The new Financial System for Institutions, Accounting Standards for Institutions and Accounting System for Institutions (hereinafter referred to as "the new system") have all been implemented since January 1st. The reform of the institutional accounting system on the "fixed assets" element of the changes are mainly reflected in the following aspects: First, the fixed asset classification has been adjusted, that is, the "houses and buildings" adjusted to "houses and structures", "buildings and structures", "buildings and structures", "buildings and structures", "buildings and structures", "buildings and structures", "buildings and structures", "buildings and structures". The first is to adjust the classification of fixed assets, that is, to adjust "houses and buildings" to "houses and buildings", "general equipment" to "general equipment", "books" to "books, archives", and "books, archives" to "books, archives". Books, archives", "other fixed assets" adjusted to "furniture, utensils, fixtures and plants and animals"; Second, the fixed asset value standard is raised, that is, general equipment from 500 yuan to 1,000 yuan, special equipment from 800 yuan to 1,500 yuan, and special equipment from 800 yuan to 1,500 yuan. The value of fixed assets was raised from $500 to $1,000 for general-purpose equipment and from $800 to $1,500 for special-purpose equipment; thirdly, "Fixed Fund" was revised to "Non-current Assets Fund - Fixed Assets"; fourthly, "Depreciation" was introduced. The fourth is the introduction of the "depreciation" factor; the fifth is to clarify the accounting treatment of subsequent expenditures on fixed assets; the sixth is the end of each month, the "infrastructure account" data into the general ledger accounting; the seventh is to clarify the way and means of valuation of the inventory of fixed assets, i.e., in order of valuation of the criteria are: replacement of the full value, determined by the market price of the same or similar assets, the value of the fixed assets, the value of the fixed assets, and the value of the fixed assets. The method of valuation of fixed assets in surplus is clarified, i.e. the criteria for valuation are: full replacement value, value determined according to the market price of the same or similar assets and nominal amount. The adjusted accounting content of the "fixed assets" account better reflects the needs of financial reform and business processing. It is because "fixed assets" changes, we need to grasp these changes in a timely manner, timely accounting treatment. Among them, the purpose of depreciation of fixed assets is to adapt to the needs of budget management and performance appraisal, but in the form of "false" way, that is, the depreciation amount is not directly credited to the "expenditure or expense", but to write down the amount of "Non-current assets fund - fixed assets". In this paper, we intend to deal with the depreciation of fixed assets related issues for analysis, please correct any deficiencies. At the beginning of the year, "fixed assets" element of the old and new system of convergence method at the beginning of the year, the application of the new system of institutions should be based on the new fixed asset standards for existing fixed assets item by item reclassification, and make adjustments to the accounts. The new system stipulates that all fixed assets that do not meet the new standard are included in the "inventory" management, and requires each unit to re-determine the fixed asset catalog. Accordingly, a portion of the physical assets accounted for as fixed assets in the original accounts will be transferred to inventory in accordance with the standards set out in the new system. When the transfer is made, adjustments should be analyzed based on the balance of the "Fixed Assets" account and its ledger in the original accounts.
(I) Adjustment of the account for the new system does not meet the criteria for recognition of fixed assets, the corresponding balance should be transferred to the new accounts in the "inventory" account, the corresponding balance of the "fixed fund" account to the new accounts in the "utility fund". The corresponding balance of "Fixed Fund" should be transferred to "Inventory" in the new accounts, and the corresponding balance of "Fixed Fund" should be transferred to "Utility Fund" in the new accounts; at the same time, the registration and management of the relevant physical assets should be done. Specific accounting treatment is as follows:
1. Fixed assets that do not meet the new standards are transferred to "inventory", the accounting treatment is: debit "inventory - type (or specifications, reporting location) For fixed assets that do not meet the new standards, the accounting treatment is: debit "Inventory - Category (or specification, reporting location)", credit "Fixed Assets - Category (or project, using department)", and at the same time, debit "Fixed Fund", credit "Noncurrent Assets Fund - Fixed Fund".
2. For those who meet the criteria for recognizing fixed assets in the new system, the corresponding balances should be transferred to the "Fixed Assets" account in the new accounts, and the accounting treatment will be as follows: Borrow "Fixed Assets (New)", credit "Fixed Assets (Old)", credit "Fixed Assets (New)", credit "Fixed Assets (New)", credit "Fixed Assets (Old)". Fixed assets (old)".
3. Transfer the balance of the "Fixed Fund" account in the original account to the "Non-Current Assets Fund" account in the new account, and the accounting treatment is as follows: Borrow "Fixed Fund", credit "Fixed Assets (Old)". "Fixed Fund", credit "Non-current Assets Fund - Fixed Fund". The balance after the above adjustments can be used as the beginning balance of the "Fixed Assets" and "Non-current Assets Fund - Fixed Fund" items in the balance sheet.
(2) Matters to be noted in the transition between the old and new systems According to the provisions of the new system, depreciating institutions shall not depreciate fixed assets formed in previous years on a monthly basis at the beginning of the current year, and make up for the depreciation at the end of the current year; however, depreciation shall be provided on a monthly basis in accordance with the provisions of the new system on the fixed assets formed on and after January 1, 2013 The method of depreciation of new fixed assets for 2013 shall be applied to the new system. Institutions applying the new system of depreciation shall determine whether to depreciate fixed assets in accordance with the provisions of the Financial Rules for Institutions or the relevant financial system, and those institutions that have provided for the repair and purchase fund shall not depreciate them. At the same time, the Provisions on the Handling of Issues Related to the Convergence of the Old and New Accounting Systems for Institutions (Caihui [2013] No. 2) stipulates that "Fixed assets formed after the implementation of the new system shall be depreciated on a monthly basis in accordance with the provisions of the new system." The main items of business to be dealt with in the depreciation of fixed assets are as follows: (i) Clarify the scope of depreciation of fixed assets The new system stipulates that fixed assets other than cultural relics and displays, flora and fauna, books and archives, and nominal-amount measurement assets of an institution are depreciated. (ii) consider the factors affecting the depreciation of fixed assets First, the original value: in the case of a certain service life, the size of its value directly determines the amount of depreciation. Second, the useful life: "institutional accounting system" stipulates: "institutions should be based on the nature of fixed assets and the actual use of the situation, a reasonable determination of its depreciable life. Provincial and above financial departments, the competent departments of the fixed assets of institutions to make provisions for the depreciation of fixed assets, from its provisions". It should be noted that the estimated net residual value is not taken into account when depreciating fixed assets.
(C) follow the policy of depreciation of fixed assets depreciation policy are: first, monthly: the month increased from the next month to mention, the month decreased from the next month not to mention; second is fully depreciated fixed assets, whether or not to continue to use, are no longer depreciated, should continue to be used, and the implementation of standardized management; the early retirement of fixed assets are no longer depreciated; third is the finance Fixed assets leased: depreciation using the same policy as owned assets; Fourth, the subsequent expenditure resulting in the extension of the useful life of fixed assets, recalculate the amount of depreciation.
(d) to master the calculation of depreciation of fixed assets depreciable fixed assets for its cost, generally should be taken as an average of annual or workload method of depreciation of fixed assets:
1. Average of annual: (1) annual depreciation = the original value of fixed assets ÷ estimated useful life (2) monthly depreciation = the original value of fixed assets ÷ expected Use of the month = annual depreciation ÷ 12 (months)
2. workload method: (1) unit workload depreciation = fixed assets original value ÷ expected total workload (2) a fixed asset monthly depreciation = the fixed asset workload of the month × unit workload depreciation
(E) fixed asset depreciation of the business of the account in practice, the utility units should generally be At the end of the month on the depreciation business: first of all, the preparation of "depreciation of fixed assets summary table", calculate the amount of depreciation that should be charged for the month, and then accordingly for the account processing. Among them: the depreciable amount of depreciation for the month is calculated as follows: the depreciable amount of depreciation for the month = the amount of depreciation in the previous month + the amount of depreciation increased in the previous month - the amount of depreciation decreased in the previous month. Based on the amount of depreciation accrued in the current month, a transfer voucher is prepared and recorded: debit the account of "Non-current Assets Fund - Fixed Assets" and credit the account of "Accumulated Depreciation" At the end of 2013, the following items are recorded in the account of "Accumulated Depreciation". The business processing method of making up the depreciation of fixed assets The institutions that make up the depreciation of fixed assets should set up the account of "accumulated depreciation" in accordance with the provisions of the new system for the account processing, and the specific steps for making up the depreciation of fixed assets formed before 2013 at the end of 2013 are as follows: Firstly, for the fixed assets (excluding new and old transfers) formed before the implementation of the new system, the account of "Accumulated Depreciation" should be set up. Firstly, for fixed assets formed before the implementation of the new system (excluding the fixed assets transferred to "inventories" at the time of transferring the old and the new), it is necessary to comprehensively verify their original cost, determine their useful lives (or months of use) and remaining useful lives (or months of use) as of December 31, 2013, and other relevant information, in order to prepare for the retroactive depreciation. Second, calculate the amount of depreciation to be provided for fixed assets as of December 31, 2013, using the following formula: Depreciation to be provided for = Depreciation to be provided for each year x the number of years in use = Depreciation to be provided for each month x the number of months in use. Third, according to the amount of depreciation should be provided, prepare a transfer voucher, debit the "non-current assets fund - fixed assets" account, credit the "accumulated depreciation" account. At the same time, we need to pay attention to the provisions of the new system: from January 1, 2014 onwards, the institutions should be all fixed assets monthly depreciation, and account for processing.