Fracture immobilization technique in first aid occupies an important position, timely and correct immobilization, to prevent shock, prevent wound infection, avoid nerve, blood vessels, bones, soft tissues and other re-injury has a very good role. The following is my first aid method for everyone to organize the fracture related information, for your reference!
Common first aid fracture
First aid fixation equipment out of hospital first aid fracture fixation, often on the spot, such as a variety of 2?3 cm thick boards, bamboo poles, bamboo pieces, branches, sticks, cardboard, guns, bayonets, as well as the injured person healthy (lower) limbs, etc., can be used as a fixation substitute.
Cervical fracture immobilization keeps the head and neck of the injured person in a straight position with the torso; place the board under the head to the buttocks, and use cotton cloths, clothes, etc., to pad the injured person's neck and head on both sides, to prevent left and right swaying; and then use a bandage or a cloth belt to fix the forehead, shoulders, and upper thorax, and buttocks to the board, so as to make it stable.
Clavicle fracture fixation with a bandage on the back of the shoulder to do a figure of eight, and with a triangular scarf or a wide strip of cloth tied to the neck hanging forearm.
Humerus fracture immobilization with a substitute splint 2?3 pieces of the affected limb, and with a triangular towel, cloth strips to suspend it in the neck.
Forearm fracture fixation with two boards, the length of which should exceed the elbow joint, were placed on both sides of the forearm palm and dorsum, and then tied with a cloth band or triangular towel to support.
Femur fracture fixation selection of two boards, the thigh calf together. Placed in front of and behind the thigh up to the waist, and the ankle joint is fixed together to prevent the two parts of the activities caused by fracture dislocation.
Calf fracture fixation fibula fracture in the absence of fixed materials, the affected limb can be fixed on the healthy limb.
Five tips for fracture fixation:
1. In case of respiratory and cardiac arrest, CPR is performed first; bleeding shock is stopped first, and fixation is performed after the condition has radically improved.
2. Out-of-hospital immobilization, the deformity caused by the fracture is prohibited, and the broken end of the fracture can not be sent back to the wound, as long as it is properly fixed.
3. The splint of the substitute should be longer than the joints at both ends and immobilized together. The splint should be smooth, and the skin side of the splint, preferably padded and wrapped around both ends.
4. Fixation should not be loose or tight but firm.
5. Fixed limbs should be exposed as much as possible fingers (toes), in order to observe the tip of the fingers (toes) purple, swelling, pain, blood circulation disorders.
Causes of Fractures
There are three main causes of fracture:
1. Direct Violence
Violence acts directly on a part of the bone to cause a fracture of the part, so that the injured part of the fracture, often accompanied by varying degrees of soft tissue damage. For example, if a wheel strikes the calf, a tibiofibular stem fracture occurs at the point of impact.
2. Indirect violence
Indirect violence acts through longitudinal conduction, leverage or torsion to make the fracture of the distal, such as falling from a high place when the foot lands, the trunk due to gravity is sharply forward flexion, thoracolumbar spinal junction of the vertebral body occurred compression or burst fracture.
3. Accumulative strain injury
Long-term, repeated, minor direct or indirect injuries can lead to a particular part of the limb fracture, also known as fatigue fracture, such as walking long distances can easily lead to the second, third metatarsal and fibula fracture of the lower 1/3 of the backbone.
Clinical manifestations of fracture
1. Systemic manifestations
(1) Shock For multiple fractures, pelvic fractures, femur fractures, spinal fractures and severe open fractures, the patient is often shocked due to extensive soft tissue injuries, massive hemorrhage, severe pain, or concomitant visceral injuries.
(2) Fever There is a large amount of internal bleeding at the fracture, and the body temperature rises slightly when the hematoma is absorbed, but generally does not exceed 38 ℃, and the possibility of infection should be considered when the temperature rises in open fractures.
2. Local manifestations
The local manifestations of fracture include the characteristic signs of fracture and other manifestations.
3. The characteristic signs of fracture
(1) deformity The displacement of the fracture end can change the shape of the affected limb, which is mainly manifested as shortening, angulation, lengthening.
(2) Abnormal activity The part of the limb that cannot move under normal circumstances shows abnormal activity after fracture.
(3) Bone friction sound or bone friction sensation The two fractured ends rub against each other after fracture, which can produce bone friction sound or bone friction sensation.
The diagnosis can be confirmed if one of the above three signs is found, but the possibility of fracture cannot be ruled out if these three signs are not seen, such as embedded fracture and cleavage fracture. In general, do not check for these signs for diagnostic purposes, as they can exacerbate the injury.