The strong swimmer rescued the patient from the water, while others immediately looked for floating objects. Before leaving the water, put the patient on the floating board, remove the water and dirt from the nose and mouth, and open the airway. When doing mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, be careful not to bend the neck, and keep the spine of the head and neck on an axis to avoid aggravating the possible spinal cord injury.
2. First aid after leaving the water
After landing, the water in the patient's respiratory tract and stomach was poured out in time. The main actions of pouring water are: ① The patient is prone, the abdomen is raised, the head is drooping, and the back is pressed by hand; ② Hold the patient's legs, put his abdomen on the rescuer's shoulder, walk quickly, and pour out the accumulated water.
3. First aid for cardiac arrest
For people with cardiac arrest, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) should be performed immediately, including opening the airway, removing foreign bodies such as mouth and nose sediments and aquatic plants, mouth-to-mouth resuscitation and chest compressions. Note that the heartbeat and breathing may stop again after recovery. At the same time of on-site rescue, evacuation should be organized.
Provide oxygen
(1) Patients near drowning (with pulse) and completely drowning (without pulse) may have no water in their lungs, so draining water from their lungs cannot delay oxygen supply. A good swimmer can start mouth-to-mouth breathing when treading water. In shallow water, he can also put the patient's head and chest on his knees and start mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Only after the patient comes out of the water can he perform chest compressions and clear his throat regularly. Even if only a small amount of water is inhaled in the lungs, 100% oxygen should be given as soon as possible and IPPV (intermittent positive pressure ventilation) should be performed in the trachea.
(2) Seawater damages the lungs and fresh water damages the heart, both of which can cause suffocation and brain damage. Before pulse arrest due to seawater drowning, 100% oxygen should be used as IP-PV to normalize blood volume quickly. Near drowning and fresh water drowning were rescued before cardiac arrest, and electrolyte disorder returned to normal after 30 ~ 60 minutes of water diversion. The main problem of drowning patients is that lung water retention caused by various reasons leads to severe and long-term hypoxia, so oxygen should be given as soon as possible.
5. Prevent brain injury
The main problem of drowning patients after cardiac arrest and resuscitation is brain injury after resuscitation. In order to prevent brain injury, a large number of corticosteroids and dehydrating agents can be used to prevent brain edema. Hypertonic glucose is given to strengthen brain nutrition and hypoxia tolerance, hyperbaric oxygen chamber is used when conditions permit, sedatives are used when convulsions occur, and central stimulants are used for coma patients.
6. Hospital treatment
Pay attention to maintaining the acid-base balance of water and electrolyte. Use antibiotics to prevent lung infection and aspiration pneumonia, pay attention to the occurrence of delayed pulmonary edema and prevent acute renal failure.
7. Bathtub drowning treatment
In case of drowning in the bathtub at home (mostly children), the rescue process is the same as that of drowning in fresh water. Call 120 while doing on-site cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and strive for professional ambulance personnel to arrive in time for professional rescue.
Extended data:
How to save yourself after drowning
1, keep calm after drowning, lean back as far as possible with your mouth up, and breathe for help after your nose and mouth come out of the water.
2. Don't raise your hand to draw water at will, so as not to sink; Paddle with both hands, observe the life-saving articles thrown by the rescuer, and quickly bend over.
3. When the rescuer swims to his side, he should lie on his back on the water with the rescuer and drag himself to a safe place.
It is the most important thing to save your strength after drowning and wait for rescue. People who can swim, such as muscle fatigue and cramps, should also take the above self-help measures; Get rid of the heavy things in shoes and pockets in time, but don't take off your clothes, because clothes can generate certain buoyancy.
References:
Baidu encyclopedia-drowning first aid