Methods of transmission
Ebola virus
Ebola virus
Various non-human primates are universally susceptible to the virus, and infection can be caused by intestinal, non-gastrointestinal, or intranasal routes, with a high fever appearing 2 to 5 days after infection, and death occurring 6 to 9 days after infection. Blood contains the virus from 1 to 4 days after the onset of the disease until death. Guinea pigs, hamsters, and suckling mice are more sensitive and can be infected by intraperitoneal, intravenous, intradermal, or intranasal routes of inoculation. Adult mice and chicken embryos are not susceptible. The population is generally susceptible, regardless of age or sex. High-risk groups include patients with Ebola hemorrhagic fever, people in close contact with infected animals such as medical personnel, inspectors, and workers at Ebola epidemic sites.
Experts in the study found that the Ebola virus is heat-resistant but will be killed in 60 minutes at 60 degrees Celsius. The virus mainly exists in the patient's body fluids, blood, so the patient used syringes, needles, a variety of puncture needles, cannulas, etc., should be thoroughly disinfected, the most reliable is to use high-pressure steam sterilization. Ebola may also be airborne. Experimenters exposed the heads of rhesus monkeys to the outside of their cages and allowed them to inhale an aerosol containing the virus at a diameter of about 1 micron, and the monkeys developed the disease 4 to 5 days later. The sera of six staff members who were in close contact with the sick monkeys each day were found to be positive for the virus, and five of them had not been traumatized and had no history of injections, so it is thought to be spread by droplet transmission. [4]
The virus can be transmitted through direct contact with the patient's bodily fluids or through contact with the patient's skin or mucous membranes. The incubation period of the virus can range from 2 to 21 days, but is usually only 5 to 10 days.
Ebola virus
While airborne transmission between monkeys has been demonstrated in the laboratory, it has not been proven that the virus can be transmitted from person to person through the air. Nurse Mainka is a possible case of airborne transmission, and researchers aren't sure how she came into contact with the virus. Much of the Ebola epidemic is due to the hospital environment, where poor public **** hygiene, needles discarded everywhere, and the lack of negative pressure rooms pose a great threat to healthcare workers. Because of better equipment and hygiene, it is almost impossible for Ebola to break out into a large epidemic in modern hospitals.
In the early stages of the disease, Ebola may not be highly contagious. Contact with a patient during this period may not even result in infection. As the disease progresses, the patient's body fluids from diarrhea, vomiting and bleeding will be highly biohazardous. Because of the lack of proper medical equipment and hygiene training, large epidemics tend to occur in impoverished areas that do not have modern hospitals and trained medical personnel. Many of the areas where the source of infection is present have exactly these characteristics. In such environments, the only measures available to control the disease are: prohibition of *** enjoyment of needles, and no reuse of needles under strict sterilization; isolation of patients; and the use of disposable masks, gloves, goggles, and protective clothing, following strict protocols in all cases. These measures should be strictly enforced by all health care workers and visiting workers. [4]
The World Health Organization issued a communiqué on October 6, 2014, stating that the Ebola virus is not airborne and that there is no evidence of mutation of the virus. Therefore, some claims that the Ebola virus may mutate to become airborne are unfounded speculation. WHO emphasized that studies have shown that all previous cases of Ebola have been contracted through direct contact with symptomatic patients. Ebola is transmitted through direct and close contact with patient fluids, with blood, feces, and vomit being the most infectious, and the virus also found in patient milk, urine, and semen, with saliva and tears presenting some risk of transmission, although no intact live virus has ever been detected in patient sweat samples[9] .