The Chinese people have built the world's highest railroad - the Qinghai-Tibet Railway. At the same time, the completion of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway has also set a series of historical records of the world's railroads.
One, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway is the world's highest plateau railroad: the railroad crosses the section above 4,000 meters above sea level for 960 kilometers, and the highest point is 5,072 meters above sea level.
Second, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway is also the world's longest plateau railroad: the Golmud-Lhasa section of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway traverses the Gobi Desert, swamps and wetlands and snowy grasslands, with a total mileage of 1,142 kilometers along the whole line.
Three, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway is also the world's longest mileage through the permafrost plateau railroad: the railroad crosses the multi-year continuous permafrost mileage of 550 kilometers.
Four, the Tanggula Mountain Station, at an altitude of 5,068 meters, is the world's highest railroad station.
V. The Wind Volcano Tunnel, at an altitude of 4905 meters, is the highest tundra tunnel in the world.
VI. The 1,686-meter-long Kunlun Mountain Tunnel is the world's longest plateau tundra tunnel.
Seven, the Ando Laying Base at an altitude of 4704 meters is the highest laying base in the world.
VIII. The 11.7-kilometer-long Qingshui River Bridge is the world's longest plateau tundra railroad bridge.
nine, after the completion of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway permafrost section speed will reach 100 kilometers per hour, non-permafrost section to 120 kilometers per hour, which is the highest speed of the train in the world's plateau tundra railroad.
The construction of the Golmud-Lhasa section of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway began on June 29, 2001, and in July 2006 it was put into trial operation. （
How the Qinghai-Tibet Railway guarantees the free migration of wild animals
The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is the habitat of China's rare wild animals, and in order not to affect the free migration of wild animals, the construction unit of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway has set up 33 wildlife corridors along the line.
Establishment of wildlife passages, in foreign engineering and construction has long been practiced, and even regulated by legal means. At present, Europe and the United States have developed quite strict laws and regulations, through the animal habitat of the highway and railroad projects only recognized by the traffic department, not through the identification of environmental protection departments are unable to embark on.
Countries around the world take different ways to set up channels for wildlife: North America prefers to dig for wildlife "under the road channel", so that frogs, snakes and other small animals walk pipe culverts, caribou, wild sheep and other large animals over the bridge under the culverts; Europe prefers to build a large animal on the span type of "overpasses". Overpass", and planting grass on it, simulating the natural terrain of the hillside, Europeans call it "green bridge". Some international projects are now focusing not only on large mammals and reptiles, but also on special pathways for birds and insects.
The Qinghai-Tibet Railway Construction Headquarters Commander Huang Difu said, in the design of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, in order not to affect the life and migration of wildlife, for the railroad line through the Coco-Colíli, Qiangtang and other nature reserves, as far as possible to take bypass programs; at the same time, according to the habits of wildlife along the line, migration patterns, etc., in the corresponding sections set up a wildlife corridor in order to safeguard the normal life, migration and reproduction of wildlife, and to ensure that the wildlife. normal life, migration and reproduction.
According to the overall designer of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, Li Jincheng, the Tangbei and Tangnan sections of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway have set up 25 and 8 wildlife passages respectively. For the alpine and mountainous fauna, it mainly adopts the form of passages above the tunnels, and for the alpine grassland meadow fauna, it mainly adopts the form of passages from below the bridges and the gentle slopes of the roadbed. Construction of wildlife passage, in the history of China's railroad construction or the first time.
The monitoring of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway General Command shows that the Tibetan antelope has adapted to the artificially created migration environment, and a large number of Tibetan antelopes are free to migrate through the wildlife passage. (End)
Tibet Railway why preferred Qinghai-Tibet line
China in the construction of Tibet Railway, experts in the relevant aspects of the Tibet Railway put forward four programs, respectively: Qinghai-Tibet, Gansu-Tibet, Gansu-Tibet, Gansu-Tibet line, Sichuan-Tibet, Sichuan-Tibet line and Yunnan-Tibet, Yunnan-Tibet line. So, into Tibet railroad why preferred the Qinghai-Tibet line?
According to Li Jincheng, the overall designer of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway has obvious advantages compared with several other railroads into Tibet.
First, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway has the shortest construction mileage. The Qinghai-Tibet Railway completed the first phase of the 845-kilometer-long project from Xining City to Golmud City in Qinghai Province as early as 1979. The Golmud-Lhasa section of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, approved by the State Council for construction, has a total length of 1,110 kilometers, which is the shortest mileage compared with the 1,960 kilometers of the Yunnan-Tibet line, 2,211 kilometers of the Gan-Tibet line and 2,015 kilometers of the Sichuan-Tibet line. Moreover, the completion and operation of the first phase of the Qinghai-Tibet line has provided rich experience for the new line of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway.?
Secondly, the investment amount of Qinghai-Tibet line is small, due to the advantageous features of Qinghai-Tibet line such as short mileage, gentle terrain and few bridges and tunnels, the investment amount is the least among the four lines into Tibet. Measured by the price level in 1995, the investment amount of Qinghai-Tibet railroad is less than 20 billion yuan, while the static investment of Yunnan-Tibet railroad is estimated at 65.4 billion yuan, Gan-Tibet railroad investment is 64 billion yuan, Sichuan-Tibet railroad investment is 76.8 billion yuan.
The Qinghai-Tibet Railway construction geological conditions are relatively good, with the smallest amount of engineering, and the technical difficulties of the project have been basically solved. Comparing the length and density of bridges and tunnels of the four lines into Tibet, there are relatively fewer bridges and tunnels on the Qinghai-Tibet Railway. Qinghai-Tibet Railway engineering technology aspects of the plateau permafrost problem, after years of research by experts, has mastered some basic solutions.
In addition, the construction period of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway is also the shortest, and it is basically able to open to traffic all year round after completion. According to experts' calculations, it will take about six years to complete the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, 32 years for both the Gansu-Tibet and Yunnan-Tibet lines, and 38 years for the Sichuan-Tibet line. According to the experience of building the Qinghai-Tibet Highway, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway will be free from disasters such as collapses, mudslides, landslides and geothermal heat that occurred on several other lines due to complicated geological conditions, and will basically be open to traffic all year round.
Therefore, national policymakers and experts reached a *** knowledge that the Qinghai-Tibet Railway has the shortest mileage, the least investment, the fastest construction speed, and the best geological conditions, and that the Qinghai-Tibet Railway should be the first choice for the railroad into Tibet. In addition to engineering and technical considerations, the end of the Tibet Autonomous Region without railroad history, improve the transportation conditions in the Tibetan area, speed up the development of the national economy of Qinghai and Tibet provinces and regions and promote national unity are the important factors that the state preferred the Qinghai-Tibet Railway. (End)
How to crack the three world problems of Qinghai-Tibet Railway construction
The construction of Qinghai-Tibet Railway is facing the three world problems of alpine cold and lack of oxygen, permafrost and ecological fragility. After four years of continuous efforts, the builders of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway have made breakthrough progress in solving the three world problems.
The 1,100-kilometer-long Qinghai-Tibet Railway spans the uninhabited areas of Coco-Cilili and Tanggula Mountains, where the oxygen content in most areas is only about 50 percent of that at sea level, and the extreme temperatures can reach -40 degrees Celsius. Living and working on the plateau can trigger life-threatening plateau sickness at any time.
The construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway adheres to the people-oriented principle, and puts forward the slogan of "survival first, then production". Along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, three-level medical institutions have been set up, with 115 medical institutions and more than 600 medical personnel on the ground, so that workers can be effectively treated within half an hour when they fall ill.
The construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway created a great wonder in the history of human oxygen production. Along the line set up 17 oxygen station, 40,000 workers each mandatory daily average oxygen inhalation of not less than 2 hours, along the line configured 25 high-pressure oxygen chamber. Due to strong health protection, the whole line of cerebral edema, pulmonary edema and other acute plateau disease rescue success rate of 100%, the incidence rate is basically stabilized at about seven out of 1,000, there has not been a case of plateau disease fatal accidents.
The Qinghai-Tibet Railway crosses 550 kilometers of permafrost area. Permafrost refers to the temperature below 0 ℃, and contains ice of all kinds of rock and soil. Permafrost expands when it freezes in winter and shrinks when it thaws in summer. The repeated action of these two phenomena, the roadbed will rupture or collapse.
Experts have creatively taken corresponding countermeasures to solve the problems of permafrost construction: for the development of bad permafrost phenomenon, line as far as possible to bypass; for high-temperature unstable permafrost area, to take the "bridge instead of the road"; in the construction of the use of a hot bar, schist ventilated roadbed, schist ventilated roadway, ventilated pipe roadbed, laying of insulation boards and other facilities to improve the quality of permafrost. Insulation plate and many other facilities to improve the stability of permafrost roadbed, Qinghai-Tibet Railway is called the "museum" of permafrost engineering.
The construction expert group leader of Qinghai-Tibet Railway, Zhang Luxin, said: "The possibility of large-scale permafrost engineering diseases in the future of Qinghai-Tibet Railway is relatively small, and the running speed can reach up to 100 kilometers per hour, which can realize the three major goals proposed by the Ministry of Railways, namely 'the shortest running time of trains in the whole line, maintenance-free running equipment, and unmanned management along the line', is promising. ' The three major goals are promising."
The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is the birthplace of the world's giant rivers and ecological environment is primitive, unique and fragile. Qinghai-Tibet Railway in the design of attention to minimize the impact on the ecology, in the nature reserve, the railroad line to follow the "can be avoided to avoid around" principle of planning, Qinghai-Tibet Railway construction sites, right-of-way, gravel quarry site selection are determined by repeated surveys, try to avoid damage to the vegetation. For the sections where vegetation is difficult to grow, a section-by-section transplantation method is adopted during the construction. In order to protect the normal life, migration and reproduction of wild animals, 33 wild animal passages have been built along the whole line. About 1.1 billion yuan has been invested in environmental protection for the construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway.
Surveys by the State Environmental Protection Administration and other departments have shown that the water environment of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has been in a well-maintained state since the Qinghai-Tibet Railway began construction, and the ecological environment has not been significantly affected. (End)
What can you feel when you ride a plateau train
After the Qinghai-Tibet Railway opened in July 2006, what can you feel when you ride a future plateau train?
The Qinghai-Tibet Railway passes through 960 kilometers of land above 4,000 meters above sea level. According to the chief designer of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, Li Jincheng, the Gera section of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway is equipped with 34 stations, and there are nine sightseeing platforms in these stations. Each sightseeing platform will be specially constructed a 500-meter-long, 1.25-meter-high platform for passengers to view from afar. The world's highest railroad line through the Kunlun Mountains, Tanggula Mountain, Nianqing Tanggula Mountain three mountain ranges, along the Three Rivers, wetlands, Wrong Lake winding through the magnificent scenery is unparalleled. Setting up the sightseeing platform is a unique and creative stroke in the history of railroad construction. If you take the Qinghai-Tibet Railway train sightseeing train, each to a scenic spot can also stop to take pictures, stay.
According to the person in charge of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway Company, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway has transplanted and cultivated tens of millions of square meters of turf on both sides of the roadbed, making it a green corridor across the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. At the same time, the station buildings, station names and part of the tunnels fully reflect the Tibetan cultural characteristics, so that the railroad and the beautiful natural environment along the line into one, becoming a bright landscape. After the opening of the train can reach a speed of 120 kilometers per hour in the general section, and 100 kilometers per hour in the tundra section. This means that from Golmud in Qinghai to Lhasa in Tibet, the traveler's ride time will not exceed 12 hours.
The locomotives running on the Qinghai-Tibet Railway are specially made, and the fully enclosed trains are not only pressurized and oxygenated, but also provide travelers with services such as catering, ethnic performances and medical care. BSP, a joint venture of Canada's Bombardier in Qingdao, China, will manufacture the first batch of coaches for the Qinghai-Tibet line with Southern Four-vehicle Locomotive and Rolling Stock Co.****. According to Zhang Jianwei, Bombardier's chief representative in China, the configuration of the plateau trains is almost the same as that of an airplane due to the special geographic environment of the Tibetan Plateau. Each train is equipped with two sets of oxygen supply systems, one by mixing the air in the air-conditioning system, so that the oxygen content of each train section increased by 23%, and the other system allows travelers to use independent interfaces to inhale oxygen directly. Sightseeing luxury trains have beautiful interiors of single or family rooms, comfortable adjustable direction of the sofa and chairs, the installation of ultraviolet protective film viewing windows, coupled with thoughtful service, passengers are like living in a five-star hotel.