news in 19 languages, and almost all major news media subscribe to Reuters news.
In the 1980s, Reuters began to grow rapidly and expand its product range, and in 1984, it became a publicly traded company with listings on the London Stock Exchange and NASDAQ. In 1984, Reuters became a publicly traded company, listed on the London Stock Exchange and Nasdaq, and launched a series of acquisitions, including Visnews (later renamed Reuters TV) in 1985, Insti in 1986, and TIBCO (later Teknekron) and Quotron in 1994.
In 1995, Reuters established the Greenhouse Fund, which makes small investments in technology start-ups in the United States. Reuters also held a majority stake in TIBCO Software, which went public on NASDAQ in July 1999, and Insti, which also went public on NASDAQ in May 2001. in October 2001, Reuters completed the largest merger in its history, buying a majority of the assets of Bridge Information Systems. on May 15, 2007, Thomson Group of Canada and Reuters Group issued a statement agreeing to a merger of the two companies. Thomson Group Canada and Reuters Group issued a statement agreeing to a merger. Reuters shareholders received ￡3.525 in cash and 0.16 Thomson shares for each Reuters share held.
VII. History of the First People's Hospital of ZigongThe First People's Hospital of Zigong is located in the center of Zigong City, Sichuan Province, a famous historical and cultural city with the reputation of "City of Salt, Country of Dragons and City of Lights". Originally founded in 1908 by the Canadian Church Renji Hospital, renamed Zigong First People's Hospital in 1955; in 2008 by the hospital as the owner of the construction of the Zigong City Infectious Diseases Hospital officially run. After a century of development, the hospital has become a third-class general hospital integrating prevention, medical treatment, scientific research and teaching. The hospital is one of the first batch of 500 large hospitals in China, a baby-friendly hospital approved by the Ministry of Health, a member of the network of the International Rescue Center of the Ministry of Health, a base hospital of the Ministry of Health for strokes, a pilot unit of the Ministry of Health for remote consultation and quality control of pathology in a foreign-related medical unit, a model unit for TCM work of the national general hospital, and a national unit for the prevention and treatment of Chinese medicine. The work of Chinese medicine demonstration unit, the national Chinese medicine prevention and treatment of infectious diseases clinical base, the introduction of foreign intelligence demonstration unit in Sichuan Province, Zigong City, public **** health emergency hospital.
VIII. History of the MarianasAbout 3,000 years ago, a group of canoe crew drifting in the sea discovered the Marianas Islands (including Guam). Based on language similarities, it was concluded that these crews came from the Indo-Malaysian region.
The islands had a highly developed culture, best exemplified by the Latte Culture (latte stone is believed to have been the cornerstone of the houses of the upper echelons of the Chamber of Commerce). The complex extraction and stacking of Latte stones, some weighing tons and transported from quarries several kilometers away to the site where the houses were built, illustrates a complex and prosperous social system. Until Magellan came to Guam in 1521, the latte sites had been abandoned and their origins seemingly forgotten.
Magellan forced a landing at an inopportune time, stayed briefly, and left. The islands were later named Islas de los Ladrones (Islands of the Thieves), a name that stuck until 1668, the year the first Spanish missionary, Fr. Sanvitores, established the first European colony on Guam.
Spanish rule over Guam led to decades of conflict with the islanders. It is said that at the beginning of the European discovery of Guam, there were 50,000 inhabitants on the island, while by the end of 1720, only 1,500-2,000 inhabitants remained.
The survivors, known as the Chamorros, intermarried with the Spanish garrison and reproduced.
The survivors were what we call "Chamorros," and they intermarried with the Spanish garrisons and bred. The survivors, who later became fervent Catholics, all moved to Guam during the war.
In the early nineteenth century, a small group of Carolinians were allowed to settle on Saipan, the ancestors of what would become the second indigenous population of the Northern Marianas.
In the aftermath of the Spanish-American War of 1898, Spain sold all the islands except Guam (which was already occupied by the United States) to Germany. Although there were never more than 20 German officials on the island, they introduced the science of agriculture as well as the Western concept of land ownership.
The Japanese took the islands from the Germans in 1914 as World War I began on European soil. Japan imported tens of thousands of inhabitants to the islands (20,000 in the Northern Mariana Islands alone), who were primarily engaged in commercial fishing and sugar cane farming.
In World War II, the islands became the military stronghold of the Pacific theater, and several of the bloodiest battles were fought between U.S. and Japanese forces in the Marianas.
In August 1945, U.S. B29 bombers lifted off from Tennyson Island, launching the only nuclear weapon of World War II, and after Japan surrendered in 1945, the U.S. Navy was stationed on the islands to act as administrators. After the surrender of Japan in 1945, the islands became the U.S. Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands.
The islands gradually regained their autonomy under the Trust Territory Agreement and the principle of U.S. rule, and the Northern Mariana Islands chose to join the U.S. political family through a referendum in 1975. The other islands, which had been held in U.S. territorial trust as an entire region since 1947, were divided into the Marshall Islands***, the Federated States of Micronesia, and the Palau***.
After Magellan, a Portuguese navigator who sailed for Spain, discovered the Marianas in 1521, Europeans frequently landed there. It was only in 1668 that the Spanish began to colonize the area, when Jesuit missionaries changed the name from the Thief Islands (Ladrones Islands) to the Marianas Islands in honor of Mariana, an Austrian who was regent of Spain at the time. Later, the Jesuit missionaries began to force the native Chamorro people to convert to Catholicism.
Guam was ceded to the United States after the Spanish-American War in 1898, and the Northern Mariana Islands were sold to Germany in 1899.
In 1914, the Northern Marianas were occupied by Japan, and in 1919 they were entrusted to Japanese administration by the League of Nations. In World War II, the Northern Marianas were seized by the United States to be used as a base for an attack on Japan, but were never used.
In 1947, the islands were part of a trusteeship granted to the United States by the United Nations. In 1978, the islanders chose to become a self-governing **** and polity, and in 1986, they were removed from trusteeship and granted full independence. The United States recognized Northern Mariana as a U.S. Commonwealth, and its residents were granted U.S. citizenship.