① Traffic signs
It is a device to indicate road conditions and traffic requirements. The traffic signs used on roads in China are divided into 3 categories and 34 kinds: indicating signs; Warning signs; Prohibition.
Signs are mostly installed on sign poles or hung on iron ropes across the road. The indicating sign pole and warning sign pole are black and white bamboo square poles, and the forbidden sign is red and white bamboo square poles, each side is 10cm wide. The installation height of the sign is from the ground to the lower edge of the sign 180 ~ 200 cm. The sign post should be located on the right side of the road 30 ~ 50 cm away from the roadside. The lower edge of the hanging sign should be outside the clear height limit of road vehicles.
The colors, sizes and shapes of the symbols in the world are basically the same. Mainly depends on the design speed of the road. The higher the speed, the easier it is to feel the signs and the greater the visible distance. The number of signs should be reduced appropriately, and the setting distance should be increased accordingly. On foreign highways, it is required to minimize signs with * * such as warnings and bans, so that drivers will not be nervous and can drive safely without accidents, but they must be set up where necessary. Road numbers, place names and other guiding signs must be set up. On a road with a width of 6 ~ 8 lanes, the road signs set on the roadside are often blocked by traffic, so on a wide expressway, important signs are often installed on the frame crossing the road, and the lights controlled by the circuit are compiled into characters, and the traffic control center guides the traffic with variable characters according to the needs of traffic conditions. In any light, the color and handwriting of the sign should be clear and easy to read.
In order to keep the function of night signs unchanged, it is best to use reflective or luminous materials on busy roads or highways, and the brightness of reflective signs should be uniform without glare. Sign boxes can also be used on general roads. The lamp is installed in the box, and the logo pattern is painted on the glass of the logo box.
On the highway, cars often collide with signs. In order to reduce the loss in accidents, some countries use fragile cast aluminum to make columns and use living hinges to connect signs. After the car collides, the column just breaks and flips, and neither the driver nor the car will be seriously damaged.
② Traffic command signal
In the case of small cross flow, traffic police usually direct traffic. The advantage of this method is flexible management and no need to invest in equipment costs; If the traffic volume is large or there are special requirements, use signal lights to direct traffic. The advantage of this way is that it can reduce the labor intensity of traffic police, reduce traffic accidents and improve the capacity of intersections.
The signal lights shall be clear in color and uniform in brightness, and can be seen by drivers at a distance of 100 meters. At the same time, the signal light should also face the direction of the vehicle, so that drivers waiting in front of the stop line at the intersection can also see the change of the color light. If the sun shines directly on the surface of the signal lamp, a sunshade should be added on it. In order to avoid visual confusion, all lights that interfere with traffic lights at intersections should be removed. There are two ways to manage traffic lights: manual control and automatic control.
③ Road traffic signs
In addition to the above traffic signs similar to traffic lights, various pavement signs are widely used on urban roads. There are usually lane lines, parking lines, crosswalks (zebra crossings) and guide arrows, as well as dividing lines, public parking areas and parking lanes (highways and road edge lines). All these lines, arrows, characters or patterns that organize traffic are generally painted with white paint (or yellow paint) on the road surface, and some are made of white asphalt or cement concrete and white tiles.
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Question 2: What are the urban road traffic management facilities? Urban road traffic facilities can be divided into three categories according to their functions: traffic management facilities, traffic safety facilities and traffic service facilities.
Traffic management facilities include: traffic signs, traffic markings, physical isolation devices, traffic signal control equipment, traffic violation monitoring and capture equipment, etc.
Traffic safety facilities include: anti-collision guardrail and anti-collision column, anti-glare device, sight guiding facilities, bumpy road surface (speed bump), highway reflector, etc.
Traffic service facilities include: parking lot, gas station, emergency telephone, etc.
Question 3: What traffic safety facilities are included in road traffic safety facilities, which play an important role in ensuring traffic safety and reducing the potential of accidents? A good safety facility system should have many functions such as traffic management, safety protection, traffic guidance, isolation and sealing, anti-glare and so on. Road traffic safety facilities include: traffic signs, pavement markings, guardrails, isolation guardrails, lighting equipment, sight-guiding signs, anti-glare facilities, etc. Road traffic signs include warning signs, prohibition signs, indicating signs, guiding signs, tourist area signs, road construction safety signs and auxiliary signs. The purpose of setting up traffic signs is to provide accurate information for road traffic personnel and ensure safe and smooth traffic. Expressway has high speed and many lanes, and the sign size is much larger than that of ordinary roads. Pavement markings include prohibition markings, indication markings and warning markings. They are traffic control facilities that are directly painted on the road surface or paved with concrete precast blocks into lines and symbols, which are used in conjunction with road signs. There are many kinds of pavement markings, such as lane centerline, parking line vertical markings, kerb markings, etc. There are solid lines, dotted lines, arrow indicating lines, etc. White or yellow paint is usually used. The safety guardrail on the expressway should not only prevent vehicles from crossing the road, but also prevent vehicles from crossing the median and breaking into the opposite lane; At the same time, it must be able to induce the driver's sight. Guardrail is one of the basic facilities of expressway, which makes the expressway fully enclosed and prevents people and animals from entering the expressway. It can effectively eliminate lateral interference, avoid traffic delays or traffic accidents, and ensure the efficiency of expressways. According to the different materials used, the isolation fence can be divided into metal mesh, steel mesh, barbed wire and evergreen hedge. Road lighting is mainly to ensure the safety and smoothness of traffic at night, which can be roughly divided into continuous lighting, local lighting and tunnel lighting. Lighting conditions have a great influence on road traffic safety. Sight guide signs are generally set along both sides of the lane, which have the function of indicating the road alignment and guiding the driver's sight. At night, on the road section where line-of-sight guidance is required, reflective line-of-sight guidance signs shall be set. Anti-glare facilities are designed to block the glare of headlights of oncoming cars, and are divided into anti-glare nets and anti-glare plates.
Question 4: What does the transportation infrastructure include? Traffic infrastructure is generally divided into ordinary highway traffic facilities, highway traffic facilities, municipal road traffic facilities,
Rail transit facilities, parking facilities, etc. Traffic infrastructure includes roads, tracks, tunnels, elevated roads, stations, ventilation booths, electromechanical equipment, power supply systems, communication signals, road markings and other facilities built to ensure the safe and normal operation of the traffic system.
Question 5: What facilities do transportation facilities include? According to the needs of traffic flow and topographical features, footbridges (including underground crosswalks), fences, lighting facilities, sight guiding signs, emergency contact facilities and other similar facilities should be set up on the road when necessary.
1. footbridge
fence
Prevent cars from driving off the road by mistake, so as to protect pedestrians, houses and structures. Secondly, induce the driver's sight. At the same time, it is also used to prevent pedestrians from crossing the road, which can separate pedestrians and bicycles from cars and play a protective role.
There are many forms of fence, such as guardrail, protective rope, truss, pipeline, etc. The choice of protective fence form should be coordinated with the environment and its function should be considered. Just to stop pedestrians. Fences can be in the form of pipes, net chains, etc.
3. Lighting facilities
In order to prevent traffic accidents at night and improve driving comfort, lighting facilities should be set up continuously or locally on necessary roads.
Lighting equipment can reduce traffic accidents. According to the statistics of roads with night lighting in Japan, traffic accidents can be reduced by 14%~54%, and those in Europe and America can be reduced by 30% ~ 40%. Lighting equipment can also improve road utilization. According to the measured data in the United States, the vehicle speed can be increased by setting lighting facilities1.1~ 4.6 kg/h. Lighting equipment can also eliminate the insecurity of pedestrians, ensure the necessary driving sight distance of drivers, and eliminate their insecurity.
4. Visually induced signs
In order to indicate the edge and alignment of the highway, guide signs should be set on special sections to guide the driver's sight. For example, snow piles should be set up on roads with more snow, and guide signs should be set up at the broken ends of the central belt and the front end of the diverter to indicate their positions.
5. Road mirror
Reflectors should be installed in bends and small radius areas where accidents may occur, such as intersections and intersections with poor visibility. Road mirrors are round and square, and convex mirrors are generally used. The mirror surface should have high reflection efficiency, without roughness, warping, blisters, waterline and other defects.
6. Highway information board
In order to inform highway users of highway, weather and traffic conditions and related traffic restrictions in time, a highway variable information board was set up at appropriate locations. There are three types of information boards: Type A information boards are used on important highways, suspended, remotely controlled by computers, with built-in light subtitles; B-type information board is located on the roadside, with manual light subtitles inside; C-type information board is used in places with limited traffic and signs are inserted. The information content must be concise and easy to understand accurately.
7. Highway monitoring system
Traffic monitoring facilities should be set up in places and sections on the route that may obviously endanger the safety of pedestrians and may become traffic jams, so as to monitor the traffic flow at ordinary times and take immediate measures in case of emergency. The monitoring facilities are equipped with commonly used industrial televisions and traffic flow detectors to automatically record traffic volume, density and speed.
8. Parking lot
The parking lot is a place to park and get passengers on and off. It has two parts: parking area and driveway. The driveway is connected with a connecting road such as a ramp. While guiding the car into the parking area, it also leaves a necessary place for turning around or reversing when parking. The connecting roads shall be designed according to the highway standard and the service area, according to the interchange and ramp with rest facilities, or according to the design standard of intersection.
9. Bus stop
Parking stations are divided into parking areas and parking spots. The parking area is used for buses and passengers to get on and off, and is separated from the main road. As a special zone, the parking area must be set on the first-class highway, and its plane alignment must be a section with a straight line or curve radius larger than the standard and a small longitudinal slope. The parking spot is the outside lane of the trunk line where passengers get on and off the vehicle.
Question 6: What are the traffic safety facilities? According to item 7 of Article 99, a fine of more than 200 yuan and less than 2,000 yuan shall be imposed. Article 99 of the Road Traffic Safety Law: Anyone who commits one of the following acts shall be fined between 200 yuan and 2,000 yuan by the traffic administrative department of the public security organ: (1) driving a motor vehicle without obtaining a motor vehicle driver's license, while the motor vehicle driver's license is revoked or temporarily suspended; (two) the motor vehicle is driven by a person who has not obtained a motor vehicle driver's license or whose motor vehicle driver's license has been revoked or withheld; (3) causing escape after a traffic accident, which does not constitute a crime; (four) the speed of motor vehicles exceeds fifty percent; (5) Forcing a motor vehicle driver to drive a motor vehicle in violation of the laws and regulations on road traffic safety and the requirements for safe driving of motor vehicles, thus causing a traffic accident, which does not constitute a crime; (six) in violation of traffic control regulations, forced passage, do not listen to dissuasion; (7) intentionally damaging, moving or altering traffic facilities, causing harmful consequences, which does not constitute a crime; (eight) illegal interception and detention of motor vehicles, do not listen to dissuasion, resulting in serious traffic jams or large property losses. The motor vehicle driver's license may also be revoked if the actor is under any of the circumstances mentioned in Items (2) and (4) of the preceding paragraph; In case of any of the first, third, fifth to eighth cases, the person may be detained for not more than fifteen days.
Question 7: What are the traffic safety facilities? The main safety facilities and equipment of the tanker are: slings, cross buckles, horns, double cross piles, anchors, anchor chains, hinges and vises.
1. Cable
The number of suspension cables should be determined according to the comprehensive consideration of water flow, tonnage of refueling ship and environment, and supporting facilities such as horns and double cross piles should be standardized. Generally, there are two lifting ropes at the bow, one at the stern and two or three at the other end; If the current is urgent, the number of lifting ropes should be increased.
Daily check whether the wire rope is fastened, barbed and hairy; The steel cable maintains butter once a year. The main sling must be replaced after 3 years of use, and the remaining slings and butt buckles should be replaced after 3-5 years of use according to the actual situation of corrosion and damage. During the whole flood, the cable should be turned around to extend its service life.
2. Local cattle
Local iron oxen should be set according to a steel cable, which can be divided into three situations: dry season, normal water level and flood peak, and iron oxen with corresponding heights should be set to ensure that they can meet the water level requirements in different periods. Check whether the cattle are strong before the flood peak or daily.
3. Anchors and chains
The dimensions of outer anchor, diversion anchor and tail anchor should be determined according to the water flow, riverbed structure and tonnage of refueling ship, so as to ensure that the safety needs can be met under special circumstances such as flood peak. Generally, a front anchor, a rear anchor and a diversion anchor are placed in the waters of the Yangtze River. At the confluence or backwater, diversion anchors can be placed according to the actual situation. Anchor chain, vice and other corresponding equipment should be matched with the anchor.
The anchor chain is derusted on the water surface for maintenance. When the water level fluctuates, the mooring facilities such as anchor chain and mooring line of the refueling ship must be adjusted in time.
4. Safety facilities and protective equipment
Fire extinguishing devices, life-saving equipment, poles, bumpers and other equipment and facilities must be in good condition and effective, and regularly maintained and calibrated.
Check whether the fire pump, fire hydrant and hose monitor are in good condition; Whether the fire extinguisher is invalid and the accessories such as nozzles are damaged; Whether there is a fire shovel, fire sand, etc.
5. Electrical safety facilities
Lightning protection and anti-static devices, electrical protection devices, engine room ventilation devices and pressure gauges shall be well maintained to prevent fire and electric shock accidents;
Do a good job in the maintenance of switch circuits such as electrical switches and signal lights.
6. Environmental protection facilities and equipment
Oil booms should be installed and oil absorption felt should be provided. Check whether the suspender tether is decayed and damaged, and whether the oil-absorbing felt is aged and expired; Check whether the oil pipeline is intact, whether the oil hose is aging and damaged, and whether the joint of the oil pipeline, oil hose and refueling hose is firm to prevent oil from flowing into the Yangtze River.
7. Hull maintenance
The refueling ship must be inspected, maintained and maintained in accordance with the provisions of the State Maritime Safety Administration; The hull and jumper are painted for the first time within 8 years after the first use, and then painted every 4 years.
Question 8: Which schools in the city have public transportation facilities: primary schools, middle schools, universities, secondary specialized technical schools, vocational training institutions, boarding high schools, special schools and kindergartens.
Hospitals: general hospitals, various specialized hospitals, health and epidemic prevention facilities, preventive health care institutions and first aid network facilities.
Cultural facilities: group art museum, library, concert hall, youth activity center, cultural palace, cultural center, theater, Xinhua Bookstore, etc.
Sports facilities: gymnasium, stadium, swimming and diving hall, etc.
Social welfare and security facilities: nursing homes, etc.
Commercial facilities: commercial street, shopping center, comprehensive supermarket, commodity store, service store, catering, etc.
Public facilities in residential areas, residential quarters, residential quarters: street offices, multi-functional community activity centers, shopping malls, comprehensive supermarkets, various service convenience stores, commodity stores, etc.
Others:
(1) Road traffic facilities: bus station, social parking lot, gas filling station, etc.
(2) Water supply and drainage facilities: feed pump station, sewage treatment plant, sewage pump station, rainwater pump station, etc.
(3) Power facilities: substations, urban power plants, etc.
(4) Communication facilities: long-distance office, end office, target office and long-distance hub office; Broadband (IP) office address; Mobile communication office address, mobile communication base station, etc. ;
(5) Radio and TV facilities: cable TV center, cable TV sub-center, cable TV community management station, etc.
(6) Gas facilities: LPG storage and distribution station, natural gas gate station, gas emergency repair station, etc.
(7) Fire fighting facilities: general fire fighting station, small general fire fighting station, road special fire fighting station, water special fire fighting station, helicopter special fire fighting station, fire fighting training base, fire fighting squadron, etc.
(8) Sanitation facilities: garbage transfer stations, garbage landfills, etc.