Our Water Sphere
It has been said that our planet should be called a water sphere. There is some truth to this because the planet we live on has water and 71% of its surface area is occupied by water. To astronauts, the Earth is a blue ball, very radiant and unique in the solar system family. The amount of water that the Earth possesses is enormous, totaling 1,386 million cubic kilometers. Of this, 96.5% is in the oceans; 1.76% is in glaciers, permafrost, and snow cover, in a solid state; 1.7% is underground; and the remainder, scattered in lakes, rivers, the atmosphere, and living organisms. So it can be said that from the sky to the ground, from the land to the sea, everywhere is the world of water.
Amazing Water Cycle
The world's water is a connected whole. Seawater in the sunlight, evaporation, water vapor diffuse over the ocean; part of the water vapor is carried by the air currents over the land, the cold will be condensed into tiny droplets, into the cloud, landing on the ground is the rain or snow; rain and snow after the water falls to the ground, some flow to the puddles, some seepage into the ground, some flow into the small ditch, into the river, running to the ocean. Countless small drops of water is so moment by moment in the world travel. The water cycle ensures the supply of fresh water for human beings. Know the water cycle, you can explain: where is the home of the clouds? Why do rivers always flow day and night? Why have so many rivers flowed into the oceans for millions of years, and the oceans are not overflowing?
Fresh water in which can mile
The earth's water, despite the huge amount, and can be directly by the people of production and life use, but very little. First of all, seawater is salty and bitter, not drinkable, not watering the land, and difficult to use for industry. Secondly, fresh water accounts for only about 2.6% of the total water volume, the vast majority of which (99%), is frozen in the north and south levels and permafrost away from human beings, and cannot be utilized, and there is less than 1% of fresh water, which is dispersed in lakes, rivers and under the ground. Compared to the total body of water in the world, the amount of fresh water is really like a drop in the bucket.
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I. What is a Science essay
Some students see writing a science essay as mysterious, thinking that it is a matter for scientists and is unattainable for us children and teenagers. This is a complete misunderstanding, students can not only write and can write a higher quality paper.
Scientists write scientific papers, refers to the author according to the development of scientific research projects and determine the scientific research topics, through experimentation, observation and other means, to obtain a large amount of scientific data, on this basis, and then analyze the research, scientific conclusions, so as to write the scientific research report. Students write scientific essays that are shorter and shallower than those written by scientists.
Scientific essay is actually students in the classroom and outside the scientific activities of scientific observation, experiment or investigation after a written summary of the results. It is a variety of forms of expression: it can be a thing of careful observation and in-depth thinking after conclusions; can be hands-on experiments after the analysis of the conclusions; can also be a place of investigation after the summary; can also rely on logical reasoning to draw conclusions ......
So, there is no quality standards for science papers There are. It must have "three qualities".
1, scientific. Scientific is a scientific paper is different from other types of genre articles, one of the important characteristics of the life of the scientific paper. It requires the selection of scientific topics, research methodology is correct, the argument is solid, reasonable and logical argumentation, concise and accurate text.
2, creativity. The topic of the thesis, the main point of view to have their own new discoveries, unique insights, and people's production and life have a certain practical significance, the same thesis did not participate in scientific seminars at all levels, and not published in newspapers and magazines at all levels. Of course, if you further research on the basis of other people's research, to put forward novel, unique and well-argued, well-reasoned insights is also feasible, without losing creativity.
3, practical. The thesis topic must be the author himself in the scientific exploration activities found; arguments in support of the main point of view must be the author through observation, inspection, experiments and other means of research personally obtained, there is a practical basis for the thesis must be written by the author himself. There can be no signs of fabrication, speculation, or adult underwriting.
The above "three" is a measure of the quality standards of science thesis. Such as writing "sunflower", although your observation is meticulous, its posture described vividly, its character analysis is perfect, but if you do not get a scientific, meaningful conclusions, it can only be considered a good essay or observation diary, rather than a small science paper.
Writing a science essay is a tough job and a very rewarding activity. Success belongs to our young friends who are courageous and relentless in their pursuit!
Types of Second Science Essay
The most common forms of science essays are science observation essays, science experiment essays, science investigation essays and science description essays.
(A) scientific observation essay
Scientific observation essay, refers to the young people of a thing or natural phenomenon through careful and meticulous observation, and the materials and data obtained through careful analysis, synthesis and study of the conclusions reached after making scientific explanations and descriptions.
Hunan Liao Hao's father often coughs, and through long-term, repeated observation, he found that the wind direction and his father's cough has a very close relationship, and found out the "culprit" - Hunan Rubber Factory's chimney floats a lot of smoke, which contains sulfur dioxide, and his father smelled it, the throat will produce an allergic reaction, which reflexively causes coughing. His small paper, "Dad's Cough," which mainly utilizes observation as a research method to draw conclusions, is a scientific observation small paper and won the third prize at the Second National Youth Science Seminar.
It is important to note that the object of study in a scientific observation essay is an objectively existing natural thing or phenomenon, which occurs under the condition of natural luminescence without human control, so the content described in the essay should be the object, process and the conditions under which the author observes and the phenomena, and should not be attached with any artificial conditions or personal bias. In addition, observation is a long-term, systematic, repeated activities, requiring the author patience, meticulous, perseverance.
(B) science experiments essay
Science experiments essay, sometimes also known as the "experimental report", is the object of the study of young people to create specific conditions, after repeated experiments, to obtain the material and data to analyze, synthesize and draw conclusions and write the article. It focuses on the objective description of the experimental process and the scientific explanation of the experimental phenomenon.
The creeper can climb the wall, which many students know. But why can a creeper climb a wall? Wuhan's Xiong Bin students through observation found that this is related to the creeper's "tentacles", and then he measured the average length of each meter of the creeper stem has 25 adsorption in the wall of the "tentacles", and made a "tentacle tension determination and adsorption" experiment, the purpose of the experiment is clear, the experimental steps are detailed, accurate data, strong description, the conclusion is true and credible, is not lost for an excellent science experiment paper.
(C) scientific research paper
You want to study a closely related to people's lives, the degree of pollution of the waters, the source of air pollution in a certain place, to find out the evolution of a strange stone mountain, a range of flora and fauna and the distribution of the situation, you have to go on a field trip. Through the investigation, interviews, field exploration and other means of investigation as the main means of research to write a small paper is called a scientific research paper. Sometimes it is also called "scientific investigation report", "scientific investigation report".
Won the first prize of the Fifth National Youth Science Symposium, "May the water of Shengtian Reservoir always be green", the young authors of the reservoir's geographic and ecological environment, such as the reservoir capacity of the field investigation, and as far as possible to carry out the actual measurement, to find out the existence of the reservoir's hidden dangers, and put forward a more reasonable proposal. In addition to the time, object, content and comprehensive analysis of the study concluded that the text also draws the "Shengtian Reservoir rain catchment map", "strong erosion in the mountain schematic diagram", together with some actual data, so that readers have a clear understanding of the object of the study is relatively generalized.
When writing a scientific research paper, you should sometimes attach specimens or photographs of plants, animals, rocks, soil, etc. to the text in order to enhance the persuasive power.
(D) scientific description of a small paper
Scientific description of a small paper refers to the author through the use of informative and reliable information on a natural phenomenon or natural things to explain and explain a class of small papers. Generally speaking, it does not directly use observation, experiment, inspection and other means of research, but mainly from the books and magazines, teachers and other places to obtain a wealth of second-hand materials, and after their own comprehensive analysis, logical reasoning, with their own understanding of the language to clarify a certain point of view.
"Why Guiyang is the second spring city of the motherland" is a small paper that won the third prize in the second National Youth Science Seminar, the author of the paper has its own special research method, one is to use the radio and television, insist on recording and organizing the weather and temperature of Guiyang and Kunming; the second is to find out the representative temperatures of Chongqing and Beijing to compare with Guiyang and Kunming with the ready-made scientific research results of the "Atlas of China's Climate"; the second is to find out the representative temperature of Chongqing and Beijing to compare with Guiyang and Kunming. The second is to use the ready-made scientific research "China Climate Atlas" to find out the representative temperature of Chongqing and Beijing to compare with that of Guiyang and Kunming; the third is to check the average temperature of Kunming and Guiyang in January, April, July and October from the book, and then analyze and draw conclusions.
This kind of article is not the first three types of personal practice to get the argument, but it is after all through the author carefully collect and organize the information, comprehensive analysis of the new point of view, new insights, so it is also recognized that it is a scientific paper.
Special reminder is to write a small paper on science, do not raise a question after the rush to check the information, and then without analyzing the original copy, make an explanation, so there is no novelty, there is no new insights into the article can only be regarded as a general science articles, can not be called a small paper on science, and more can not cultivate their own ability to study the problem.
Three, the selection of scientific thesis
The first step in writing the thesis is to determine the object of study, consider what the study, which is the selection of the topic. Some people say that choosing a good topic is equal to half of the completion of the small paper, see the importance of small paper topic selection.
Some students say that there are too many marvelous phenomena in nature, what is good to study? Some students say, I'm used to seeing things in nature, and I don't find any new phenomena. I want to study something that others have already studied, and it doesn't make much sense to write about it.
In fact, as long as you understand the basic principles of topic selection, grasp the common methods of selecting a few topics, and in the daily study, life and scientific and technological activities to be a person, you will be able to find worthy of exploration of the topic.
There are many ways to choose a topic for a science thesis, and individuals can choose them at the right time according to different situations. Here are a few common methods for students to choose a topic for reference.
1, accidental discovery method. A Sunday, Songzi's Hu Changcheng students play in the small ditch behind the house. There were many tadpoles swimming in the ditch. Suddenly, he found a tadpole and other tadpoles do not and like, lonely in the side swim. He used a twig to pluck the disorganized tadpole into a group of tadpoles, and in a short time, it swam to the side again. Feeling strange, he bottled him and a few other swarming tadpoles separately and kept them at home for observation. In the end, the tadpoles that didn't get along became frogs, and the others grew into toads. Through long-term observation, it figured out the difference between the young of frogs and toads, and wrote an excellent little paper.
This kind of choice of topic was not considered in advance, but was simply an interest in a fleeting phenomenon discovered by chance, which was seized upon and traced to its source.
2, classroom extension method. Elementary school nature class "animals and the environment", the students studied the earthworms and light, temperature and water relations, figured out the earthworms like dark, supermarkets, warm environment, and learned to use the difference method of experimentation to determine the failure of cause and effect connection. After the lesson, you can use the methods you have learned to study the living environments of centipedes, crickets, ants and other small animals, and you can continue to study other mysteries of earthworms: for example, do earthworms have eyes? Do earthworms have ears? The earthworm's ability to regenerate, loosen the soil and so on.
3, the problem of inquiry method. Fly this little thing is really annoying, it is the culprit of infectious diseases! But he is also really strange, it is often in contact with a variety of bacteria and why they will not be the disease?
Sleeping can relieve fatigue, restore energy, that all day in the water leisurely wandering fish also sleep?
......
In your daily life and study, you will surely have some questions that you don't understand, can you make it the research object of your mini paper?
Mao Deng Sheng, a fifth-grade student in Dao County, Hunan Province, was playing in a bamboo forest near his school one day with some classmates, arguing over whether the bamboo was empty or contained something inside.
The careful Mao Deng Sheng has been the problem in mind, it is after school to find information, do experiments, with a lot of evidence to reach a conclusion: bamboo inside is not empty, equipped with air, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and other gases. According to this write "bamboo inside what" small paper, won the first prize in the first national youth science paper competition.
4, teacher guidance method. If you raise a small animal or cultivate some flowers, item research them but do not know where to start, you can go to the teacher, let the teacher according to your actual situation and conditions to choose the subject.
If you participate in the school's science and technology team, you can tell your teacher about your research ideas and ask him or her to determine the topic of your research, and then you can observe and experiment around the topic.
For example, students in the biology group of Chongqing People's Primary School chose some investigation and research topics under the guidance of their teachers and completed many small papers such as "Investigation on the Characteristics of Yellowhorn Trees in Chongqing" and "May the Water in Shengtian Reservoir be Evergreen" and won the First Prize of the National Youth Small Papers for many times.
5, idioms, proverbs scientific verification method. Idioms are mostly created by people in long-term social life and practice, but some of them come from fables, folklore, and some are agreed upon. A few of these idioms do not necessarily conform to the objective reality. You can use scientific methods to identify and verify them.
The idiom of "water dripping on a stone" is familiar to all of us, meaning that water drips down incessantly and penetrates the stone, which is a metaphor for the fact that as long as one is persistent, one can do things that seem hard to do even though one's strength is small. But common sense tells us that "water drop" is only a drop of liquid, his power is small, the impact speed is not too fast, how can the hard rock drop through it? Members of the class began by doubting the scientific validity of the idiom, and verified it by doing simulation experiments and consulting information.
"Spring east wind, rain ancestor" is a widely circulated weather proverb. A student made a detailed observation record of the temperature, wind direction and weather conditions for a month in March, and then utilized scientific statistics to derive the scope of application of this proverb, which provides a reference base for weather forecasting.
What's wrong with "sunflower to the sun"? But Hunan's Jiang Linbo has challenged this theory. Through two years of experimental observation, he came to the conclusion that "sunflowers don't always turn toward the sun" and "sunflowers follow the sun during the bud stage, but not after they bloom".
This shows that, even on the long recognized conclusion, but also need to study carefully, not the cloud. Only in this way can we be innovative.
Special attention should be paid to the subjective and objective conditions to be considered when choosing a topic. As the saying goes: "know yourself and know your enemy, a hundred battles are not dangerous". Selection of the topic should be clear about their own strengths, weaknesses are what they are interested in the issue of research, there is the ability to study it clearly, whether they have reached the level of knowledge and understanding of the level of their own by whether or not they have the perseverance to complete the topic and whether they have to study the issue of the experimental equipment, space and so on.
If you complete the topic of "exploring the mystery of a snake", you must master the basic knowledge of snakes, have the ability to catch snakes, be able to distinguish between venomous snakes and non-venomous snakes, and master the methods of rescue of venomous snake bites before you do the research. In addition, it is necessary to have the equipment for keeping snakes. Otherwise, it is better to change a more relevant subjective and objective conditions of the selection of the topic.
Four thesis material and analysis
Selected topics determined, can be taken and analysis, specific content for the formulation of the research plan, collecting and organizing information, in-depth fieldwork, observation and experimentation, analysis of a variety of materials, inductively draw conclusions.
(a) take materials
1, direct observation. It is to look carefully with the eyes, it is a way for people to examine natural phenomena under naturally occurring conditions.
Observation should be careful and meticulous, without sparing any minutiae. Yunnan ZhuangYuePing students use 2_0_days to observe the whole process of pigeon hatching, almost every day there are new discoveries, even a black spot on the body of pigeons, eyelids on the wrinkles have not let go of, so write a small paper "pigeon hatching observation" is true and credible, rich in content. At the same time, the observation should be well documented in detail, otherwise it would be impossible to get real first-hand materials.
2, hands-on experiment. Experimental methods are human intervention, control of the object under study, it is more conducive to the use of students' initiative to reveal the hidden mysteries of nature than observation.
What is the role of the hind legs of insects? Zhang Jun in Hubei has caught a dozen kinds of insects such as locusts, grasshoppers, crickets, etc., cut off their hind legs, and through repeated experiments, observation and comparison, discovered many special functions of insects.
3, fieldwork. Including surveys, visits, field exploration and other ways. Before the expedition, must be clear about the purpose of the expedition, prepare the necessary tools, instruments, medicines, living utensils and so on. Examination process, must be the time, place, process and the results of the investigation at any time and place to record in detail, and sometimes have to pick up the necessary specimens, samples, will be more important phenomena photographed, these are very useful first-hand materials.
4, access to information. Some materials due to time, space or objective conditions of the limitations, it is impossible to personally go to the observation, experimentation, inspection, which will have to consult books or teachers, parents, etc., this indirect access to the material is called second-hand materials. Some problems can not be solved by your level of knowledge, ability and conditions, and this problem is a problem that must be solved in your chosen topic, you have to check the information to make it clear.
(2) analysis
After obtaining the material, we have to analyze and study it, and select the material that can be used as an argument, but also according to the argument to remove the roughness and refinement, to remove the falsehoods, in accordance with the scientific attitude of organizing and analyzing and come up with their own arguments and views.
First of all, the authenticity of various materials should be examined, some of the materials accessed are long outdated views, some explanations are only suitable for a certain range, some materials are not universal, some materials in the record of the error or itself is their own fictional material, such materials should be resolutely not used.
Secondly, pay attention to the typicality of the material, that is, the choice of material should be able to illustrate the problem, not more, but to be precise, and the argument has nothing to do with the material should be discarded or little relationship.
Thirdly, the selected materials will be categorized, study the ****similarities and differences between them, as well as interconnections, and then summarize the conclusion that the thesis. Essay thesis is generated from the analysis of the material \ research, can not first set the thesis, and then find suitable to prove the thesis of the material. For example, Xiong Xiaojia studied the eyesight of earthworms, she chose four materials (1) the phenomenon of using a wooden stick \ red scarf, pencil, etc. in front of the earthworms shake; (2) the earthworms in the face of a variety of food reactions; (3) the earthworms placed in the doorway of the "house" reaction; (4) please call the grandpa to come up with the earthworms whether the eyes of the material. Through the analysis of the first three experiments, she initially judged that earthworms do not have eyes, but rely on the sense of smell to find food, and rely on photoreceptor cells to find dark places. The fourth material confirms her inference even more, making the argument well-reasoned and persuasive.
Five Science Essay Writing
After the organization and analysis of the materials are completed, it is time to start writing. Although there is no fixed format for writing, it should generally follow the steps of asking questions, making hypotheses, researching and analyzing, and drawing conclusions. Generally speaking, a science mini essay should include the following parts.
The title of the title is the "eyes" of the paper, a good title is precise and concise, attractive, can give the reader a fresh feeling and deep impression, and play the role of the dragon's eye.
The so-called "exact", is the title of the essay must summarize the central content of the article, so that people at a glance, can not be off-topic or not tightly, and can not use exaggerated words. The so-called "concise" is that the title should be concise, not only to summarize the comprehensive, but also to highlight the theme, so that the words are concise.
The beginning of the beginning of a variety of ways, depending on the content of the study, their favorite writing style, but generally should be open to the point of the problem you discuss, how you think about the study of this issue.
"Why Guiyang is the second spring city of the motherland" begins: "I live in Guiyang, and I often hear people say that 'Kunming is a spring city, Guiyang is the second spring city'. As for why, I can't figure it out, and I am determined to record the weather forecast to see if Guiyang is really the second spring city." The desire to verify the scientific validity of common sayings arises from them.
Some essays have questions that arise and are discovered from casual observation, and you can also begin by recounting the process according to chronological order before posing the question at the right time.
Body
That is, analyzing the problem and solving the problem part. It includes making assumptions about the proposed problem, observations, experiments, examining the process, the phenomena found, judgments, reasoning to a conclusion and so on, which is the core part of the mini-essay.
It should be noted that: the research steps should be written in detail, the experimental process, the origin of the data, the phenomenon should be written clearly, the narrative should be in a certain order. Data material should be accurate, can be designed to illustrate the problem of the table, illustration, if necessary, can be attached to the photographs taken, collected specimens, etc., in order to enhance the persuasive power. The conclusions obtained should have their own unique insights and be consistent with the arguments, which should be rigorously logical. The text should be concise and vivid, clear and well-organized.
Conclusion
The conclusion of the mini-essay should be about the conclusions you have reached and the recommendations you have made on a particular issue.
The essay "The Sight of Earthworms" ends with, "Oh, I see, earthworms are unquestionably blind; they rely on their sense of smell to find the food they love to eat, and they use their photoreceptors to recognize the intensity of light." To conclude for the end, with the beginning of the question echoed, received a good effect.
After the first draft of the essay is completed, it is necessary to revise it again and again. Look at the beginning of the concise, whether the argument is typical of the real, whether the argument is logical, whether the argument is new and consistent, whether the paragraph is natural, whether the language is fluent and accurate. After the change and then let students and teachers to help modify, gradually improve. The last transcription was sent to the newspaper or to participate in the competition at all levels of the small paper.