Since the 1970s, after more than 20 years of development, China's environmental protection industry has begun to take shape, distributed in machinery, chemical industry, metallurgy, light industry, agriculture and forestry and other more than 20 industrial sectors and industries. But China's environmental protection industry in the commercialization, entrepreneurship, capitalization is still only in the primary stage of development, the lack of effective international competitiveness, in addition to certain areas of research is approaching the international frontier, China's environmental protection science and technology and the world's advanced level compared with a large gap, the main problems are:
1.1 small scale, insufficient funds, weak development capacity
China***have More than 9,000 environmental protection enterprises and institutions, fixed assets of less than 15 million small enterprises accounted for about 90%, large and medium-sized enterprises less than 10%. Small and scattered and insufficient funds constrain the environmental protection industry's own market development and competitiveness, while many developed countries, capital and technical equipment, "bundled" credit policy, so that China's environmental protection facilities and construction of many of the equipment is dependent on imports.
1.2 Environmental products with low technological content, research direction away from the market
Environmental protection industry belongs to the emerging high-tech industries, knowledge-intensive is very high. China's environmental protection high-tech and the world's advanced level has a large gap. It is understood that they can solve the investment, independent completion of technology development and successfully put into the market of environmental protection enterprises accounted for only 20%. The current production of more than 3,000 kinds of environmental protection products, about 1/5 of the products due to reliability, applicability, lack of product structure design, facing the danger of elimination, about 2/5 of the products need to be improved. In the new technology level of sulfur dioxide treatment equipment, industrial wastewater (gas) purification devices and solid waste treatment devices and other equipment on the technological research and development, the ability to be even weaker. Now, the domestic need for environmental protection treatment equipment, complete sets of automation, a higher degree of product is basically relying on imports to meet.
Currently many colleges and universities, enterprises and scientific research units have a considerable scientific research capacity, in the experimental equipment, capital investment, quality of personnel have improved, but in the direction of the research is seriously deviated from the market, so that the results of scientific research is very difficult to put into practical application.
1.3 Environmental protection industry structure monotonous, unbalanced regional development
China's environmental protection industry started late, the current productivity is mainly concentrated in the environmental protection machinery products and "three wastes" comprehensive utilization of most of the places have not yet established the environmental protection facilities operation of the market mechanism. In addition, due to the unbalanced economic development around the world, but also caused by the environmental protection industry in various regions of the development of the imbalance, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Liaoning, Sichuan, Shandong, Zhejiang, six provinces and cities in the environmental protection machinery industry accounted for about 60% of the total industry, 80% of the total output value is concentrated in Jiangsu, Liaoning, Shanghai, Shandong, Jilin, Sichuan, Guangdong, Hunan, Zhejiang, Beijing, 10 provinces and cities.
In addition, China's environmental protection industry, there are still the following problems: the country has not formulated environmental protection industry planning, the lack of effective macro-control and guidance; market confusion, the lack of fair competition in the market environment, especially the layers of environmental protection products identified, the use of administrative power to intervene in the market, resulting in market fragmentation; products and projects lack of product standards, technical specifications and effective quality supervision.
2 solutions
Can be seen at present China's environmental protection industry is not fully industrialized, to a large extent, is still purely corporate behavior, in the future for a long time, the environmental protection industry will still be subject to the policy and regulations are not sound, lack of funds, weak technical force, and other issues of interference, whether or not efforts to clear the obstacles to clear the way will be a direct decision of environmental protection industries Whether the rapid and healthy development. Because of China's environmental protection industry started late, innate conditions are weak, so want to achieve greater development in a short period of time is more difficult. But we must not have the slightest utilitarianism, the focus should be on cultivating a healthy and real sense of the environmental protection industry system.
China's national conditions dictate that we can not be like Taiwan, South Korea, as a pure imitation of technology, and can not be like Thailand, Malaysia, as laissez-faire, we must have their own core technologies, patented products and foreign competition, counterbalance. Environmental technology, the basic foothold of the product is domestic resources, on the basis of which the gradual establishment of a fully functional, institutionally sound high-tech environmental protection industry, the key is how to go to the integration, full use of existing funds, technology, resources, and how to make them give full play to their maximum potential. For example, the capital of this item would have been relatively lack of, make full use of existing funds is more important, in general, China's financial system is inefficient. Over the past 10 years, India's savings rate is only China's 1/4, it attracts foreign capital is only 10% of ours, but India's economic growth rate is not low, an average of 6 to 7%, in our that higher "capital formation" level, our growth performance is not satisfactory. Carefully analyze the main reasons for the current situation of China's environmental protection industry is centered around the environmental protection industry itself, the use of new technologies, the market, scientific research, competition, it can be said that the solution to these problems, our environmental protection industry has the premise of the development of a large.
2.1 Market
The severity of environmental pollution and the fragility of the natural ecology determines the long-term nature of China's environmental protection industry and arduous, but also demonstrates the good prospects for the development of China's environmental protection industry. At present, the country's annual investment in environmental protection facilities more than 50 billion yuan. 1998, the country to expand domestic demand issued three batches of infrastructure projects, including additional environmental protection investment of 22.4 billion yuan, so that the total environmental protection investment of more than 80 billion yuan that year, accounting for about 1 percent of the gross national product. However, the potential market for environmental protection is not equal to the real market, the potential for the development of environmental protection industry depends on the potential for market development, but the current market is limited in terms of quantity, qualitatively speaking, the current environmental protection market is far from forming a mature buying group.
How to transform into a real market depends on the government environmental policy and environmental standards to regulate and guide. Environmental protection industry is a regulation and policy-led industry, which is environmental protection industry is different from other industries a very prominent feature. Throughout the history of environmental protection in countries around the world, we can see that sound environmental protection laws and regulations, environmental standards and environmental enforcement of the more stringent countries, environmental protection industry will be more developed, but also the more in the international market dominant environmental protection technology, which will occupy more markets. In addition, for foreign credit policy intended to occupy the Chinese market, the government should also have a corresponding policy to avoid curbing the development of China's environmental protection enterprises.
2.2 Funding
Currently, the construction and operation of most urban sewage and garbage treatment facilities are dependent on national and local financial allocations to maintain. Due to the overall national and local financial constraints, resulting in the slow construction of urban environmental protection infrastructure, while some pollution treatment facilities difficult to run down the situation. For example, the Huaihe River Basin Water Pollution Prevention and Control "Ninth Five-Year Plan" proposed the construction of 67 urban sewage treatment plants, later adjusted to 52, but as of the end of 2000, the entire basin only completed the operation of 10, not started the construction of 10. Therefore, rely solely on financial allocations to build urban environmental protection infrastructure mechanism has not adapted to the needs of the development of the situation.
The solution to the problem of funding requires a variety of approaches.
2.2.1 Marketization under government regulation
To establish a kind of investment and financing mechanism and operation mechanism compatible with the market economy, i.e., to gradually liberalize the market for investment in urban environmental protection infrastructure, and to establish policies and measures encouraging the society and enterprises to invest in environmental protection infrastructure, so as to mobilize the enthusiasm for the participation of the whole society. Market economy is more developed countries, its environmental protection infrastructure construction and operation is in the government's unified planning, appropriate support, under the supervision of the law, relying on enterprises, market operation to realize.
2.2.2 The introduction of reasonable charging policy
The main thing at present is to introduce the relevant economic policy and supervision and management measures, in particular, to improve the charging policy of urban sewage and urban garbage disposal. Enterprise pollution control facilities construction and operation of the mechanism of the problem, first of all, "who pollutes, who governs" into "who pollutes, who pays. The realization of "who pollutes, who pays" is the premise of the enterprise product prices must reflect the cost of pollution control. In addition, pollution control facilities can be independent from the enterprise production process, separate management and independent cost accounting is also the realization of the enterprise environmental protection facilities operating socialization, market-oriented premise.
2.2.3 Realization of multi-channel financing
China's environmental protection industry in the process of restructuring, scientific research will inevitably encounter financing difficulties. After accession to the WTO, the international environmental economic business contacts will be increasing, these difficulties can be solved by carrying out financial business innovation, the use of international funds. For example, the BOT investment mode into the environmental protection industry, that is, "construction - operation - transfer". The government to contract the design of environmental protection facilities, construction, financing and operation, maintenance responsibility to foreign investors, the responsible person in the project is completed, in the agreement period of the project has the right to own, operate, the right to income, in order to recover the investment to obtain profits, the expiration of the period of the project will be transferred to the local government free of charge. This is conducive to improving the structure, the introduction of advanced environmental technology, in line with the needs of China's environmental protection industry development.
2.3 Strengthen scientific research
As a new industry - environmental protection industry must be recognized with a new mindset, to develop. Science and technology is the first productive force, environmental protection industry to survive and develop, we must take the quality as the lifeline, vigorously develop environmentally friendly high-tech products, accelerate the renewal of products. Research institutes, universities and colleges, to seize the opportunity to change the concept of knowledge into commodities, improve the level and quality of products to enhance the vitality of environmental protection industry. Environmental protection industry to more use of modern scientific research results, and promote high-tech such as biotechnology, microelectronics, aerospace technology, computer technology, automatic control, sensing technology, new materials technology, etc. are widely used in enterprises.
2.4 Promote the transformation of scientific research results into new technologies
2.4.1 Promote the marriage of scientific research units and enterprises
Environmental science and technology is the environmental protection industry depends on the basis of the survival and development of the environmental protection industry to realize the scientific and technological progress of the environmental protection industry, we must take strong measures to encourage the factory-run scientific research. Summarize the experience of the environmental protection enterprises factory-run scientific research, drive more environmental protection enterprises to consciously develop environmentally friendly high-tech products, China's small environmental protection enterprises are mostly counties, townships, townships to run enterprises, poor technical quality, many environmental research institutions and environment-related research institutions and most do not have the ability to operate enterprises. Therefore, the two should be encouraged from the policy of grafting, and encourage the linkage of factories and schools, factories and research links, in technology development, but also to encourage banks, enterprises, research institutions, the combination of three, in order to effectively leverage the loan, so that the technology development of research institutions to the market. Play the favorable conditions of the small business itself flexible business mechanism, the enterprise, the university research units of the respective advantages of the combination, the formation of **** with the overall advantage of the place.
2.4.2 Establishment of environmental protection technology pilot base
Technical reliability is the key to the industrialization of environmental protection technology, a few years in the domestic production of a number of environmental protection technology contract disputes mostly stem from technical problems. Many environmental protection enterprises started by a technology, the enterprise has the technology is incredibly mature, which is the basic conditions for the development and growth of environmental protection enterprises. Preliminary statistics show that the domestic average daily birth of 2.3 new environmental technology, a year is 800. But the conversion rate of scientific and technological achievements is not high, the main reason is that these environmental protection technology has not been tested, has not reached the point of maturity of the transformation of technological achievements. Even good environmental protection technology, but also due to the lack of demand for information and long-term shelved. Change this way, the establishment of environmental protection specialized technology pilot base, the existing advanced and practical environmental protection technology for secondary development, as early as possible into the field of application. Pilot base of the experimental technology should be the most advanced technology at home and abroad, the laboratory once a new technology research success, they will use the pilot base of its trial, amplification, and then put into production. Pilot base is like a solid bridge, so that the laboratory's technical achievements from the bridge to the application of the smooth, so that the industrialization of scientific research results. In addition, the government should formulate preferential policies for the relevant departments, the development of environmental protection intermediary organizations, encourage environmental protection enterprises and institutions to engage in environmental protection intermediary services, publicity, recommended successful pilot environmental protection technology, prosperity of the environmental protection technology trading market, and promote environmental protection scientific and technological achievements into the reality of productivity transformation.
3 Conclusion
As long as we can firmly grasp the key points of the problem, as they promote the development of environmental protection industry as a breakthrough, make full use of policy, standards, regulations and these levers, I believe that will enable us to environmental protection industry's pace of development greatly increased, and gradually form a fully functional, institutionalized and sound industrial system.
Environmental protection industry is to provide environmental products and services for social production and life activities, to prevent pollution, improve the ecological environment, protect resources to provide the material basis and technical support industry, is a high growth, strong employment absorption capacity, comprehensive benefits of strategic emerging industries. Accelerating the development of environmental protection industry is a realistic demand for energy saving and emission reduction, improving people's livelihood, an inevitable choice for building a moderately prosperous society and realizing sustainable development in an all-round way, a major measure for upgrading the traditional industries, promoting structural adjustment and accelerating the transformation of economic development mode, and a strategic choice for developing a green economy and seizing the commanding heights of the international competition in the era of post-financial crisis.
One, China's environmental protection industry development status quo
China's environmental protection industry after more than 30 years of development, has made great progress. With the increasing efforts of national environmental protection and environmental protection industry policy is becoming more and more perfect, China's environmental protection industry has been from the early stage of the "three wastes management" as the main, including environmental protection products, environmental infrastructure, environmental services, environmentally friendly products, resource recycling and other areas of the categories of the industrial system is relatively complete.
Recently, the development of China's environmental protection industry presents the following characteristics:
1, the environmental protection industry has a larger scale. Industry is developing rapidly, the industrial sector continues to expand, industrial structure, technology and product structure is gradually optimized and upgraded, the development of operational services to speed up the environmental protection and pollutant emission reduction has made a contribution. According to estimates, by the end of 2010, the national environmental protection industry units of about 35,000, nearly 3 million employees, the industry's total revenue of 1.1 trillion yuan.
2, industrial technology level has improved. "Tenth Five-Year" and "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" since its implementation, through the continued introduction of digestion, independent innovation, a number of practical new technologies with independent intellectual property rights, and in the environmental pollution control projects have been popularized and applied. Large coal-fired boiler flue gas desulphurization equipment has been industrialized; water treatment equipment integration and pharmaceutical production level continues to improve, product quality is steadily rising, the application of membrane technology in a variety of difficult-to-treat industrial wastewater has made progress; municipal garbage treatment and resource utilization with the industrialization of the technological basis for domestic garbage, medical waste, hazardous wastes, such as incineration of complete sets of devices are becoming more mature; physics, chemistry, biology, electronics, optics and so on. The comprehensive use of high-tech, environmental monitoring technology to promote multi-functional, integrated, intelligent and networked direction; environmental services, environmentally friendly products, cleaner production technology have been rapid development.
3, a batch of environmental protection backbone enterprises with strong technological innovation ability to stand out in the market competition. With the deepening of the economic system reform, the development of environmental protection industry in the country's policy support, a variety of forms of ownership of environmental protection enterprises continue to grow and develop. In the city sewage, industrial wastewater treatment, dust removal and desulfurization, household garbage, hazardous waste treatment and disposal, noise and vibration control and other fields, a number of technology research and development, planning and design, engineering and construction, operation and maintenance in one, to provide systematic services to large and larger backbone enterprises, and has become China's environmental protection industry to lead the development of the backbone of the force.
Two, China's environmental protection industry development outlook
On October 10, 2010, the State Council issued the "decision on accelerating the cultivation and development of strategic emerging industries" (Guo Fa [2010] No. 32), the environmental protection industry as one of the strategic emerging industries to be cultivated and developed. 2011, April 5, the Ministry of Environmental Protection issued the "environmental protection system to further promote the development of the environmental protection industry guidance". On April 5, 2011, the Ministry of Environmental Protection issued the "Guiding Opinions on Further Promoting the Development of Environmental Protection Industry in Environmental Protection System", which puts forward specific measures to cultivate and develop environmental protection industry. In the near future, the State will also promulgate the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan for the Development of Strategic Emerging Industries", "Twelfth Five-Year Plan for the Development of Energy Conservation and Environmental Protection Industry", "Twelfth Five-Year Plan for Environmental Protection", etc., which are closely related to the environmental protection industry.
The environmental protection industry is closely related to a series of planning and supporting policies, environmental protection industry in the coming period is expected to become a real "sunrise industry".
"Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, China will focus on the development of wastewater treatment plant nitrogen and phosphorus upgrading and small and medium-sized towns and cities sewage treatment, high-concentration difficult to degrade industrial wastewater treatment, nitrogen oxides, micro-particulates, and atmospheric pollution prevention and control of composite pollution, sludge disposal, heavy metal pollution prevention and control of large-scale municipal waste incineration, hazardous waste treatment and disposal, electronic waste dismantling and treatment. Treatment and disposal of hazardous waste, electronic waste dismantling and treatment, comprehensive prevention and control of rural and agricultural surface pollution, contaminated sites and ecological remediation, environmental monitoring and early warning and other areas; and will focus on the development of environmental services turnkey, specialized operational services, consulting services, engineering services and other environmental services.
According to preliminary estimates, the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period of environmental protection investment needs of about 3.1 trillion yuan, accounting for about 1.35% of the GDP over the same period of time, the average annual environmental protection investment of about 620 billion yuan. It is expected that in the coming period, the environmental protection industry will continue to maintain an average annual growth rate of more than 15%. By the end of the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" (2015), China's environmental protection industry output value will reach 2.2 trillion yuan, of which the environmental pollution control output value of 800