1. The system and mechanism of public welfare geological work are not smooth during the transition period.
For a long time, geological work has been running under the planned economy system, which has made great contributions to the development of national economy. However, this operation mode can no longer meet the needs of the new situation, and the new management system and operation mechanism are still in the process of exploration. In recent years, the management system and operation mechanism of geological work have been greatly reformed, and some achievements have been made. However, on the whole, the existing management system of geological work is not suitable for the socialist market economy, which is embodied in the following aspects: ① public geological work and commercial geological work coexist, and the public geological work invested by the central and local governments is still mixed; (2) Because the reform of geological prospecting units is not in place and there is a lack of a perfect market environment, commercial geological work has not been fully carried out; (3) The public welfare geological work lacks fixed funding support channels, and the investment is scattered; ④ The achievements of public welfare geological work have not fully realized socialized service.
(1) The responsibilities of the central and local public welfare geological work are unclear.
First of all, the central government's "one size fits all" approach to public welfare geological work has affected the enthusiasm of local finance to invest in public welfare geological work. Secondly, there is no clear division of labor between the central and local public welfare geological work, which often leads to repeated investment and waste of state financial funds.
(2) The commonweal geological work lacks unified organization and deployment.
According to the incomplete statistics of 20001,the special funds for national geological work supported by the central government are about 654.38+0.5 billion to 654.38+0.6 billion yuan, including the special geological survey of the Ministry of Land and Resources, the compensation fees for mineral resources jointly managed by the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Land and Resources, the special geological funds directly managed by the Ministry of Finance and other national financial projects organized and implemented by the China Geological Survey. The public welfare geological work supported by the central government is organized and implemented by the above three departments respectively, but the unified organization and deployment have not yet been realized, with serious duplication and low efficiency.
During the planned economy period, China's geological work was carried out independently, forming a number of geological exploration teams such as geology and mineral resources, petroleum, metallurgy, nonferrous metals, coal, chemical industry, building materials and armed police gold forces. These teams are self-contained, which not only make great contributions to the country's economic construction, but also cause great difficulties in carrying out public welfare geological work under the conditions of market economy. The balance between departments leads to a large number of scattered funds, and the unified deployment of geological work encounters great difficulties, and the enjoyment of work results has also become a long-standing problem.
(3) There is a lack of long-term mechanism for investment in public geological work.
At present, the special project management measures implemented by the central government for national public welfare geological work do not conform to the operational law of geological work. The non-profit geological survey team lacks regular working funds, capital construction funds and equipment funds, and lacks regular updating mechanism, which is not conducive to the long-term stable development of geological work.
Due to the serious shortage of recurrent expenditure of the directly affiliated units of China Geological Survey, the income distribution is too dependent on project funds, which directly affects the dynamic mechanism of public service of public welfare geological survey results to the society; Old equipment, heavy burden on retirees and insufficient medical expenses have affected the normal operation of geological survey. Some of these problems can be solved by our own efforts, but the solution of many problems is limited by the process of state and institutional reform, which requires a long-term process of reform and adjustment.
2. The construction of public welfare geological survey team and the problem of talents have become increasingly prominent.
Since 1999, China Geological Exploration Team has been localized, and the localized provincial public welfare geological survey team and China Geological Survey have been in such a special relationship, that is, in project contact, business guidance, mutual subordination and contract constraints. Judging from the actual effect of operation in recent years, the management organization of public welfare geological work is separated from the main implementation units, exposing many institutional weaknesses. Because the project management and the actual undertaker are not subordinate to each other, the competition and balance between departments have impacted the overall arrangement and damaged the public welfare geological work system. In project management, the system and mechanism are not smooth, which increases the management cost; On the quality of work, the psychology of coping with work has diluted the sense of responsibility and integrity, and the Provincial Geological Exploration Institute has become mercenary, so it is difficult to consider the public welfare geological work suitable for the actual situation in the region, let alone the major national issues; As the organizer and implementer of geological survey, the actual status of China Geological Survey is getting farther and farther away from the national geological survey research entity.
As China's geological work is in the period of system transition, the directly affiliated team of China Geological Survey is formed by merging institutions on the basis of scientific research units of the former Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources. The team size is too small, the professional structure is not reasonable, especially the lack of personnel engaged in field regional geological survey, which is difficult to meet the current needs.
Although important progress has been made in the construction of provincial public welfare geological teams, the progress is uneven. Most of this team is separated from local geological prospecting units, and the team construction is influenced by many factors such as the enterprise reform process and industrial structure adjustment of geological prospecting units. Due to different local conditions, some provincial geological survey institutions have made substantial progress, but most of them have not been implemented. Two thirds of geological prospecting units in China are in a solid or semi-solid state. Secondly, the team management relationship is complex. Although the non-profit geological prospecting units under the Geological Exploration Bureau can allocate resources within the provincial bureau and make use of the data, technology and talents accumulated before, it is actually difficult to operate independently at present. In the aspect of data submission and sharing of non-profit results, it is only beneficial to the local interests of the Geological Exploration Bureau itself, which is not conducive to the overall interests of the big survey results; It takes a long time to set up an independent public welfare geological survey team, which is greatly influenced by the enterprise process of geological prospecting units. Non-profit geological survey units affiliated to provincial land and resources departments are independent to some extent, but there are also some problems in the current institutions, and at the same time they also suffer some losses in the inheritance of achievements, data and technology. Because the reform is not fully in place, the localized geological exploration team undertakes the task of public welfare geological survey on the one hand, and faces the challenge of enterprise on the other hand, that is, the geological exploration team faces the dual pressure of career and enterprise reform, and it is difficult to really serve the society with the results of public welfare geological survey. Therefore, although the public welfare geological work and commercial geological work are separated from each other in terms of investment subjects, they are not completely separated in terms of work content and team building. The present situation of the establishment of provincial public welfare geological survey teams shows that it is very difficult to completely separate geological teams into public welfare and commercial geological teams at this stage.
Judging from the implementation of geological survey in recent years, the units that actually undertake the national public welfare geological survey are 27 directly affiliated units of China Geological Survey, industrial geological survey institutions and local geological survey institutions (Geological Survey Institute). According to statistics, at present, about 20 thousand people participate in public geological survey every year. Of these 20,000 people, only 6,500 are directly affiliated to China Geological Survey, of which only 3,500 are engaged in geological investigation and research (even fewer are actually engaged in field work), and the rest are mainly engaged in scientific research, technology and service. Only 12.5% of the total number of people directly under the China Geological Survey undertakes large-scale investigation tasks; However, 80% of geological survey institutes and 7.5% of geological exploration industries undertake large-scale investigation tasks. Therefore, the direct team of China Geological Survey has not really become the main body of public welfare geological survey. Most provincial public geological survey teams have dual characteristics, which not only undertake public geological work, but also face the pressure of enterprise. In this case, it is difficult to enjoy the results.
We further analyze the team structure of the units directly under the China Geological Survey, in which the problem of talent structure is very prominent. As of September, 2002, the Geological Survey and its subordinate unit * * * had a total of 64 employees13. Among them, 1057 people are engaged in management work, accounting for17%; 3 160 people engaged in professional and technical work, accounting for 49%; 1 1 15 people engaged in commercial development, accounting for17%; There are 108 1 person engaged in logistics services, accounting for 17%. In terms of academic qualifications, 3 15 people have doctoral degrees, accounting for 5%; Master's degree 498 people, accounting for 8%; Bachelor degree 1962, accounting for 31%; There are 3,658 people with college education or below, accounting for 56%. There are 2077 people with senior technical titles, accounting for 33%; There are 167 1 person with intermediate technical titles, accounting for 26%; There are 9 15 people with primary technical titles, accounting for14%; There are 1750 people without technical titles, accounting for 27%. The distribution of talent structure is inverted pyramid, which is extremely unreasonable.
From the age structure, there are 620 people under the age of 30, accounting for10%; 365438+2 172 people aged 0 to 40, accounting for 34%; 0 ~ 50 years old 465438+2405 people, accounting for 37%; There are 12 16 people over 50 years old, accounting for 19%.
From the professional structure, there are 206 people engaged in solid mineral geological survey, 52 people engaged in regional geological survey 152, 522 people engaged in geophysical and geochemical exploration, 434 people engaged in water conservancy projects, 26 people engaged in exploration projects, 44 people engaged in offshore oil, 94 people engaged in basic geological research1459 people engaged in experimental testing, and engaged in information network technology1.
Compared with the demand of national economic and social development for geological work, the total number of talents in China's public welfare geological survey team is relatively insufficient, lacking leaders, academic leaders and top-notch young and middle-aged talents engaged in field geological survey research, and lacking influential geological survey experts at home and abroad.
The problem of "aging" of public welfare geological teams is more serious. At present, there is a serious shortage of people under 35 who are engaged in field work, and there are faults. There are relatively few professional and technical personnel, and there are relatively many management, operation and logistics service personnel. Among the professional and technical personnel, there are very few people who can engage in both research and field investigation, and there is a serious shortage of field professional and technical personnel.
3. The level of geological work is low, and the level of science and technology needs to be improved.
The essence of geological work is to collect, process and interpret geological data, including investigation and research. The level of a country's geological work cannot be reflected by one or two scientific research achievements or the quality of a geological map, but must be comprehensively reflected by the country's geological data accumulation (work level), data quality and research level. The United States Geological Survey was founded in 1879, and has a history of more than 100 years. During the period of 100, the US Geological Survey conducted a large number of geological surveys, and the basic scale of geological mapping in China reached 1:24000 (1: 100000 in some states), which was far greater than that in China. At present, the US Geological Survey is integrating the data of geology, minerals, water, biology, surveying and mapping, earthquake and other majors to form an electronic "atlas" at the national level, providing higher-level information services to the society.
In recent years, with the popularization of information technology, great progress has been made in the digitalization of geo-information and database construction in China, and digital geological maps of various scales have been compiled. With the support of national science and technology projects, our basic geological research results have also been published in a large number of international journals, and some even published in top journals such as Science and Nature. Our field geological survey digital acquisition system has been popularized, and the situation is exciting. However, an easily overlooked problem is that geoscience is different from other industries, and its development cannot adopt a leap-forward model. After all, the geoscience infrastructure has not been completed, and the basic geological survey is of low level and the quality is not guaranteed. Under this condition, it is imperative to make up lessons as soon as possible and complete the "primitive accumulation" of basic geological survey work. Of course, the development of information technology and exploration technology has accelerated the process of this primitive accumulation.
In addition to geochemical mapping, most of China's exploration technology fields are generally backward in the world, and key technologies such as geophysics and remote sensing need to be introduced from abroad, which is difficult to reach the first-class level. China has never produced an internationally accepted important geological theory. According to the data analysis published by the Information Center of Resources and Environmental Science of China Academy of Sciences on institute for scientific information (ISI) in September 1,1September 65438-995/October1-June 30, 2005, in the field of earth sciences, the global SCI papers were * * *. The number of papers published by China scholars is 10404, ranking ninth in the world, with a total cited frequency of 42,897, ranking 12, and the cited frequency of all papers is 4. 12, ranking 72. To some extent, this shows that there are many "bubble articles" in China's geological science and technology, which is a kind of "false prosperity" and a manifestation of quick success.
Table 7- 1 1993 ~ 2003 Top 20 scientific research institutions with the highest total cited frequency of papers in the field of international solid earth sciences
(Quoted from Xiao Xiantao and Sun Chengquan, 2005)
Recently, more than 200 outstanding scientists were selected by the international geoscience community, and none of the China scholars were selected. According to the research results published in institute for scientific information (ISI)200 1, 246 famous scientists who have made an important impact in the international geoscience field in recent 20 years are mainly distributed in 10 western developed countries dominated by the United States, of which the United States accounts for 70%. The 246 famous scientists who have important influence in the field of environment/ecology are mainly distributed in 19 countries dominated by the United States, of which the United States accounts for 67%. According to the citation data of 5438+065438+ 10/in June 2003 published by ISI, the citation frequency of 326 research institutions in the field of geosciences was from 5438+0993+1 0/in June 2003 to August 30th. Among them, among the top 40 institutions that published the most articles (outputs), the United States accounted for 28, France 3, Britain and Australia 2 each, and Switzerland, Russia, Canada, Germany and Japan each 1. Among them, the most noteworthy is the position of the US Geological Survey in international geosciences (Table 7- 1), and its papers were cited as many as 46,303 times from 1993 to 2003, ranking fifth among global geoscience institutions.
In the field of environment/ecology, there are 369 research institutions, with the highest cited frequency of 1%. Among them, among the 40 institutions with the largest number of papers, there are 26 in the United States, 4 in Canada, 2 in Sweden, the Netherlands, Spain, Australia, Russia, Britain, France, China (Chinese Academy of Sciences) and Finland 1. In the field of international geoscience and environment/ecology, the United States is a country with an absolute majority of famous researchers and famous research institutions. Compared with the United States and other advanced countries, there are obvious gaps in the number of famous scientists, the number of famous scientific institutions, the scientific output of famous institutions and the influence of their achievements.
Influenced by the management system of geological work and scientific and technological work in the former Soviet Union, geological survey and geological research in China have been undertaken by geological exploration units and scientific research units for a long time, and the combination of scientific research and investigation has therefore become a long-standing problem. Although it has been called for solving this problem for many years, it is still very serious at present because of the original difficulties such as unreasonable system.
In fact, this separation of scientific research and investigation is of course related to the influence of the management model of the former Soviet Union, but the more important reason is that the management model has not been adjusted according to the changes in the situation for many years. At present, the professional distribution among the teams directly under the China Geological Survey is unreasonable, the characteristics are not prominent, the positioning is inaccurate, the personnel structure is unbalanced, high-quality talents are scarce, and the popularization and application of geological scientific and technological achievements lack effective forms and mechanisms, which affects the promotion of the combination of scientific research and investigation to some extent. After the territorial management of provincial geological prospecting units, the relationship between China Geological Survey and them is "project contact and business guidance". This situation has aggravated the disconnection between geological survey and scientific research to a certain extent. In European and American countries, geological survey institutions are generally positioned as national scientific research institutions, and scientific research is included in the survey work and is an integral part of scientific work. In these countries, the combination of scientific research and investigation is rarely mentioned, because scientific research and investigation have been integrated within the system, and all that needs to be solved is the cooperation between majors and working methods.
4. The service level of geological survey results is not high.
Investigation is the process of public geological work, and service is the ultimate goal of public geological work. Socialization service of geological survey results is one of the main tasks of public welfare geological work.
At present, the National Geological Archives has more than 90,000 geological data. Within the framework of geological survey, after several years' efforts, eight basic geological databases have been initially built. One is1:500,000 digital geological map national spatial database; Second,1:200,000 national geological map spatial database; Iii.1:50,000 digital geological map spatial database; Fourth, the national regional gravity database; Fifth, the mineral database of in-situ mining system; 6.1:2.5 million geological map spatial database; Seventh, electrical exploration database; Eight is the thematic map spatial database.
According to the data provided by the Development Research Center of China Geological Survey, in 2005, * * * provided 12375 data services, and the average daily service volume was 34 times based on 365 days. Provide all kinds of basic geoscience data and digital map services with 15200 map (converted into1:200,000 map).
Within the framework of relevant laws and regulations, the database has provided services for government departments, scientific research units, institutions of higher learning and geological survey project undertakers. For example, more than 240 sets of1:500,000 national geological map databases have been provided to relevant government departments and units; 1:200,000 national geological map spatial database has provided more than 370 data discs to the society. The regional gravity database provides data processing products for many times as needed. Judging from the statistical results of the clients of geological survey results in the past, the main users are still professional geological survey staff, and compared with the social needs and the situation in developed countries, the services provided to other industries and the public are far from enough.
The main reasons why the geological survey results can't fully realize the socialized service are as follows: First, in the process of changing the geological work system from planned economy to market economy, some units and individuals have outdated concepts and maintain their academic status by monopolizing the results data. Second, the contradiction between laws and regulations has become a serious obstacle to the socialized service of geological achievements. There is a contradiction between the relevant confidentiality provisions and the relevant public welfare geological achievements information service provisions, and the geological data involves the confidentiality of geographical base maps, which makes it difficult for the public welfare geological data determined by the relevant provisions to provide a wide range of services to the society. At the same time, the regulations on the confidentiality of geological data are not specific and difficult to grasp in practical work, which makes the confidentiality problem a major constraint and obstacle to the socialized service of geological data. Third, because some provincial geological survey teams that undertake public welfare geological work are both public welfare teams and commercial teams, they not only have priority in the use of survey results, but also often set up numerous obstacles through various means, taking information for themselves and unwilling to disclose it. Fourth, the technical means are backward, and the software and hardware can't meet the needs of maximizing the openness of public welfare geological work results and the socialization of data services. This is in sharp contrast with the information services of geological survey institutions in developed countries (box 7- 1).
Box 7- 1 online free product catalogue of Australian Geological Survey in 2002
(1) Some small-scale topographic data and thematic map products (CD-ROM is also available, but it needs to be purchased at a fixed price);
(2)1:250,000 geological map (online products are scanned images of paper maps in compressed JPEG format; The main channel is paper color printing map, which needs to be purchased at a fixed price);
(3) National Aerogeophysical Database;
(4) National Gravity Database (CD for sale);
(5) OZCHEM National Rock Geochemical Database of Australia (CD for sale);
(6)OZMIN Oracle related database (containing mineral deposit geology and resource information of Australia, involving more than 1000 mineral deposits of 60 kinds; Another CD for sale);
(7)MINLOC database (containing brief information of more than 73,000 events; CD-ROM sold separately), OZCHRON National Geological Chronology Database (CD-ROM sold separately);
(8) Deep seismic reflection profile of the land (including the location of the seismic reflection profile of the land and the scanned image of the selected seismic profile);
(9) Deep seismic survey trajectory of ocean survey ship;
(10) Geological hazard risk isoline map;
(1 1) spatial display diagram of seismic database;
(12) Australian landslide database.
As the support of economic and social development, the basic conditions for the existence and development of public welfare geological work must be recognized by the social and government management departments. Providing high-quality, timely and reliable geological information products and services is the most important way to obtain this recognition. Therefore, the socialized service of public welfare geological work results is a major issue related to the survival and development of geological work.
5. There is no effective connection between public welfare and commercial geological work.
At present, there is considerable overlap between public welfare geological work and commercial geological work in China. How to treat this overlapping relationship? To what extent is the public welfare geological work done? This is still a controversial issue. Although public welfare and commercial geological work are related to scale, the scale of geological survey work is not a sign to distinguish public welfare and commercial geological work. With the development of economy and society and the different maturity of commercial geological work, the scope of public geological work may need to be adjusted appropriately.
From the actual situation, the operating mechanism of public welfare and commercial geological work has not been completely separated, which has formed a certain chaotic situation, mainly in the disposal of results. For example, the geological survey funded by the state belongs to public welfare work, but there is no clear management mechanism for the mineral rights generated by the survey. On the one hand, the mining rights generated in geological prospecting are only reported as achievements, and the state does not treat them as property rights, and they are often occupied by the undertakers, and do not recognize the difference between state investment and enterprise investment or social investment; On the other hand, some local governments confiscated all mineral rights for bidding, auction and auction, and did not recognize the knowledge and labor value of geological prospecting units, which greatly hit the enthusiasm of geological prospecting teams. In addition, there is no regulation on how to protect and hand over the basic geological survey data completed by commercial mineral exploration subjects, and they are often left to their own devices. Therefore, it is very difficult to realize the sharing of public geological survey results held by local public welfare teams.
Due to the low degree of marketization of mining industry, the main body of commercial mineral exploration investment is in the primary state, which is manifested in the following aspects: first, there is no strong strength to invest in risk exploration; Second, it is difficult to support the social demand for mining; Third, there is a lack of a good investment environment and policies. Commercial mineral exploration is in the primary stage and lacks the driving force for the development of public welfare geological work.
From the perspective of commercial geological work, the localization of geological exploration teams has been five years. Due to the slow start of the mining factor market, geological prospecting units try to strive for living space by slowing down the pace of enterprise transformation, and the basic pattern of enterprises remains unchanged, thus making the geological prospecting team face the dual pressures of state-owned enterprise reform and public institution reform. Geological prospecting units are in a dilemma, and retaining business systems will inevitably reduce market competitiveness, and some enterprises cannot operate; Completely transformed into an enterprise, the per capita operating assets are very low, and there are too many problems left over from history, which is difficult to support without geological exploration costs. Therefore, at present, China needs mining companies, exploration companies and technical consulting institutions with different scales and different professional divisions to promote the development of commercial geological work.
Table 7-2 Distribution of Exploration Licenses of Enterprises with Different Economic Types in China
Judging from the issuance of exploration licenses in recent years (Table 7-2), the proportion of exploration licenses obtained by state-owned enterprises has decreased year by year, from 8 1. 1% in 2000 to 59.74% in 2003; The proportion of exploration licenses obtained by limited liability companies, joint-stock companies and private enterprises has increased year by year. For example, the proportion of exploration licenses obtained by limited liability companies increased from 2.72% in 2000 to 12.62% in 2003, and that of joint-stock companies increased from 1. 18% in 2000 to 6.37% in 2003. However, the total number of non-state-owned economic enterprises entering the field of mineral exploration in China is still very small.
Because the commercial mineral exploration market is underdeveloped, geological prospecting units hold a "wait-and-see" attitude in the reform process, and many teams try their best to join the public welfare team. Even if you can't join the public welfare team, you should try your best to undertake the public welfare geological survey task. Some teams have the dual identities of "public welfare" and "commercial", and are unwilling to disclose the survey results and take them for themselves, which greatly affects the development of public welfare geological work.
Objectively speaking, the development of commercial geological work is more difficult than public geological work. In this case, we should give priority to straighten out the related problems of public welfare geological work, and take the initiative to connect with commercial geological work to prepare for commercial geological work. The most important boundary problem between commercial geological work and public geological work is mineral rights. At present, there is no clear disposal method for the mineral rights of public geological work, which greatly affects the development of commercial geological work.