From KP- 1 to Figure -9 1
Russian carrier-based aircraft was born during the First World War. At that time, the Russian navy had four ships capable of carrying seaplanes. Among them, the "Diamond", "Nikolai I", "Alexander I" and "Nvdiao" transport ships are deployed in the Black Sea Fleet. Its main task is aerial reconnaissance and bombing enemy ground targets. When performing the above tasks, four cruisers and transport ships that can carry seaplanes usually use ship-borne cranes to lift seaplanes from the deck to the sea surface; Then the seaplane takes off from the sea; After completing the task, the seaplane that landed on the sea will be hoisted to its own deck with a ship-borne crane.
At that time, the Russian czar government focused on refitting transport ships and cruisers capable of carrying combat aircraft, and had no plans to develop aircraft carriers. For some time after the victory of the October Revolution, the former Soviet government did not attach importance to the development of aircraft carriers. In the early 1920s, the United States, Britain, Japan and France had developed the first aircraft carrier. From 1927 to 1928, the former Soviet navy was equipped with "Red Trade Union International" and "Red Ukraine" light cruisers. Both cruisers can carry two JU-20 seaplanes. Because of the low operational efficiency of Junker JU-20, the former Soviet Navy purchased two catapults and 28 Henkel HD-55 carrier aircraft from Germany. Later, "Henkel" HD-55 was renamed KP- 1 carrier-based aircraft, becoming the first carrier-based reconnaissance aircraft that could take off from a cruiser in the history of the former Soviet Union.
1936, the former Soviet government approved the plan of "building a large naval fleet". According to the plan, the new warship will be equipped with aircraft catapults and ship-borne calibration reconnaissance planes. At that time, he was the chief designer of the Central Seaplane Manufacturing and Design Bureau in Taganrog, the former Soviet Union. М? Beriyev accepted the task of developing a new carrier-based aircraft. The Kirov Factory Design Bureau of the former Soviet Union undertook the task of developing aircraft catapults. September 4th 1936 No.312 Factory Test Pilot A? Norman took off the first prototype of KOP- 1 carrier aircraft. This model was renamed бе-2 during the Great Patriotic War. Although the maneuverability and flight stability are reliable, the KOP- 1 carrier aircraft has not passed the national test. 1In August, 937, KOP- 1 carrier aircraft returned to the factory for improvement. 1939, the improved KOP- 1 carrier aircraft was equipped with the former Soviet naval air force. In the test, the KOP- 1 carrier aircraft took off from the test bed of the cruiser Nikolai I and the cruiser Red Caucasus respectively with the help of the K- 12 aircraft catapult developed by Henkel. 1941February 17, the test flight of KOP- 1 carrier aircraft ended. 1939 From March 22nd to 27th, the Central Seaplane Manufacturing and Design Bureau of Taganrog of the former Soviet Union carried out the ejection test of KOP-2 carrier aircraft on the cruiser "voroshilov". After the successful test, the Central Seaplane Manufacturing and Design Bureau suggested that KOP-2 carrier aircraft be put into mass production, but the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War affected the implementation of the plan.
The Great Patriotic War provided a good opportunity for the former Soviet military ship manufacturing experts to develop aircraft carriers. At that time, some military ship manufacturing experts in the former Soviet Union submitted a design plan for developing aircraft carriers to the Soviet Navy. At the same time, Nikolai, commander-in-chief of the former Soviet navy? Admiral Kuznetsov also made many demands. To this end, the Soviet government began to discuss the development of aircraft carriers. At first, the discussion was: the design scheme submitted by the Central Design Bureau of the Ministry of Shipbuilding Industry of the Soviet Union to develop an air defense aircraft carrier capable of carrying 40 combat aircraft and an assault aircraft carrier capable of carrying 60 or 100 aircraft. Soviet a? h？ Tupolev Design Bureau and a? c？ Jakovleff Design Bureau undertook the task of developing carrier-based bombers and carrier-based fighters. 1950, the technical scheme team led by tupolev and Kondorski developed "507" and "509" carrier-based attack aircraft. The "507" carrier-based attack aircraft was developed on the basis of Tu-14 aircraft and failed to pass the technical demonstration. The design scheme of "509" carrier-based attack aircraft is unique. This machine is made of н? Д? Economical turboprop engine developed by Kuznetsov. After the shape of "509" carrier-based attack aircraft was determined, it was named Tu -9 1 carrier-based attack aircraft. b？ Answer? Chizhevski is the chief designer of the plane.
Figure -9 1 The carrier-based attack aircraft adopts the aerodynamic layout of lower wing, swept wing and three-point landing gear; The lower single wing of the plane shape of the double trapezoidal wing can be folded. Although the safety factor (the ratio of design load to service load) of the aircraft meets the requirements, the configuration of its airborne weapons and equipment is not satisfactory. 1 A б- 1500 or 3 б A б-500, 6 б A б-250 or 12 б A б- 100 aviation bomb. This not only increases the difficulty of taking off from the deck of the aircraft carrier, but also causes the safety factor of the aircraft to drop greatly.
From 65438 to 0953, after Stalin's death, Khrushchev, the new leader of the former Soviet Union, made a decision to greatly reduce the manufacture of military ships and stop designing aircraft carriers. Therefore, the former Soviet navy decided to develop a shore-based dive bomber without folding wings and landing hooks on the basis of Tu -9 1 carrier attack aircraft, and readjusted its airborne equipment. This shore-based dive bomber quickly passed the factory and national tests. The test pilot is very satisfied with the flight performance of the aircraft and suggests putting it into mass production. However, Khrushchev was not interested in this, so he was sentenced to death.
From the card? 25 to Jacques-14 1
In the 1960s, after realizing that it had lagged behind western countries for more than 40 years in the development of aircraft carriers and carrier-based aircraft, the Soviet government woke up from a dream and began to draw up a plan to form an "ocean-going missile fleet". 1967 12.25 the first generation helicopter carrier "Moscow" was equipped with the former Soviet navy. The standard displacement of "Moscow" helicopter carrier is 14500 tons, and the full displacement is 18000 tons. Total length 196.6m, flight deck length 34m, width 34m, speed 3 1 knot. It can carry 18 ~ 22 Ka -25 anti-submarine helicopters. Soon, the first generation of "Leningrad" helicopter carrier was equipped with the former Soviet Navy. From then on, a new branch of the Soviet navy, namely carrier aviation, was born. At that time, the Ka -25 anti-submarine helicopter became the main force of carrier-based aviation. Ka -25 has two crew members and is equipped with two гтд-3 б m gas turbine engines; The maximum flight speed is 220km/h, the cruising speed is 193km/h, the service ceiling is 3500m, the hovering height is 600m, the maximum range is 650km, the operational radius is 250km, and the maximum takeoff weight is 7500kg. It is equipped with several air-to-ship missiles, anti-submarine torpedoes and depth charges. In addition, the Ka -25 anti-submarine helicopter is also equipped with a tow? Magnetic anomaly detector, photoelectric detector, suspended sonar and other special equipment.
While developing anti-submarine helicopters, the former Soviet navy also stepped up the development of short-range/vertical take-off and landing carrier fighters for the second generation aircraft carriers "Kiev", "Minsk", "Novorossiysk" and "Baku". The former Soviet Union's Mikoyan Design Bureau, Sukhoi Design Bureau and Jakovleff Design Bureau have all developed carrier-based fighters. In the end, Jakovleff Design Bureau made great achievements in the development and mass production of carrier-based fighters. The Jacques -36 technical verification machine of the design bureau is the first carrier-based fighter in Soviet history that can complete short-range/vertical take-off and landing on the deck of the aircraft carrier. Jacques -36 technical verification machine was made in 1963, and the test flight began in the spring of the same year. 1July 27, 964, Valentin, head of flight test of Jacques Folev Design Bureau? Mu Xin piloted the Jacques -36 for the first time. 1On September 27th, 964, he completed the first free hovering in the air with Jacques -36. 1February, 966, Valentine? Mu Xin once again piloted Jacques -36 for the first test flight of vertical takeoff, horizontal flight, hovering flight and landing in normal flight mode. March 24th of the same year was the most celebrated day for carrier aviation in the former Soviet Union. On this day, Valentine? Mu Xin completed the full flight envelope test flight for the first time with Jacques -36 technical verification machine.
During the development of Jacques -36 technical verification machine, the design bureau also studied the complex flow phenomenon and thrust vector rotation of short-range/vertical take-off and landing aircraft near the ground. This laid the foundation for Jacques Folev Design Bureau to develop Jacques -38 short range/vertical takeoff and landing aircraft in the future.
1February 25, 972, Mikhail, the test pilot of Jacques Folev Design Bureau? Jacob Bach piloted Jacques -38 short-range/vertical takeoff and landing aircraft for the first time to complete a complete set of flight tests such as vertical takeoff, acceleration, deceleration and vertical landing. That same year, Michael? Jacob Bach landed on the "Moscow" helicopter carrier with Jacques -38. Mikhail? Jacob Bach's pioneering work made Jacques -38 Short Range/vertical takeoff and landing aircraft the first fighter plane in the aviation history of the former Soviet Union to successfully land on the deck of an aircraft carrier. The above-mentioned pioneering work of Jacques -38 fighter was many years earlier than that of British Harrier carrier vertical takeoff and landing aircraft.
1973, Jacques Folev Design Bureau developed Jacques-38 two-seat short-range/vertical takeoff and landing trainer for training pilots. During the development of Jacques -38 short-range/vertical takeoff and landing aircraft, Jacques Folev Design Bureau attached great importance to the study of pilot's self-survival protection in the event of an accident during vertical takeoff and landing. Therefore, the Star Machine Factory of the former Soviet Union developed к-36 вм and к-36 вму ejection seats for Jacques -38 and Jacques -38 у, so as to ensure that the two crew members of Jacques -38 у meet in a vertical take-off and landing state.
1975 in may, Jacques -38 short-range/vertical takeoff and landing aircraft and Jacques -38 у two-seat short-range/vertical take-off and landing trainers started the national test flight on the former Soviet navy "Kiev" aircraft carrier. The standard displacement of the aircraft carrier Kiev is 32,000 tons, and the full-load displacement is 38,000 tons. The total length is 273m, and the flight deck is185m long and 47m wide. With a speed of 32 knots, it can carry 30 Ka -25 anti-submarine helicopters and 15 Jacques -36 short range/vertical takeoff and landing aircraft. /kloc-in may of 0/8, Oleg, tester of gromov flight test institute of the former Soviet Union? Kononenko and Air Force Research Institute test pilot Vladren? Colonel Khomyakov, each flying a Jacques -38, landed on the deck of the Kiev aircraft carrier at an interval of five minutes. The national examination of Jacques -38 and Jacques -38 у two-seat trainer lasted until June 24th. 1975. 1976 July 16, the aircraft carrier Kiev began its first long-range combat mission from the port of Sevastopol of the Black Sea Fleet to the port of North Morsk of the Northern Fleet. When the aircraft carrier Kiev sailed to the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, the pilot piloted the Jacques -38 short-range/vertical takeoff and landing aircraft and Jacques -38 у two-seat short-range/vertical take-off and landing trainer for the first time, and the flight time was as long as 22 hours. 1in August, 977, Jacques -38 fighter jets officially entered the service of the former Soviet naval aircraft carriers Minsk, Novorossiysk and Baku. 1982, Jacques Folev Design Bureau developed Jacques -38M improved short distance/vertical takeoff and landing aircraft. Jacques -38M fighter is equipped with high-power engine, external fuel tank and steerable nose landing gear strut. From 1974 to 1989, the former Soviet saratov Aircraft Factory produced 23 1 Jacques -38 and its improved short-range/vertical takeoff and landing aircraft (trainer).
On March 9 1987, Andre, test pilot of Jacques Folev Design Bureau? Henisin made his first flight to Jacques-14 1 supersonic short range/vertical takeoff and landing aircraft, completing the first flight envelope test flight. On June 1990 and June 13, he flew the plane for the first time to complete the full flight envelope test flight. Jacques-14 1 supersonic short range/vertical takeoff and landing aircraft's main tasks are: intercepting air targets and conducting close-range mobile air combat with enemy planes; Strike ground and sea targets. Jacques-14 1 Fighter adopts the aerodynamic layout of upper wing, double tail, single seat, air intake on both sides and double tail support; Adopt the front three-point landing gear; Install a P д-79 main engine and two PP д lift engines. Jacques-14 1 maximum takeoff weight of supersonic fighter 19.5 tons, maximum weapon load of 2.6 tons. The range of vertical takeoff is 1400 km, and the range of short takeoff is 2000 km. Maximum flight speed 1800 km/h, service ceiling15000m; Fuselage length18.3m, wingspan 10. 1 m. The folded wing has a wingspan of 5.9 meters. Jacques-14 1 supersonic short range/vertical takeoff and landing aircraft is equipped with multi-function radar; Equipped with 1 30 mm artillery, it can mount several air-to-air and air-to-surface missiles, rockets and bombs.
1991April, Andre, test pilot of Jacques Folev Design Bureau? Sinitsyn drove Jacques-14 1 supersonic short distance/vertical takeoff and landing aircraft, and set a world climbing record of 12 carrying 1 ton and 2 tons of cargo by taking off and landing vertically. 199 1 September ~1October, Andre? Sinitsyn took off from the deck of the aircraft carrier Admiral Gorshkov with Jacques-14 1 fighter and landed at the North Morsk airport of the Northern Fleet. Subsequently, Jacques-14 1 supersonic short range/vertical takeoff and landing aircraft replaced the Jacques -38M serving on the aircraft carrier Kiev. 1992, Jacques-14 1 supersonic short distance/vertical takeoff and landing aircraft participated in the Farnborough International Air Show in England, which was highly praised by aviation experts at home and abroad. Compared with the supersonic short range/vertical takeoff and landing aircraft planned by the United States and Britain, the development time of Jacques-14 1 supersonic short range/vertical takeoff and landing aircraft is advanced by 10 ~ 15 years.
Su -33 (Su -27K) continued to write a new chapter.
198 1 year, the former Soviet navy decided to develop a new generation aircraft carrier with a displacement of 55,000 tons (design code1143.5); At the same time, it was decided to equip it with Su -27K, MiG -29K, Jacques-14 1M and Ka -27 (Ka -32) carrier aircraft. In the end, the Su -27K fighter became the main carrier of the aircraft carrier. 1982, the Sukhoi Design Bureau of the former Soviet Union evaluated the ability of the Su -27 fighter to take off from the deck of the aircraft carrier. In the same year, in the chief designer K? Х? Marba Schouw (Su -27K) is composed of chief designer M? Π? Simonov), began to develop Su -27K carrier-based fighter (factory code T- 10K).
1in the spring of 987, after the advent of T- 10K- 1 carrier-based fighter, the design bureau not only adjusted its aerodynamic layout, but also improved the remote control system and hydraulic system of the prototype. The wing, the horizontal tail outer wing and the pitot tube are all folded. A hook with a shock absorber is installed under the tail of the aircraft to prevent the hook from hitting the fuselage when it hooks the blocking net. In addition, the T- 10K- 1 prototype is also equipped with equipment such as aerial refueling system. 1987 August 17, test pilot Victor? Pugachev completed its first test flight with the prototype T- 10K- 1. In the same year, pugachev also flew the prototype T- 10K-2.
1989, the third generation heavy aircraft carrier "Tbilisi" began to equip the former Soviet navy; 1990 10, Tbilisi was renamed Admiral Kuznetsov. The "Tbilisi" heavy aircraft carrier has a standard displacement of 44,500 tons and a full-load displacement of 48,500 tons; The total length is 243 meters, the flight deck is 189 meters long, 3 1 meter wide and the speed is 29 knots. It can carry 16 Jacques-14 1 supersonic short range/vertical takeoff and landing aircraft, 12 su -33 (su -27K) carrier-based fighter, 18 card -27 anti-submarine helicopter. On June 65438+1October 2 1 day of the same year, the heavy aircraft carrier "Tbilisi" anchored and sailed into the port of Sevastopol, the main base of the Black Sea Fleet, in order to carry out the famous test pilot Victor? Pugachev and Toktar? Shipborne take-off and landing tests of Su -27K and MiG -29K carrier-based fighters piloted by Aubakirov. 1 65438+1October1day, pugachev successfully took off at -27K and landed horizontally and vertically on the heavy aircraft carrier "Tbilisi" for the first time. Became the first person to take off and land on a heavy aircraft carrier in the history of Soviet aviation. Subsequently, Aubakirov also landed on the heavy aircraft carrier with MIG -29K.
In order to realize this dream, as early as 1982, the former Soviet Navy established a flight test training base for simulating take-off and landing at the New Fedoroff Airport near Saki, Crimea, Black Sea, and equipped it with a comprehensive flight test system for simulating the take-off and landing of "linear" aircraft carriers. The system includes: a T- 1 taxiing take-off deck simulator test platform (5 meters high, 60 meters long, 30 meters wide and 8.5 degrees elevation); A "blocking" simulator that simulates the takeoff thrust state of the aircraft engine; A braking device for Svetlana cable. In order to ensure that the aircraft can land day and night under simple and complex meteorological conditions, three identical shipboard landing systems were installed for the integrated flight test system of simulated take-off and landing of the aircraft carrier Line. A "resistance" radar ensures that the aircraft can land automatically, semi-automatically or manually day and night under simple and complicated meteorological conditions; A "Moon -3" optical landing aid and a "glide path" automatic landing aid.
In the summer of 1982, the simulated take-off and landing flight test system of the "Line" aircraft carrier officially started working. Sukhoi Design Bureau, Mikoyan Design Bureau and gromov Flight Test Institute participated in the test. Phase 1: Test the method of taking off from taxiway deck. T 10-3 who is the main test pilot? Sadovnikov and B? Pugachev. 1June 24, 982 h? Sadovnikov completed the first taxi run from the "blocking" simulator with T 10-3. 1982 August 2 1, MGA design bureau test pilot a? Gisteau Vilt took off from the T- 1 skid flight deck simulator with a MIG -29 fighter. At that time, the take-off weight of MIG -29 fighter was12000kg, the taxiing distance was 250m, and the flight speed under the taxiing take-off deck was 240km/h. On August 27th, Sadovnikov took off from the "blocking" simulator with T 10-3. Subsequently, he also took off from the T- 1 skid flight deck simulator. Its running distance is less than 230m, take-off speed is 232km/h, and take-off weight is 18240kg. On September 9th, pugachev took off with T 10-3.
1983 began the second phase of the test, that is, the landing test was carried out by using the "Svetlana" cable arresting device. In August 1983, 1 1, Sadovnikov completed its first landing test with T 10-3. Subsequently, pugachev and Wojintsev also took part in the landing test. The final result of the test proves that the carrier-based fighter can take off completely without using catapults, with the help of sliding and jumping on the deck. Subsequently, on the basis of T- 1 skid takeoff deck, the Design Bureau developed the T-2 skid takeoff deck platform. The T-2 skid takeoff deck platform is 53.5 meters long, 5.6 meters high, 7.5 meters wide/kloc-0, and the elevation angle (camber) 14 degrees. 1984 April 18, according to the decision of the Council of Ministers of the former Soviet Union and the Central Committee of the Soviet Union, the Sukhoi Design Bureau began to develop the Su -27K fighter which normally took off and landed from the aircraft carrier. 1in February, 985, the commander-in-chief of the former Soviet navy approved the development plan of the Su -27K carrier-based fighter. 1984, the integrated flight test system for simulated take-off and landing of the aircraft carrier "Straight Line" at the New Fedoroff Card Airport in Sacchi City began a new test. Su -27 was named T 10-25 at that time. The landing gear of T 10-25 was reinforced and a landing hook was installed. In addition, the inclination angle of the seat back can be adjusted. In August of the same year, T 10-25 completed the hook taxiing and automatic landing on the бс-2 arresting device assembly. On August 30th, pugachev piloted T 10-25 and landed at бс-2 arresting device assembly with the help of φ-2 arresting cable and "Moon -3" optical take-off and landing device. On September 25th, Sadovnikov took off from the T-2 ski jump flight deck for the first time. From August to 65438+1October, pugachev and Sadovnikov piloted T 10-25 on the бс-2 blocking device combination, and completed the landing and go-around of 160. Among them, 44 automatic landings, 9 landings with φ-2 arresting cables, and 16 take off from the T-2 skid takeoff deck. 1986, the integrated flight test system for simulated take-off and landing of "Line" aircraft carrier carried out flight tests on T 10-24 and T 10у-2 prototypes. At the same time, the former Soviet navy set up the destroyer air corps 100 at Novorovka airport in Saki city to prepare for the Su -27K carrier-based fighter to continue its test flight on the "Tbilisi" aircraft carrier.
1991September 26, the former Soviet naval aviation pilot Timur? Apack Ze piloted a Su -33 (Su -27K) carrier-based fighter to land on the aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov for the first time. 19911At the beginning of February, the aircraft carrier "Admiral Kuznetsov" experienced the last severe test before its official service: the aircraft carrier "Admiral Kuznetsov" set sail from the port of Sevastopol of the Black Sea Fleet and went to its permanent combat station-the port of North Morsk of the Northern Fleet. At the same time, the 15 pilot of the 100 destroyer air corps and 40 mechanics also went together to continue the test of the Su -27K fighter. 1992 65438+1On October 20th, the aircraft carrier "Admiral Kuznetsov" arrived in the Northern Fleet. For various reasons, the flight test of Su -27K fighter resumed in the autumn of 1992. 1994 10, 100 The pilot of a certain regiment of fighter aviation finally ended the test flight of the Su -27K carrier-based fighter. From 1995 to 1996, the aircraft carrier "Admiral Kuznetsov" began to carry out the training mission of sailing in the open sea along the route of North Morsk Port-Atlantic-Mediterranean-North Morsk. At that time, the pilot of the aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov piloted the Su -33 fighter, the Su -25 уг attack trainer and the Ka -27 anti-submarine helicopter, and practiced air patrol subjects over the sea area where the aviation activities of the US Sixth Fleet were frequent.
1August 3, 9981day, former Russian President Yeltsin officially signed an order to equip the Russian Navy Admiral Kuznetsov with Su -33 carrier-based fighters. At the beginning of 2000, 30 Su -33 carrier-based fighters were officially equipped with the aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov. The main task of Su -33 carrier-based fighter is to escort the naval aircraft carrier formation, seize the air superiority at sea and attack the targets at sea and on the ground. Su -33 carrier-based fighter is equipped with two AL-3 1K turbofan engines (2× 13300 kg force); Captain (including anemometer) 21.19m, aircraft height 5.85m, wingspan14.7m, and wing area 67.8m2; Net weight 18500 kg, and the maximum takeoff weight is 22300kg；; The maximum flight speed is 2300 km/h (Mach number 2. 17), the maximum flight speed for sweeping the floor 1400 km/h, the landing flight speed is 240 km/h, the takeoff flight speed of the sliding deck 140 km/h, and the service ceiling170000. Airborne weapons include:130mm cannon (150 shells), 12 P-27P, P-27T and its improved version, and P-73 air-to-air missile. Passenger 1 person. With the birth of the Su -33 carrier-based fighter, the combat capability of the Russian Navy "Admiral Kuznetsov" will be greatly improved.
At present, Russian MIG Aircraft Manufacturing Company is actively planning to develop MIG -29K and MIG -29 куб carrier-based fighters (trainers). It can be predicted that in the near future, the Russian navy will resume the development of medium-sized aircraft carriers. With the birth of the Russian Navy's medium-sized aircraft carrier, the MiG -29K carrier-based fighter will reappear the wonderful scene of taking off and landing on the heavy aircraft carrier "Tbilisi" ("Admiral Kuznetsov") in 10.
Editor in charge: Yulin ■