1Introduction
In the process of modernization, the people focus on the economy while paying more attention to the quality of the living environment, so environmental protection has become the new theme of the new era. Solid waste pollution as a prevalent environmental pollution in human daily life is also one of the key issues that environmental engineering construction should be concerned about.
2 Definition and Characteristics of Solid Waste
2.1 Definition and Classification of Solid Waste
Solid waste refers to the loss of the original value of human production, consumption, life and other activities in the loss of the use of value or not lost the value of the use of the solid, semi-solid waste material is discarded, in common parlance, it is the "garbage! ". Solid waste can be divided into industrial solid waste, agricultural solid waste and domestic garbage, and industrial solid waste is divided into general solid waste and hazardous waste according to characteristics. Hazardous wastes are more harmful to the environment and human health because of their corrosive, acute toxicity, leaching toxicity, reactivity, infectivity and radioactivity [1]. Understanding the definition of solid waste is conducive to understanding and analyzing it in all aspects, which in turn clarifies its hazards in life.
2.2 Solid Waste Characteristics
2.2.1 Pollution. Solid waste pollution is divided into 2 kinds: (1) it itself is polluting; (2) the treatment of solid waste may cause secondary pollution. Solid waste will cause pollution throughout the generation, discharge, post-processing, and poor control will affect people's health and ecological environment [2].2.2 Resourcefulness. Solid waste can be redeveloped, reprocessed, tapped under certain conditions can have the value of use, and then become economically valuable resources, such as raw materials for the production of products, fuel, etc. 2.2.3 Social. Solid waste is generated in the early stage, intermediate emissions and post-processing of the entire process are inseparable from the role of society. The existence of solid waste is produced by each member of society in the process of life and work, etc., have an impact on the social economy, its emissions and treatment process of economic inputs will then affect the basic interests of members of society.
3 Hazards of Solid Waste Pollution on the Environment The hazards of solid waste pollution are manifold, mainly in the following areas.
3.1 Pollution of soil
There are many harmful substances in solid waste such as toxic substances, radioactive substances, etc. These harmful substances into the soil will cause changes to the soil structure, but also kill the microorganisms in the soil, change the nature of the soil, leading to deterioration of soil health. For crops growing in farmland, the harmful components will be directly absorbed by the crops, posing a threat to human health.
3.2 Pollution of water bodies
There are many reasons why solid waste causes pollution of water bodies, the most direct type of pollution is the direct dumping of solid waste in the ocean or river, destroying the quality of water, and it will be directly on the marine organisms and river plants and animals, etc., causing harm; another way of pollution is with the natural precipitation or with the wind into the surface runoff, which flows into the rivers and lakes, resulting in the pollution of the water bodies. The other way of pollution is with the natural precipitation or wind drift into the surface runoff, and then flow into the rivers and lakes, resulting in the pollution of surface water.
3.3 Pollution of the atmosphere
The pollution of the atmosphere by solid waste can be seen everywhere, for example, the stench emitted by the arbitrary pile of domestic garbage directly affects air quality. Some of the fine particles of solid waste will also be decomposed by microorganisms under certain conditions, and harmful gases enter the air, which will also affect the lives of residents.
3.4 Impact on the city's environmental health and aesthetics
The existence of garbage piles and feces in the corners of the city will affect the environmental health, and will also reduce the comfort of the city's residents to live in the city, and also undermine the aesthetics and good sense of the city.
4 solid waste treatment and disposal methods
There are many types of solid waste, different wastes should be treated in different ways, commonly used disposal methods include pretreatment, general physical treatment, biological treatment, sanitary landfill, safe landfill, incineration and pyrolysis. Pre-treatment is the use of compaction, crushing and sorting techniques to pre-treat complex solid wastes before sending them to landfills, incineration and composting or for resource recycling. General physical-chemical treatment is the physical-chemical treatment of certain waste liquids containing oil, acid, alkali or heavy metals generated in the course of industrial production, and this method also belongs to the pre-treatment method. Biological treatment is through the action of microorganisms, so that the organic matter in solid waste is converted into stabilized products, and this method is applicable to organic solid waste, such as animal manure, sludge, and so on. Sanitary landfill is the use of terrain or artificial structure, solid waste filling, compaction and then cover, mainly to deal with domestic waste, can not deal with hazardous waste and medical waste without pretreatment. Safe landfill is a treatment method for hazardous waste, by isolating the hazardous waste from the environment in order to achieve a method that does not harm the environment and human health. Incineration is a treatment for solid wastes by oxidizing and decomposing them through high-temperature heat treatment technology, which can be used to dispose of municipal waste, general solid waste, and even hazardous wastes are also treatable. Pyrolysis is distinguished from incineration by the use of heat to crack organic matter into organic substances such as small molecular weight compounds or fuels, and is suitable for organic wastes with a certain calorific value. Whether it is the treatment of hazardous wastes or general wastes, the principle of prevention and control is to reduce, resource and harmless. In the disposal of these wastes should first be pre-treated, combined with a variety of treatment technologies, so as to achieve the final treatment purpose.
5 solid waste management measures in the construction of environmental engineering
Solid wastes generated in human production and life include domestic garbage, food waste, sludge, scraps generated in the process of machining, residues generated in the process of extraction and surface treatment of substances, tailings and gangue generated in coal mining, oil and gas mining mud, slag from boilers, and slag from industrial processing. slag produced in oil and gas mining, recycling dust in industrial processing, waste materials produced in the process of building construction, animal feces and animal carcasses produced in the process of livestock, poultry and aquaculture, crop residues produced in the process of agricultural production, animal carcasses and chemicals produced in the process of scientific research and medical experiments and other by-products produced in the process of production. According to the characteristics and hazardous properties of different solid wastes, different management measures should be taken, such as domestic garbage and general industrial solid waste can be collected by the sanitation department and sent to landfills or waste incineration plants for disposal.
Food waste should be disposed of by the unit that has been granted a franchise to dispose of food and beverage waste; any solid waste identified as hazardous waste should be disposed of by the unit that has a hazardous waste license to incinerate or landfill; and medical waste should be disposed of by the unit that is qualified to dispose of medical waste. In addition, in order to further reduce the impact of solid waste on the environment and people's production and life should also be taken as follows: 1) Strengthen the management of publicity to enhance environmental awareness. Strengthening the management of publicity work is to advocate environmental protection to the whole population, guide the whole population to learn environmental protection knowledge, enhance the awareness of caring for the environment and resources. 2) Improve the laws and regulations. Regulations on solid waste disposal in the implementation process, with the rapid development of the economy and society will produce many new problems, the need to further improve and perfect the laws and regulations, and gradually resolve the various contradictions. 3) Actively encourage green consumer behavior. Encourage the whole population to carry out green consumption, establish a scientific concept of consumption, pay attention to the classification and disposal of garbage, to achieve low energy consumption, low pollution and low emissions, to achieve the goal of safe consumption, economic consumption and sustainable consumption.
6 Conclusion
Currently, people's awareness of ecological environmental protection has increased, and the previous development model of obtaining economic growth by sacrificing the environment is no longer adapted to the current social development. In order to realize the sustainable development of human beings, society, economy and environment, it is necessary to attach great importance to environmental protection.
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