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Supporting and regulating governance, non-governmental organizations play an important role by guiding, serving and cooperating. For example, trade unions employ or engage engineers, industrial hygienists, ergonomists and occupational pathologists to provide technical support. Safety and health surveys and evaluations of workplaces are conducted by professionals, resulting in reports that include environmental monitoring data, medical test results and other technical information. Trade associations, which bring together producers, manufacturers and operators, provide more practical advice on regulation and facilitate the implementation of specific measures. Other professional organizations take advantage of their expertise to provide employers and industries with services such as environmental assessments, preventive and control measures, health advice, emergency relief and clinical care, and to establish information platforms such as occupational disease surveillance.
In terms of legislative activities and social leadership, the development of non-governmental organizations has increasingly influenced government decision-making and legislative activities, and continues to play a leading role in society. U.S. trade union organizations are widely and y involved in occupational safety and health legislative activities, trade union lobbying legislators, industry technicians, professional researchers are the basic members of these legislative activities. Labor unions also encourage labor to participate in the legislative and policymaking process in various forms. Trade union organizations will also promote the resolution of OSH-related issues by issuing initiatives, participating in hearings, providing testimony, and so on, so as to achieve the legislative objectives. Research findings from medical schools and professional organizations are also used in occupational safety legislation to prevent and reduce occupational injuries in the workplace. International non-governmental organizations (NGOs), on the other hand, use the information and rules at their disposal to persuade and cooperate in order to influence governmental occupational safety legislation and decision-making.
Japan: Empowering Civil Society Organizations to Commission Services
Japan's post-war decades of economic take-off have also seen a boom in civil society organizations and intermediaries engaged in occupational safety and health services. The Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, the government's supervisory authority for occupational safety and health, has implemented a system of accreditation and commissioning of associations and intermediaries to obtain qualifications and authorize them to carry out occupational safety and health publicity, training and education, special equipment testing and inspection, and information services.
In 1964, according to the government issued the "Industrial Accident Prevention Organization Act," Japan established by law with an independent legal personality, government-funded authoritative civil intermediary organizations - the Central Labor Disaster Prevention Association. The Central Association for the Prevention of Labor Disasters is mainly engaged in occupational safety-related business, aiming at the prevention and reduction of various types of work-related accidents. Chuo Labor Disaster Prevention Association has two Occupational Safety and Health Education Centers in Tokyo and Osaka, specializing in occupational safety and health training. Trainees are mainly front-line production site managers or safety and health consultants. The centers are able to offer more than 20 types of training seminars, with each training session lasting 3 to 5 days and involving 20 to 30 people.
The Japan Occupational Safety and Health International Cooperation Center, established in July 1999, is another important training institution under the Central Labor Disaster Prevention Association. Entrusted by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, the center mainly carries out occupational safety and technical education and training. Training is provided not only to Japanese companies overseas, but also to companies in some developing countries in the Asian region. About 10 training courses are held each year, and the trainees are those in charge of occupational safety and health at companies. The training courses are held for 12 people each, and *** study for 3 weeks, which includes hands-on training through visits to large-scale companies, factories, and research laboratories and facilities, lectures in English, and information exchanges.
The Industrial Safety Technology Association, on the other hand, is a non-profit organization with legal personality recognized by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, and aims to help companies reduce workplace accidents to minimize losses through various technical activities. The association is also the nation's only authority on explosion-proof testing and certification of electrical equipment.
Australia: Third-party experts involved in risk control
Australia attaches great importance to occupational safety and health risk control, and prevents all types of workplace accidents at the source. The Australian government stipulates that employers must establish an OSH risk assessment mechanism for their companies and follow certain procedures to assess the safety and health risks of their companies on a regular basis.
Australia gives full play to the role of third-party experts in occupational safety and health management. Compared with the majority of developing countries, the Australian government grants greater authority to the expert teams, which can enter companies to conduct health and safety inspections and can require companies and employers to make corrections. Their supervisory authority is virtually indistinguishable from that of the inspectors of the Labor Insurance Board, the difference being only that they have no right to impose administrative penalties.
In Australia, within each company or between a number of companies, a third party with relevant qualifications can be engaged to form an occupational safety and health expert group, which regularly conducts inspections between companies and urges them to address the presence of hazardous factors. These experts have the right to require companies to make corrections, and if necessary, the experts can refer the matter directly to the Labor Protection Bureau, which will investigate and deal with the matter.
Australian labor unions also have a very strong role in OHS. It is the strong role of labor unions that has put the country's OHS in a more transparent state. The proactive involvement of trade union organizations has become an important factor in the mutual checks and balances between employers, employees and suppliers. Trade unions not only fight for the legal rights of employees in terms of occupational health and safety, but also act as a check on employers and suppliers. If a company has a serious occupational injury or death, the labor union can call for a national boycott of its products, cut off its market operations, and urge the company to improve its internal safety conditions and comply with occupational health and safety regulations.
Britain: civil society organizations "grounded" in their respective roles
The United Kingdom, one of the European Union's troika, has maintained a first-class occupational safety and health management performance that is among the world's best. This is the result of more than 150 years of occupational safety and health management in the United Kingdom, with its scientific safety management model, a sound legal system of safety, and good national safety quality is closely related. Among them, civil organizations and intermediaries are also indispensable components of the UK OSH system. Civil society organizations in the United Kingdom actively cooperate with government regulators to promote the solid and effective implementation of occupational safety and health work. These organizations often send personnel to work with national inspectors to investigate and manage risks and hazards in the field.
Currently, the main forms of civil society organizations and intermediaries in the United Kingdom are trade associations, chambers of commerce, business councils and local business councils engaged in training, trade unions, Citizens' Guidance Bureaus, etc., which are "grounded" and have their own roles and responsibilities.
There are more than 1,000 trade associations in the UK that use their expertise to provide up-to-date advice, including health and safety information, information and guidance on legislation, as well as technical services for research and treatment control, organizing seminars and providing training services. The government often works closely with trade associations in the provision of safety and health guidance and information.
The UK's Chambers of Commerce, with their trade databases, provide companies with occupational safety and health related information and advice and training opportunities.
The UK's Local Enterprise Councils provide training, information and assessment against the standards, and provide businesses with the operations and services required by the health and safety standards.
Trade unions in the UK generally have safety and health departments that provide information and guidance to their members, and many of these services are free. The services they provide include legal help on occupational safety and health related laws, training, guidance, publishing magazines, and conducting surveys and research.
The Citizens Guidance Bureau in the UK aims to help citizens fulfill their rights and duties by providing information on relevant services, most of which are free. At present, the Citizens' Guidance Bureau in the UK is particularly concerned with the management of the safety of freelancers and small businesses. It has to go through four stages, and its highest stage is aimed at the establishment of the Shanghai Free Trade Zone and the Guangdong, Tianjin and Fujian Pilot Free Trade Zones. Since the launch of Guangzhou's southward expansion strategy in 2000, Nansha has attracted a lot of attention until 2015, when Guangzhou's Pilot Free Trade Zone was officially launched, dedicated to becoming a demonstration zone for cooperation between Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao. Nansha FTZ has its own clear objectives, trying to establish a perfect system to dovetail with international investment and trade rules within 3~5 years, build an economic system with higher openness and high standards, improve the international legal environment and investment and trade patterns, and create an efficient and safe free trade zone, which can not only promote the economic transformation of the Pearl River Delta region, but also play an important This will not only promote the economic transformation of the PRD region, but also play an important role in the development of China's open economy. At present, Guangzhou Nansha Seaport Terminal has actively responded to the various policies and systems of the higher level, the customs clearance environment has been greatly improved, and the comprehensive service capacity of Nansha Seaport has been fully enhanced, all of which have laid a solid foundation for the development of logistics in Nansha FTZ.
2, Nansha FTZ for Guangzhou logistics industry opportunities
2.1 FTZ policy system conducive to the development of logistics enterprises
At present, Guangzhou Nansha seaport terminals to actively cooperate with the development of the construction of the FTZ, the port environment to achieve further optimization to a certain extent so that the Nansha port area of the source of goods collection and distribution and radiation capacity has been strengthened, but also associated with the ship operating industry, the development environment has been improved. The development environment of ship operation industry has also been improved. After the listing of the FTZ, some shipping companies have been competing to increase the number of routes, and the number of new routes has now reached 8. Meanwhile, in order to effectively solve the problem of customs clearance of goods during holidays, Nansha Customs has introduced the "seven-day working system", and a series of rectification measures have been taken in respect of market policies and customs clearance management, which has also attracted suppliers to a certain extent. In addition, Guangzhou Nansha Customs has also launched a tax rebate policy for ports of departure and advocated transshipment business in Nansha harbor. In response to this requirement, Nansha seaport has launched the construction of "waterless ports", aiming to reach 10 new waterless ports in 2016, so that more cargo sources can choose Nansha port. Moreover, the Guangzhou Port Authority's policy of lowering the drinking water fee for ships also enables more shipping companies to enjoy the benefits, which not only reduces the overall operating costs of the shipping companies, but also attracts a large number of shipping companies to call on Nansha, broadening the cargo channels of the Nansha port, and at the same time, improves the operational efficiency of the ships.
2.2 FTZ regional advantages to boost logistics development
In recent years, the Guangzhou region of Nansha FTZ has carried out a series of integration, the positioning of the Nansha FTZ has also undergone a certain change, and its function in the logistics industry with the past there is a clear difference. After the integration of Nansha FTZ warehousing and leasing business, warehousing and distribution services, as well as import and export trade, etc. to achieve a close connection, the coordinated development of various links, to achieve two-way interaction for the development of the logistics industry to add a constant flow of power. In addition, Nansha FTZ's unique transportation advantages also provide good conditions for the development of the logistics industry. Nansha FTZ is located in the top of the Pearl River Delta A word, but also Guangzhou to the sea channel, is docked in the world's largest container ship of the world's good port, the environment is superior, the development of Nansha FTZ not only led to automobiles, machinery and equipment, as well as iron and steel, the development of the shipbuilding industry, but also for the logistics industry to open up more sources of goods way to promote the upward development of the logistics industry.
2.3 New opportunities for the logistics industry under the trading conditions of the FTZ
The development of Nansha FTZ not only provides impetus for the development of the logistics industry, but also promotes the upgrading and transformation of the economy and trade. At present, China attaches great importance to the development of Nansha FTZ and takes it as an extremely important link in the global trade value chain. However, on the other hand, the trade value chain and the logistics supply chain have formed a very close connection. The improvement of logistics supply speed can lead to the improvement of trade value chain, it is based on such trade conditions, Nansha FTZ for the development of logistics industry has brought new opportunities. From the FTZ port, it greatly enhances the freight traffic in Guangzhou area, and to a certain extent promotes the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure. On the one hand, Nansha FTZ has various preferential policies of the state, which greatly promotes the development of import and export trade and increases the volume of transit cargo; on the other hand, it expands the original storage and transit of goods to all aspects of industry, trade and transportation, pulling the development of the port logistics industry, so that the supply chain performance of the Nansha FTZ is rapidly improved.
2.4 Implementation of the "Belt and Road" strategy, sea-rail intermodal transportation to strengthen the promotion of the development of logistics
The establishment of the Guangzhou Nansha FTZ has aroused the great concern of the Port Group and the Railway Group, and the construction of sea-rail intermodal transportation has been discussed. This will provide a stable cargo source for Nansha Port Area, which can add 15 million TEU cargo volume on the original basis, and make Nansha Port Area further leap into the first sequence of ports in South China.
3, Nansha FTZ on Guangzhou logistics industry challenges
3.1 Lack of competitive leading enterprises
Currently, the shortage of leading enterprises in the logistics industry in Guangzhou, lack of competitiveness, although the number of logistics enterprises in Guangzhou is relatively large, and more than 2/3 of the logistics enterprises are located in logistics parks in the agglomeration area, however, from the actual development of the logistics enterprises, the small size, most of them are small and medium-sized logistics enterprises. The majority of them are small and medium-sized logistics enterprises. According to the survey, in 2014, the average asset operation of logistics enterprises in the logistics park cluster area reached 155,332,400 yuan, however, compared with the service enterprises of the same scale, there is a difference of 150 million, and the number of employees is also small. None of the existing 3A level and above logistics enterprises can enter the national logistics industry 100, compared with Shanghai, Tianjin FTZ leading enterprises rose there is still a big gap.
Nansha FTZ and several other FTZ logistics leading enterprises development data analysis shows that the small scale of logistics development in Guangzhou, which is inconsistent with the speed of Guangzhou's economic development, but also does not meet the level of fierce market competition in the logistics industry. In the face of Nansha FTZ higher demand for the logistics industry, the logistics industry will face great challenges.
3.2 Logistics enterprises "demand chain" management concept is not strong
Guangzhou logistics industry development of the low level is largely related to the "demand chain" management. The development mode of logistics enterprises is traditional and single, and they are not able to make effective adjustments and innovations for the current development of the international logistics industry. Usually, foreign-funded enterprises have high requirements on product quality and delivery efficiency in the process of cargo transportation. Since the acceptance of the relevant instructions, to be completed within 72h or 48h supply, but also to complete the distribution of spare parts to the production of packaging and distributors and other processes, which puts forward a higher demand for logistics enterprises. Therefore, it is necessary to adjust the internal structure of the logistics industry in response to this demand and fully implement the demand chain management strategy to meet the domestic and international demand for logistics and transportation. From the current situation, there are not many Guangzhou logistics enterprises that can fulfill the above conditions. In addition, the traditional single logistics model occupies a large proportion, most of which are still in the basic warehousing, operation stage, lack of a certain degree of professionalism, it is difficult to meet the foreign-funded enterprises or international multinational corporations to provide high-end, high-efficiency, high-quality logistics services.
4, based on the Nansha Free Trade Zone under the influence of Guangzhou logistics industry countermeasures
4.1 Nurture logistics industry leading enterprises
Based on the current development of the logistics industry in Guangzhou, first of all, we need to cultivate a number of logistics leading enterprises, with a certain scale and core competitiveness of the large-scale backbone of the logistics industry, give full play to its leading role in driving the development of the other logistics industry. In addition to strengthen the coordination of development with international logistics giants, domestic large logistics groups, and constantly open up new development space, to achieve effective linkage at home and abroad, to promote the integration of resources and *** enjoy, to create more brands of logistics enterprises, *** with the commitment to the development of the logistics industry in Guangzhou.
4.2 Driven by the demand chain, driven by the development of logistics enterprises
The establishment of the Nansha FTZ has brought certain opportunities for the development of the logistics industry in Guangzhou, and logistics enterprises should seize the current favourable situation to realize the transformation and development of logistics enterprises, and to meet the needs of the current economic development. First of all, to make full use of the current advanced Internet information technology to establish a perfect information service platform, the latest domestic and foreign logistics-related information resources for effective integration, and released to the information public platform, to achieve information **** enjoy. Secondly, to make a clear understanding of the current development trend of the logistics industry, increase investment in technology research and development, the establishment of a perfect warehouse management system and intelligent transportation systems, so that the logistics industry to achieve intelligent development. In addition, we should be based on the livelihood of the people's logistics, support intercity freight terminals, urban and rural distribution and other services to realize the synergistic development of online logistics and offline logistics.
4.3 Strengthen policy support
Guangzhou government departments should pay great attention to the reform and development of the Nansha FTZ, and carefully study the economic policies and innovations of the Nansha FTZ, and then effectively publicize and promote these achievements, and at the same time, we should accurately grasp China's logistics policies, and take advantage of the policy advantages to enhance the attractiveness of the logistics industry, and turn the policy advantages into a competitive advantage. Policy advantages into a competitive advantage, the full implementation of the preferential policies in place, to guide logistics enterprises to enhance the "demand chain management awareness", to promote the pilot business tax to value-added tax policy, reduce the tax burden of logistics enterprises, enhance the strength of logistics enterprises in Guangzhou.
Concluding Remarks
China is a big exporting country, and Guangzhou Nansha port has an excellent geographical location and a complete port industry system, which has a certain development potential. The establishment of Guangzhou Nansha FTZ is not only a requirement for the economic development of the port in Nansha area, but also a need for the development of international logistics industry. In the current policy environment, Nansha FTZ should have a clear understanding of the establishment of a clear development goals, to achieve internal innovation, the implementation of China's FTZ policy system in place to promote the long-term, stable development of the international logistics industry.