Harmless treatment method of household garbage

White pollution is a disposable plastic packaging that is difficult to degrade. For example, disposable foam fast cutlery and our common plastic bags. It is very serious environmental pollution, buried in the soil is difficult to decompose, will lead to a decline in soil capacity, if incineration will lead to atmospheric pollution, so now advocate not to use or less use of this material, the best to buy things from their own tools, to reduce the use of it. First, the "white pollution" of the current situation and its harm Plastic products as a new type of material, lightweight, waterproof, durable, mature production technology, the advantages of low cost, in the world is widely used and is a year-on-year growth trend. Plastic packaging materials in the world market growth rate is higher than other packaging materials, plastic packaging materials in 1990-1995, the average annual growth rate of 8.9%. China is one of the world's top ten producers and consumers of plastic products. 1995, China's plastic production of 5.19 million tons, nearly 6 million tons of plastic into the day, the country's total consumption of about 11 million tons of plastic that year, of which 2.11 million tons of plastic packaging. Most of the plastic for packaging in the form of waste film, plastic bags and Styrofoam tableware, was discarded in the environment. These waste plastic packaging materials scattered in urban areas, scenic tourist areas, water bodies, both sides of the road, not only affect the landscape, resulting in "visual pollution", but also because of its difficulty in degradation of the ecological environment causing potential harm. According to the survey, 3% of Beijing's domestic waste for waste plastic packaging, totaling about 140,000 tons per year; 7% of Shanghai's domestic waste for waste plastic packaging, totaling about 190,000 tons per year. Tianjin City, more than 100,000 tons of waste plastic packaging each year. Beijing annually discarded in the environment of plastic bags about 2.3 billion, disposable plastic tableware about 220 million, waste agricultural film about 6.75 million square meters. People jokingly referred to this as "the outskirts of the city a white blanket". "White pollution", the main harm is "visual pollution", and "potential harm": 1, "visual pollution Visual pollution". In the city, tourist areas, water bodies and roadsides scattered waste plastic packaging to people's vision to bring adverse stimuli, affecting the city, the overall aesthetics of scenic spots, damage to the cityscape, landscape, resulting in "visual pollution". 2, "potential harm". Waste plastic packaging into the environment, due to its difficult to degrade, resulting in long-term, deep-seated ecological and environmental problems. First of all, waste plastic packaging mixed in the soil, affecting crop absorption of nutrients and water, will lead to crop yield loss; Second, abandoned on land or in the water body of waste plastic packaging, swallowed by animals as food, resulting in the death of animals (in the zoo, pastoral areas and the sea, such cases have been commonplace); Third, mixed into the life of waste waste in the waste of plastic packaging is difficult to deal with: landfills will be a long-term treatment of Thirdly, it is difficult to dispose of waste plastic packaging mixed with domestic waste: landfill treatment will occupy land for a long time, domestic waste mixed with plastics is not suitable for composting, and it is difficult to recycle the sorted waste plastics because the quality is not guaranteed. At present, people reflect the strong is mainly "visual pollution" problem, but for the waste plastic packaging long-term, deep "potential harm", most people still lack of understanding. Second, at home and abroad to prevent and control "white pollution" of the general practice 1, foreign prevention and control of "white pollution" of the relevant situation As early as 1985, the United States into the average consumption of plastic packaging has reached 23.4 kilograms, 20.1 kilograms in Japan, Europe for 15 kilograms. Into the nineties, the developed countries per capita consumption of plastic packaging is more (China's 1995 per capita consumption of plastic packaging and other plastic products for 13.12 kilograms). From the consumption point of view, it seems that the developed countries, "white pollution" should be very serious, in fact, it is not. The reason for this is that the developed countries have long been strict attention to the management of the city, few people throw waste plastic packaging, the basic elimination of "visual pollution". Secondly, the harmless disposal rate of domestic waste in developed countries is higher. Take the United States as an example, before the 80's, the disposal of waste plastics is the main way to landfill, and later found that the plastic does not degrade for a long time, after the nineties, they turned to take the road of recycling. Now has established a set of strict classification and recycling system, most of the waste plastic packaging is recycled, a small portion of the conversion into energy or other ways of harmless disposal, but also basically eliminate the potential hazards of waste plastic packaging. The United States has enacted the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, which makes clear provisions for solid waste management, resource recovery, resource conservation and other aspects of technical research, system construction and operation, and development planning. Ten states, including California, Maine and New York, have introduced a deposit system for the recycling of packaging supplies. Japan in the "Renewable Energy Law", "Energy Conservation and Renewable Energy Support Law", "Packaging Container Recycling Law" and other laws listed special provisions to promote manufacturers to simplify the packaging, and to clarify the manufacturers, sellers and consumers of their respective recycling obligations. Germany in the Circular Economy Act clearly stipulates that whoever manufactures, sells and consumes packaging items has the obligation to avoid generating, recycling and disposing of waste. Germany's "Packaging Ordinance" will be recycling, utilization, disposal of waste packaging materials and the obligation to produce, sell, consume the rights of the goods linked to the obligation of recycling, utilization, disposal of the decomposition of the implementation of the obligations of the goods and their packaging materials throughout the life cycle of the various aspects of the subtle, and therefore has a strong operational and effective. 2, China's prevention and control of "white pollution" methods and their pros and cons of the analysis of China has begun to take measures from the administrative and technical aspects of the prevention and control of "white pollution". In the administrative aspect, one is to strengthen the management. For example, society is more concerned about the railroad on both sides of the "white pollution" problem, through the strengthening of the management has made significant improvements. Railroad departments from the second half of 1994, in the line along the zoning section of the package. Part of the passenger train using bags of garbage, prohibit passengers to the window to discard waste. Cabin crews are not as before, the trunk garbage directly swept out of the window, but the garbage bags unloaded at the station, by the station centralized treatment. At present, more and more trains are using bagged garbage, and the phenomenon of randomly throwing garbage out of the car is becoming less and less. There have been 29,000 kilometers of lines on both sides of the basic elimination of "white pollution". Practice has proved that strengthening management is an effective means of preventing and controlling "white pollution". Second, ban the use of disposable plastic packaging that is difficult to degrade. Hangzhou is the first city in China to ban the use of disposable foam fast tableware. Hangzhou on September 15, 1995 by the City Sanitation Bureau, the Commerce and Industry Bureau, the Health Bureau jointly issued "on the ban on the use of foam plastic fast food containers notice", will be published in the "Hangzhou Daily" for three consecutive days. In the course of implementation, the management found that some individual itinerant vendors are still selling Styrofoam tableware. Recently, the Standing Committee of the Hangzhou People's Congress passed the Regulations on the Management of Cityscape and Environmental Hygiene of Hangzhou, Article 35 of which stipulates that the sale and use of non-degradable disposable tableware made of Styrofoam is prohibited. Violators are liable to a fine of 500 to 5,000 yuan. The Regulations will be implemented from September 15, 1997 onwards. Wuhan, Harbin, Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Xiamen, Ningbo, Shantou and other cities have also promulgated relevant policies and regulations to prohibit the local use of disposable Styrofoam tableware, through the adoption of the above measures, to a certain extent, to a certain extent, to reduce the harm of "white pollution". However, from the results of practice, it is difficult to completely solve the problem of "white pollution" by prohibiting it alone, and the cities that have enacted the ban are required to replace the original hard-to-biodegrade Styrofoam products with paper products or biodegradable plastic products. However, the substitutes cannot compete with ordinary plastic products in terms of price and quality. Therefore, under the conditions of market economy, it is very difficult to operate only by administrative orders without considering the regulating effect of economic levers. Third, mandatory recycling. Clean waste plastic packaging can be reused, or reused for granulation, oil refining, paint making, for construction materials, etc.. Recycling is in line with the general principle of "minimization, resource utilization and harmlessness" of solid waste disposal. Recycling not only avoids "visual pollution", but also solves "potential hazards", eases the pressure on resources, reduces the load of municipal garbage disposal, saves land and achieves certain economic benefits. This is a good way to treat both symptoms and root causes. But recycling should be in the waste plastic packaging into the garbage before. Re-sorting waste plastic packaging from the landfill is not only time-consuming and laborious, but the utilization value of waste plastic is also very low. Because the sorted waste plastic products are too dirty, it is also difficult to classify them according to the material, and the quality cannot be guaranteed. On the basis of investigation and research, Beijing Municipal Bureau of Environmental Protection (BPEP) determined the technical route of "recycling as the mainstay, substitution as a supplement, differentiation and comprehensive prevention and control" On June 1, 1997, Beijing Municipal Bureau of Environmental Protection (BPEP) and Municipal Bureau of Industry and Commerce (BIAC) jointly issued the "Circular on the Recycling of Discarded Disposable Plastic Meal Containers," which required that the production and distribution of disposable plastic meal containers in Beijing be carried out in the following ways. Beijing, units or individuals producing and distributing disposable plastic tableware (including trays, bowls, cups, etc.) must be responsible for the recycling of discarded tableware, or they can entrust other units to do so. The Circular also stipulates that the recycling rate must reach 30% in 1998, 50% in 1999 and 60% in 2000. Immediately after the release of the Circular, production and distribution units and individuals went to the local environmental protection department to declare their registration and put forward their recycling plans and specific guarantee measures. This is a breakthrough for Beijing to solve the problem of "white pollution". After achieving effective results, it will gradually increase the types and proportion of mandatory recycling of waste plastic products, and ultimately eliminate "white pollution". Tianjin Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau has completed the "Tianjin Prevention and Control of "White Pollution" Project Feasibility Study Report", which puts forward a set of prevention and control programs, and determines that through recycling and reuse to achieve the purpose of saving resources and eliminating pollution. At present, it is formulating the "Recycling Plan", "Pilot Work Operation Chart" and "Pilot Work Progress Outline", and preparing for the establishment of the "Tianjin White Pollution Prevention and Control Project". Tianjin 'white pollution' prevention and control industry association". In terms of technology, one is to adopt paper instead of plastic. The main ingredient of paper is natural plant cellulose, easy to be discarded by the microorganisms in the soil decomposition, so it can solve the aforementioned "potential hazards", but will also bring new environmental problems: first of all, paper needs a lot of wood, and China's forest resources are not rich; Secondly, the process of papermaking will bring water pollution. In addition, in terms of performance, cost, paper products can not yet compete with plastic products. At present, China also has to sugar cane stalks, straw as raw materials for the production of disposable tableware practice, but is still in the experimental stage. Second, the use of biodegradable plastics. In the production process of plastic packaging products to add a certain amount of additives (such as starch, modified starch or other cellulose, photosensitizers, biodegradable agents, etc.), so that the stability of the plastic packaging material is reduced, easier to degrade in the natural environment. At present, there are 19 units developing or producing degradable plastics in Beijing. Tests have shown that most degradable plastics begin to thin, lose weight, lose strength, and gradually crack into fragments after 3 months of exposure to the general environment. If these fragments are buried in garbage or soil, the degradation effect is not obvious. There are four shortcomings in the use of biodegradable plastics: first, more food consumption; second, the use of biodegradable plastic products can still not completely eliminate the "visual pollution"; third, due to technical reasons, the use of biodegradable plastic products can not completely solve the "potential harm" to the environment; fourth, the use of biodegradable plastic products can not completely solve the "potential harm" to the environment; fourth, the use of biodegradable plastic products can not be completely eliminated. Thirdly, due to technical reasons, the use of degradable plastic products cannot completely solve the "potential hazards" to the environment; fourthly, degradable plastics are difficult to be recycled due to the special additives they contain. Third, our country in the treatment of "white pollution" problems in our country in the prevention and control of "white pollution" the main problems are: 1, there is no national special laws and regulations Prevention and control of "white pollution" can not rely solely on business or enterprises or "white pollution" can not rely solely on business or enterprises or "white pollution" can not rely solely on business or enterprises or "white pollution" can not be achieved. "can not rely solely on business or personal self-consciousness, there should be mandatory measures to constrain the behavior of citizens and catering, transportation and other industry staff. For example, the requirements of enterprises or individuals on their own production, operation, consumption activities in the generation of waste plastic packaging for recycling; on the arbitrary abandonment of waste plastic packaging, piling up the behavior of penalties and so on. But so far, China has not developed national regulations in this regard.