4. The development, utilization, management, and distribution of water in China are dominated by government departments, which overemphasize "eliminating water hazards" to the neglect of "improving
water conservancy", making it difficult for the private sector to invest in it.
Mainland China enacted the "Water Conservancy Industry Development Policy Program" in 1997, which has detailed provisions on the policy direction, development focus, and promotion of the water conservancy industry, which is worthy of our reference. Although there is no similar policy guidance at this stage, in the Executive Yuan's blueprint for building a green Silicon Island, there is a preliminary policy in the "Knowledge Economy Development Program": "Promote resource recycling (including sludge from reservoirs), recycling of water for people's livelihoods and industrial use, and promotion of desalination of seawater, and other knowledge-related industries." The relevant ministries have been asked to formulate implementation plans to promote the program. However, a real plan to promote, must first understand the development of foreign countries and the current domestic environment, I would like to domestic water industry market can be developed in the direction of the preliminary views:
(a) water supply private
September 21, 1999 Rui type earthquake scale 7.3 set set set of major earthquakes, resulting in the city of Taichung County, Nantou County, the piped water supply system Serious damage to the water supply system in Taichung County, Nantou County, supplying water to the big Taichung tap water source of the Shikang Dam by the fault fault shift, and was seriously damaged, dense water pipeline due to the buried in the ground, but also by the quake as if it were cut short. In the post-earthquake water supply rescue experience, the supply of drinking water to the residents of the disaster area relied on the abundant supply of packaged drinking water to replace most of the pipeline water supply, making the supply of drinking water safe and greatly reducing the chance of infectious diseases in the disaster area that may have been caused by the lack of clean and sanitary drinking water.
By this real-life example, we can't help but think that Taiwan's terrain varies greatly in height, with a high potential risk of earthquakes and varying water sources around the country, and that the best way to supply water to the entire island has long been to have the Taiwan Provincial Water Supply Corporation (TPWSC) or Taipei Water Supply Division (TWSD) take charge of the water supply. The residents living in remote mountainous areas can only drink spring water or simple tap water, and the residents who are restricted by the protection of the water source area cannot enjoy the convenience of tap water, resulting in the upstream of the water source area being restricted and the downstream benefiting from the water source area, but it is not possible to balance the fairness and justice. Furthermore, why has the Gaoping area been buying water for a long time? According to an analysis of the costs and benefits of the water company's internal operation and investment, high personnel costs, high leakage rates, and investment liabilities of up to nearly $50 billion have again and again pointed to the fact that our water business is not doing well.
From the experience of the evolution of international tap water supply, with the people's demand for quality of life standards, similarly reflected in the water supply requirements are also higher and higher, the government must spend more money to make improvements, but the government has so much money to keep investing? Obviously, it is very difficult. Therefore, the water supply to the private sector to do specialized services and management, to absorb private funds to replace government spending, has become a lot of developed countries often use the way, and now this trend is also blowing to the population, water infrastructure is not enough, the government can not afford to pay a huge amount of money to improve the quality of water in Asian countries. Such as in mainland China, Malaysia, the Philippines, Indonesia, Singapore and other countries in the main cities of the water supply, have been handed over to the private sector, the supply of water to the city's livelihoods to play a significant performance, in addition to effectively reduce the cost of government expenditure on public **** construction, reduce the financial burden, but also to maintain a balance of income and expenditure or even surplus of the water supply operation, but also to provide people with a high degree of stability and high quality drinking water, and other advantages. However, in China, the promotion of tap water has been a major challenge. However, in the country to promote the full privatization of water is difficult, mainly in the water company shareholders are mostly local governments, property rights are difficult to distinguish. Therefore, it is suggested that the following directions can be made part of the "professional outsourcing" to enhance operational performance:
1. Establishment of the barrel water supply system:
According to the geographical characteristics of the region, take the packaging and pipeline parallel way to deliver water, and the water business polygonalized operation, entrusted to the private sector management, to provide different water quality, different prices for services, not only can be due to the occurrence of a disaster in the greatest possible way to dispatch water delivery, mobility, and instant delivery. This not only allows for maximum maneuverability in the event of a disaster, but also improves the efficiency of water usage and significantly reduces the cost of running the water supply.
2. Professional outsourcing management of water supply and distribution systems:
In addition to the regular updating of pipelines to reduce water leakage, a perfect water supply and distribution system also includes the integration of water supply and distribution scheduling management within the pipeline network, water pressure regulation and control, leakage detection in pipeline maintenance, automatic water metering technology, meter reading and monitoring and management of the business, which is still lacking systematic, informational and technological applications in the country. However, with the advantageous conditions of domestic information technology and application, the outsourcing of information management of water supply and distribution systems has the potential for development. Take Fukuoka City Government in Japan as an example, the city's water supply and distribution management is differentiated into six major parts, such as watercourse information management, resident counterpart business, planning business, utilization management business, counterpart business of planning works and counterpart business of emergencies, etc., which are entrusted to the private sector for professional management using automated monitoring, systematization and informatization. This outsourced management company has built a complete and easy-to-read decision-making management system using many sensor devices, and it is possible to manage and dispatch the city's water supply through large monitoring panels with a small number of human resources. As a result, the water leakage rate in Fukuoka is less than 6%, compared to 30% in China.
(2) Establishing a dual water supply system
Higher urbanization will increase the amount of sewage in the city. According to the results of a survey on water pollution indicators conducted by the Academia Sinica, in the future, with the development of urbanization, domestic sewage discharge will become the largest source of pollution. If we think about it in the opposite way, why can't we use domestic sewage as an alternative water supply after treatment? In Japan, there will be a building after the use of tap water through the sewer convergence centralized water treatment, storage of a tank and then through the water distribution facilities to supply the region within the building as a non-drinking water purposes. In Japan is called the waterway system.
China's promotion of the establishment of the waterway system work, due to the constraints of the law is not yet complete, and at the same time, because the province's sewerage construction penetration of only 6.7%, resulting in the promotion of urban wastewater recycling the use of the biggest obstacles. Currently, only closed areas with sewage treatment facilities (such as schools, organizations, hospitals, etc.) are being promoted on an experimental basis. Ministry of Economic Affairs Bureau of Water Resources has subsidized Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung Sun Yat-sen University, Taipei City, Dazhi National Middle School, the Municipal Zoo, Taipei County, three Zhi National Elementary School, Hualien Tzu Chi Merit Association and other institutions such as schools, set up a binary water supply system devices, the institutions of the school's water use, the results are remarkable, showing that the use of water has the potential for development. The Department of Construction has revised the building technology rules, Article 49, since January 1, 88 new buildings, in addition to access to the sewer, should be set up sewage treatment facilities to deal with all the domestic sewage. The setup of sewage treatment facilities in buildings, there are currently "on-site construction" or "pre-cast products" in two ways, pre-cast products of sewage treatment facilities in buildings, subject to the Ministry of the Interior Construction Department and the Environmental Protection Agency *** with the approval of the audit and registration to be marketed, according to the Environmental Protection Agency statistics to date, there have been 47 producers have produced 396 types of models of products. If the future of the relevant water treatment system commissioned by the private sector to operate and manage the relevant provisions of the law through the legislative process to be incorporated into the existing regulatory system; while accelerating the construction of urban sewers in four years to achieve the province's penetration rate of 30% of the target, the private sector will have a considerable attraction to invest.
(C) promote the water service company
Water from the development, delivery to the end of the supply of the entire process, the need for various types of soft design and hardware equipment assembly to achieve. These hardware and equipment include pipes and parts, instrumentation, automatic control and communication and information systems, water control equipment (such as water-saving equipment), water purification and filtration materials (such as RO membranes) and so on, the domestic industry have been put into mass production. According to the Hsinchu Science Park internal water demand survey, Taiwan's information electronics industry, for general water or process needs of high-purity water demand is getting higher and higher, the past domestic need for ultra-pure water imported from Japan, in recent years, the domestic industry has been the introduction of technology from Japan to produce ultra-pure water, and now not only for the use of science parks, and exported to mainland China and Southeast Asia; at the same time, the process of producing high-concentration wastewater treatment is also relatively high. At the same time, the high concentration of wastewater produced in the process is also relatively more important. However, the high-tech industry's high water demand and high wastewater consumption characteristics have also provided "water service companies" with the opportunity to develop specialized water OEMs. In the United Kingdom, in order to improve the efficiency of energy use, the first so-called "energy service companies" were introduced to provide manufacturers with energy-saving measures, and then 50% of the savings from energy conservation will be provided to the energy service companies. This system has been effective since its introduction. The same concept can also be applied to the industry's water conservation above, according to the Water Resources Bureau commissioned by the Industrial Technology Research Institute of energy saving counseling for more than a hundred industrial water, China's industrial water conservation and recycling potential is very large, water service companies have a considerable market to be promoted. In addition, in the area of water treatment, such as water treatment chemicals, microbial agents, water treatment equipment, etc., with the increased awareness of environmental protection, the promotion of international ISO certification, the Environmental Protection Agency's stringent wastewater discharge standards, and the "promotion of industrial upgrading regulations" on the company's investment in resource recycling, prevention of pollution, energy conservation, industrial water recycling equipment or technology, the amount of expenditure of 5% to 20% of the limit, can be deducted from the income tax of a profit-making enterprise for five years. The company's investment in equipment or technology for the prevention and control of pollution, energy conservation, and industrial water reuse will be eligible for a five-year income tax credit within five percent to 20 percent of the amount spent.
(4) Reservoir sludge recycling business
Taiwan's large and small reservoirs total more than 70 more than 4 billion tons of water per year, of which 90% of the water by the Shih-Men, Jade, Tseng-Wen, Wushan-Tou and other 18 reservoirs to provide. Most of the reservoirs are built in deep mountain valleys, and once the dams are completed and the water is stored, the water catchment area is naturally formed. The slopes within the catchment area are sometimes subject to rainfall and other climatic factors or geological and topographical factors, and siltation occurs, resulting in a decrease in reservoir capacity year after year. Reservoir siltation affects water storage and relatively reduces the supply capacity of water, so it is necessary to promote "desilting" to restore reservoir capacity. The key to desilting reservoirs is to recycle the silt taken out and to avoid the occurrence of secondary hazards. However, the composition of sludge in each reservoir is not the same, some have high mud content, and some have heavy organic content, which increases the degree of difficulty in treatment. At present, the advanced countries on the sludge removal, curing and recycling aspects, has been quite mature technology and experience, after curing and sintering of sludge, can be applied to kiln bricks, paving, lightweight bone material, land improvement, floriculture and other uses. In China, there are even enthusiastic people or their own research and development, or combined with the academic community *** with the development of the reservoir sludge curing recycling application of the patent. If we can utilize the technology to recycle the reservoir sludge into a recycled resource and become a source of building materials, we will be able to create a win-win situation where the reservoir is not silted up, the bone material is not scarce, and the environment is improved. The promotion suggestions are as follows:
1. Setting up a special area for the recycling of reservoir silt and sand:
The removal of silt from reservoirs is a long-term and continuous process, and through physical or chemical treatment, these silt materials can be used as new materials, and can therefore be called the resource recycling industry. The existing bottleneck is the lack of a "relay station", which allows for the temporary centralized dumping and reprocessing. It is recommended to set up a "Reservoir Sludge Recycling Zone" based on the "Engineering Waste Landfill" setup model to reward private industry for investing in the establishment of an international ISO-certified processing site, and the government will fully assist the industry in building recycling pathways to facilitate the development of the reservoir sludge recycling industry.
2. Promoting "green building" legislation:
Reservoir sludge, after treatment and reuse, can be commonly used in building firewalls and lightweight concrete. In view of the advanced countries in order to promote the recycling of resources, and has set "green building" related regulations to encourage the industry to engage in, the results are good. In order to encourage the construction of energy-saving, resource-saving, low-pollution green buildings, and to establish a comfortable, healthy, and environmentally friendly living environment, the Ministry of the Interior has developed three major design concepts: "comfort," "natural harmony and health," and "environmental protection. The buildings that have obtained the "Green Building" label symbolize that they have passed the test of seven major green building evaluation indexes, including base greening, water conservation, daily electricity saving, water conservation, carbon dioxide reduction, waste reduction, sewage and garbage improvement. In order to promote the trend of green building, the Ministry of the Interior and the Executive Yuan's Public **** Engineering Committee reached a **** knowledge, the project cost of 50 million yuan or more of the central government's publicly owned buildings, must obtain the qualification of the green building seal in order to be able to send out the contract for the construction of the new measures are expected to be implemented from January 1 next year.
The promotion of green building at this stage is still in its infancy, and has not established a legalized process can be mandatory to promote the foreseeable future once the public and private buildings with a green building label to reach a certain number of buildings to promote the legislation to be legalized, in order to the whole of Taiwan's urban landscape to occur the "greening" of the impact. In the future, in terms of legislation, it is recommended that our country can follow the experience of advanced countries in promoting green building and legislative operations in existing building-related regulations, and incorporate waste (material) resource recovery and recycling into green building materials to expand the scope of resource recycling and reuse; and it is also expected that the government can explicitly stipulate the incentives for the use of recycled resources in the Government Procurement Law, and stipulate that public ****projects should be explicitly stipulated in the tender for the procurement of granular materials. In addition, the government should provide incentives for the use of recycled materials in the government procurement law, and stipulate in the tender for the procurement of public **** projects that a certain percentage of the granules should be recycled, so as to induce the recycling of resources to become a universal action.
(E) Popularizing rainwater storage and utilization
Rainwater was not considered a valuable water resource in our country in the past, and therefore was not effectively utilized. However, as our population continues to grow, and the trend towards urban concentration, has resulted in a considerable impact on water demand: on the one hand, urban water supply from afar, water resource allocation and management is not easy; on the other hand, the consequences of urbanization, resulting in a large increase in surface runoff in urban areas, which in turn affects the function of the existing urban flood control and drainage facilities. Rainwater harvesting in urban areas can be used as an alternative source of urban water for non-potable uses. At the same time, it can reduce the urban flooding load.
For the collection and utilization of urban rainwater, there is a Water-scare program in Singapore, in heavy rain or heavy rainfall, the urban runoff through the rainwater sewerage system to be collected and stored in the cistern. In addition, the Singapore government in public institutions, schools, high-rise buildings, industrial areas and airports universal rainwater collection system for non-drinking water use. Singapore Changi Airport, for example, utilizes the runway and ancillary facilities*** over an area of 530 hectares, and the water collected has been fully utilized for fire-fighting, floor washing and toilet flushing at the airport. Since the airport is close to the sea, the collected rainwater is also used to prevent seawater intrusion. In addition, Japan has spared no effort in promoting the use of rainwater. In Fukuoka City, Japan, for example, the so-called "Tianshui Zun" or "Lu Jizun" is widely set up in homes and neighborhoods to store rainwater, which is used for daily watering of flowers and washing of cars, and can be used as a back-up water supply in the event of an earthquake or fire emergency.
China's efforts to promote rainwater storage and utilization have also yielded considerable results. The Water Resources Bureau of the Ministry of Economic Affairs has set up thousands of rainwater storage tanks across the province, holding nearly 90,000 tons of water and supplying nearly 3 million tons of irrigation water annually; set up a number of rainwater storage facilities in Taiwan's city zoos, which can save nearly 10 million yuan in water costs annually; and cooperated with Tzu Chi Kung Ku Kung Fu Association to carry out a project of hope in the 921 disaster area. The installation of rainwater utilization facilities in cooperation with the Tzu Chi Benevolent Association's Hope Project in the 921 disaster area has set a good example for the promotion of rainwater storage and utilization in China. In the future, rainwater storage and utilization can be further compared to countries such as New Zealand and Japan, and can be popularized in industrial areas, cities, airports and buildings, in order to bring into play the multiple effects of urban flood reduction, fire prevention, and washing and utilization.
(F) promote desalination
International technology research and development and commercialization of seawater desalination application can be distinguished as distillation, thin film method, refrigeration method and solar energy evaporation method and so on 4 kinds. Among them to distillation method market share of nearly 56% of the highest, reverse osmosis method 40% followed. In the development of seawater refining freshwater applications, currently the most mature technology in Europe and the United States and Japan, the daily production to the Arabian Peninsula (Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait) 9 million tons of the most, the United States 3 million tons, Japan 750,000 tons. In Europe, Spain produces 530,000 tons and Italy produces 520,000 tons. The fresh water produced is used for 80% of the people's water, 15% of the industrial water, 3% of the power plant water, military and other 2%.
In the neighboring Singapore, there is no water source of their own, long-term dependence on neighboring Malaysia water supply, has been the country's economic development and political relations between the neighboring countries caused by the obstacles. Since Singapore is close to the sea, it intends to make use of this huge resource and plans to produce 450,000 tons of desalinated water per day by 2010 AD. In China, the promotion of the construction of desalination plants started later, and it is mainly focused on the government's care for the residents of the outlying islands, and the scale of water production is not large. For example, there is a 3,000-ton desalination plant in Penghu County, 2,000 tons in Kinmen County, and 500 tons in Lianjiang County. In the future, in line with the development plan of water resources in the outlying islands, several hundred tons of desalination plants will be built one after another. However, these existing desalination plants are all designed using the reverse osmosis method; and secondly, to provide nuclear power generation, they are all very small in scale, not enough to form an economic scale.
Seawater desalination is an alternative source of water worth promoting, desalination plants on the environment is mainly in the brine discharge, can be based on the local current conditions properly planned drainage road, the ecological impact on the sea area will be minimized. However, there is no precedent for the construction of large-scale desalination plants in the country, and it is recommended that the competent authorities of water conservancy and environmental protection should expeditiously collect information on the review procedures of foreign countries and set up EIA operations for the construction of seawater desalination plants in our country; it is also recommended that the Executive Yuan, when handling the "Policy EIA" on water resources, should give support to the development of alternative water resources. As for the operation of desalination plants, based on the constitutional provision that "water is owned by the state," it is recommended that the incentives for private participation in public ****construction laws be modeled after those for public-private-private or private-private-private (BOT or BOO) to encourage the industry to set up the plants.
V. Conclusion
The water industry (Water Industry) is still a budding industry in China. Although there have long been related to the development of the water industry in the country, due to the positioning of the public **** construction of the hard infrastructure, so that the development of the water industry is limited, the private sector can participate in the scope of the narrow, it is difficult to stimulate its dynamics, create economic benefits. In the new millennium, driven by the global trend of sustainable development, the economic value of water commodities will become more and more obvious. How to create a space for the development of "letting go of the private sector" is the responsibility of the government to promote the water conservancy industry.
In recent years, the domestic beverage market has an annual turnover of more than 40 billion. Among them, water beverages have seen double-digit growth. This shows that there is a general acceptance of "water as a commodity" among the general public. In the future, on this basis, how to popularize the use of more than 17 billion tons of water per year in people's livelihood, agriculture, industry and services and other water-demanding industries to provide services, this is the creation of the water industry's second key task. Finally, it is recommended that the government should foster the establishment of non-profit organizations such as the Foundation, the Association, as a bridge between industry, government, academia and research, to catalyze the comprehensive development of the water industry. Japan in 1973, economic development is facing a shortage of water resources and environmental protection of two bottlenecks, pending the government and the private sector can make a concerted **** knowledge, to overcome the problem. At that time, the Ministry of International Trade and Industry of Japan invited the local autonomous organizations (31), industrial water user groups (11), water-related industrial organizations (24), financial institutions (9), damage insurance (5), a total of **** 80 institutions (organizations), **** with the capital of more than 1.4 billion yen **** with the establishment of the formation of a consortium form of experimental and research institutions, "Waterworks Promotion Center" (WPC). "The Water Re-USE Promotion Center (WRPC) is engaged in the promotion and research of wastewater treatment and recycling, the research and development of water rationalization technology, the research and development of seawater desalination technology, and international exchange and cooperation, etc. The Ministry of Construction has established a consortium called the "River Information Center," which provides value-added processing of hydrological observation data collected by the Ministry of Construction and offers them at a price to people with different needs. The Ministry of Construction set up the "River Information Center" as a consortium to provide the hydrological observation data collected from the Ministry of Construction, after value-added processing, to those who have different needs. Nowadays, because the Japanese government actively promotes the establishment of consortiums in different fields, it has formed the development environment of high specialization, division of labor and popularization of information management in various industries in Japan, which is worthwhile for our country to learn from.
The pursuit of a quality living environment, the establishment of a professional, service-oriented division of labor society and industrial environment, for the inevitable trend and results, and look forward to all *** with the establishment of water conservancy industry