Introduction to the types of medical papers and writing specifications
Introduction to the types of medical papers and writing specifications reference
Medical papers belong to an important part of scientific and technological literature, is an important source of information on the development of medicine, and is a record of the progress of the medical history.
Statistics show that the annual number of scientific and technical papers published in various journals around the world is 3 to 4 million, of which about 75% are published in journals. It can be seen that scientific and technical journals play an important role in disseminating scientific research results, exchanging practical experience, enlightening academic thinking and promoting social progress. As a medical journal, readers are the main body, without readers, the journal will lose its vitality; the author is the source, the basic material of the journal needs to be provided by the author. Therefore, in order to become an excellent author of medical journals, you must understand and familiarize yourself with the types of medical papers and writing specifications, so that you can freely write medical papers and actively participate in medical academic exchanges.
The types of medical papers are more varied, different genres, can be divided into seven categories: (1) reviews; (2) thesis; (3) briefings; (4) case reports; (5) reviews, lectures; (6) minutes of meetings; (7) news dynamic category.
I. Commentary
Common columns: reviews, monographs, editorials, editorials, editorials, and so on.
(a) review and monograph
Review of the manuscript is the author or editor of a scientific research project or research topic for a more extensive and in-depth elaboration and insightful comments, but also on a particular aspect of the in-depth monograph. It can also be an in-depth monograph on a particular aspect. It is required to have a clear point of view and strong relevance. Chinese Medical Association series of magazines common review columns: review, expert review, expert monographs, expert forums, focus forums.
(B) the editor's words, editor's note and afterword
All three are from the editor's point of view of a publication or a group, a specific article of a point of view for comment or elaboration.
(1) the editor's words are generally more extensive, relatively comprehensive. Can be the editor at the beginning of the new year on the publication of the vision, arrangements, or readers, authors of the requirements and hopes; can also be a year's review of the work and summarize; or on the content of a particular issue of the article to introduce and comment.
(2) editor's note and afterword is very targeted. Generally for specific articles or articles in a point of view or method, put forward the editor's clear views and insights; or from a specific article with a general significance of the issue, leading readers to discuss. The editor's note and afterword require concise, clear views, concise language, accurate and careful use of words.
Second, the thesis category
The types and genres of medical papers are more, but the most basic and representative is the thesis (original article) or known as the original, the medical thesis includes experimental research, clinical research, clinical reports, field research, etc., are disposable literature, is a report on the basic, clinical, preventive research and practical experience, academic papers. They constitute the core of various medical academic journals. The author has mastered the basic characteristics of the treatise and writing specifications, other medical papers can be cited, touching the class.
(a) the basic requirements of the treatise
The quality and level of medical journals, mainly depends on the quality and level of academic papers published. A high-quality and high-level treatise should meet the following requirements:
1. Ideological: to follow the ideological line of dialectical materialism, the implementation of the party and the state's guidelines and policies on health work. Abide by scientific ethics, and prevent political errors and leaks.
2. Originality: the content is required to have a new discovery or invention compared with the published literature. In the past, many manuscripts submitted to journals were not accepted, mainly because the authors only repeated the past literature or textbook content, and lack of novelty or originality.
3. Scientific: (1) there should be sufficient scientific basis for the selection of the topic; (2) the materials used and the method of choice should be sufficiently comparable and the necessary randomness; (3) faithfully reflect the research process, accurately provide observational data, and comprehensively analyze the research data; (4) reasoning is logical, and the conclusions emphasize the rigorous nature.
4. Practicality: In addition to a small number of purely theoretical research papers, most of the medical treatises should be combined with clinical and preventive work. The greater the practical value of the treatise, the stronger the guiding role, the more readers welcome. 5. readability: medical treatise text expression should be accurate, concise, fluent. To use standardized scientific and technological language. So that the reader with the least amount of time, access to the most knowledge and information.
The editors have the right to return papers that do not meet the above requirements.
(B) the overall structure of the treatise
Over the years, the medical treatise has formed a fixed format, that is: preface (introduction), materials and methods (materials and methodsm), results (results), discussion (discussion), the foreign take its initials, referred to as IMRAD. IMRAD, we call it "four paragraphs". For most medical treatises, the "four-paragraph style" is common and applicable.
1. Foreword: or introduction.
Mainly summarize the background of the study, purpose, research ideas, theoretical basis, research methods, expected results and significance. Some research is necessary to explain the beginning of the year and month of the study. So that the reader has a general understanding of the main theme and background of this paper, in order to lead to the following.
The preface requires a clear theme to capture the center. Can be a small number of references to the past and analyze the important literature, but not a long history, list of literature. Do not easily use "the first at home and abroad", "not reported in the literature", "no previous research" and so on, to prevent inappropriate self-evaluation. The preface should be ≤250 words.
2. Methods:
It mainly introduces the selection of research subjects (human or experimental animals, including the control group) and the methodology of the study. Commonly used titles are "materials and methods", "objects and methods", "information and methods" and so on.
(1) therapeutic studies should indicate whether the prospective randomized controlled study; diagnostic studies should explain the gold standard for diagnostic tests, the theoretical basis for new tests and methods. Clinical research must introduce the source of cases and controls, selection criteria and general conditions, and should indicate whether the participants in the study informed consent.
(2) The experimental research needs to explain the name of the animal, species, grade, number, source, sex, age, weight, feeding conditions and health status.
(3) Methods created by individuals should be described in detail so that the details of the "method" can be repeated by others. Improved methods should be described in detail, and the original method of citing literature to give the source. Methods that are directly quoted from others should be cited in the same way as the source of the method, without expanding the description.
(4) Drugs, reagents should use the chemical name, and indicate the dose, unit, purity, batch number, production unit and production time.
(5) Instruments and equipment should indicate the name, model, specifications, production unit, precision or error range. No need to describe its operating principle.
(6) Specific statistical treatments and the basis for their selection should be described. It should be noted that clinical research methods must not be detrimental to the interests of patients as a criterion, experimental research methods should be a practical guide to clinical work.
3. Results:
This is the core of the thesis. The academic value of the paper depends mainly on this part.
(1) The results should not be a simple listing of the research process in the original material and data, but must be summarized and analyzed, the corresponding conclusions, and then expressed in words or figures, tables.
(2) The results of the narrative requirements of truth and accuracy. Whether the results are positive or negative, affirmative or negative, clinical success or failure, should be faithfully reflected.
(3) All data in the treatise should be statistically processed. The mean and percentage should be tested for significance, otherwise it is easy to cause false impressions. Attention should be paid to the difference between structural indicators (ratio) and intensity indicators (rate). When the statistical significance test shows that the P-value
4. Discussion:
This paragraph is mainly to evaluate the results of this paper, clarification and inference. The content of this part varies from article to article, roughly including:
(1) Explain the principle and mechanism of the research work of this paper;
(2) Explain the characteristics of the materials and methods of this paper and its gains and losses;
(3) Compare the results of the results of this paper with the results of other people's results, analyze the superiority of their respective shortcomings;
(4) Theoretical generalization of the results of the paper and put forward new ideas;
(5) The results of this paper and its methodology are summarized in the following paragraphs.
(5) Comparison and evaluation of different views;
(6) Proposing the future direction of exploration and outlook, etc. Of course, the above questions cannot be answered in every paper. Of course, it is not possible to cover all the above issues in each article, but we have to customize the article to suit our needs. Discussion should be closely related to the results of this paper, highlighting new findings and new ideas, avoid repeating the content of the aforementioned and previous literature has reported the content, but can not be described as merely with the report of others, "consistent", "in line with" and so on. The discussion does not include figures and tables.
(C) the hierarchical layout of the treatise
1. title:
To draw the eye, highly summarize the main idea of the whole text. Chinese title in general
2. Author's name and the name of the work unit:
(1) The author's signature indicates that the content of the paper is responsible for, but also respect for the author's copyright. Signatures can not be too much, must be to participate in all or the main workers; responsible for the content of this paper and can be defended.
(2) The order of authorship will be determined at the time of submission according to the size of the contribution, and no additions, deletions, or changes will be allowed.
(3) The full name and postal code of the author's organization should be written. The e-MAIL address of the corresponding author should be indicated as far as possible.
(4) After the decision to publish the paper is made, all authors should be asked to sign the "Authorization for Exclusive Right to Use the Paper" to grant the exclusive right to use the paper to the Chinese Medical Association.
3. Abstracts in English and Chinese:
(1) Abstracts are located in front of the main text, and are relatively independent and self-explanatory. The Chinese Medical Association series of journals generally use a structured abstract, including four major elements, namely, purpose, methods, results, and conclusions.
(2) The abstract is written in the third person in both English and Chinese, with no figures, tables, references, comments or explanations.
(3) Chinese abstracts using English acronyms should be given their full names in English and Chinese when they are first used; English abstracts using acronyms should be given their full names in English when they are first used.
(4) The Chinese abstract should be about 400 words; the English abstract should be more detailed, about 600 words; the main content of the English and Chinese abstracts should be the same.
4. Keywords: in order to facilitate the indexing of literature, literature search and reading of the selected words and phrases reflecting the concept of the article.
(1) Each paper is required to choose 3 to 8 keywords (subject headings), placed after the abstract. Try to choose from the latest version of the U.S. National Library of Medicine "medical subject t headings MeSH". Chinese translations can refer to the "Medical Subject Headings Annotated Character List" compiled by the Institute of Information Studies of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. Chinese medicine keywords should be selected from the "Chinese medicine subject t headings MeSH" compiled by the Institute of Information of Chinese Medicine, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences.
(2) pay attention to the selection of the first standard word, the first standard word should reflect the most important content of the text.
(3) If necessary, we can use words that are not included in the word list as keywords.
5. Body:
(1) pay attention to the level of clarity. The treatise's "materials and methods", "results", "discussion", "bibliography" sections of the title in the center, without serial numbers. without serial numbers, in bold. Each section of the hierarchical serial number in order to use: one, two, ...... (serial number after the use of a comma); (a) (ii) ...... (serial number after the use of punctuation); 1.2 ...... (serial number after the use of dots) ; (1) (2) ...... (no punctuation after the serial number). If necessary, the serial number can be used to jump gears. In addition to one, two, (1) (2) ...... title is not connected to the text, the rest of the layers of the title can be connected to the text.
(2) the length of the treatise is generally about 5000 words. Among them, the preface accounts for about 5% to 7%, materials and methods, results accounted for 25% to 35%, the discussion accounts for about 30% to 40%.
(3) tables, figures and text with the use. The content of the three should not be duplicated, and text-based. Chinese Medical Association series of magazines are used three horizontal line table, that is, the table top line, the table header line and the table bottom line of the three horizontal lines for the basic structure of the table. Each table should have a table sequence and a table title. The table header consists of subject headings and predicate headings. Subject longitudinal headings are listed in the upper left corner of the table, which is listed under the embodiment of the subject of the sign of the horizontal headings, horizontal headings indicate that the horizontal line of figures or text; predicate longitudinal headings are listed in the upper end of the table, explaining the vertical columns in the meaning of the figures or text. Table of data, quantities, units, symbols and abbreviations, etc., must be consistent with the text. ② illustrations: the requirements of a clear theme, play a role in explaining and supplementing the role of text, with a self-explanatory, that is, only look at the map, title and legend, do not read the text, you can understand the meaning of the map. Line drawings require uniform lines, main and auxiliary lines are clear. Vertical and horizontal coordinate axes should be vertical. Vertical and horizontal coordinate value line should be labeled in the coordinate axis inside. The name of the vertical and horizontal coordinates is generally the quantity or test item and its unit symbols, respectively, centered on the outside of the vertical coordinate axis and the bottom of the horizontal coordinate axis. Left and right vertical coordinate name are written from the bottom up, top left bottom right; horizontal coordinate name are written from left to right. Quantities, units, symbols, abbreviations, etc. in the figure must be consistent with the text. Pathologic pictures should indicate the staining method and the magnification under the microscope.
(4) correct use of grammar and rhetoric. The language should be accurate, concise, fluent, grammatical and rhetorical.
(5) Attention to standardization. ① medical terminology to the National Science and Technology Nomenclature Validation Committee, published by the Science Publishing House of the "medical terminology" and related disciplines of the terminology shall prevail. The terms of disciplines that have not yet passed the validation can be chosen from the terms in the latest version of "Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)", "Medical Subject Headings Annotated Word List" and "Chinese Medicine Subject Headings". There has not been a common translation of terms and terms, the first time in the text of the original word or note. ② Chinese and Western drug names should be the latest version of the "Chinese People's * * * and the National Pharmacopoeia" and the Chinese Pharmacopoeia Committee prepared by the "Chinese Drugs Common Name" shall prevail, does not allow the use of trade names. ③ unit of measurement must be implemented by the State Council issued the latest "Chinese People's *** and the State legal units of measurement", and expressed in unit symbols. Specific use can refer to the Chinese Medical Association edited and published. Application of Legal Units of Measurement in Medicine.
6. References: the author reflects the scientific basis of the paper by citing references, reflecting the attitude of respect for the research results of others. Principles of literature : (1) the cited literature should be the author directly read the original, rather than indirectly cited others read the original, to the last 3 to 5 years of the literature is the main.
(2) Unpublished papers are generally not recommended for citation.
(3) Try to avoid citing abstracts as references.
(4) References are generally not cited in abstracts.
(5) When the literature is recorded, the original author's surname is written in the front, the first name is abbreviated in the back of the format, only the first three authors are recorded, and then add "and so on".
(6) books published in the name of the city where the publisher is located, when the book is printed more than one place of publication, only the first place of publication is recorded.
(7) the title of the English literature are the first word of the first letter capitalized, the rest are lowercase.
(8) References are labeled in accordance with the provisions of GB7714 87, using a sequential coding system, and the entry format is described in the "Chinese Medical Association Journal Reference Entry Format Requirements".
7. Footnotes: arranged in the lower left corner of the first page of the text. It is often used to indicate the author's and corresponding author's work unit, zip code, E-mail address, fund funded projects and fund number.
8. Acknowledgements: the research and writing process of this paper has a substantial contribution or help, but not yet enough to be listed as the author of the organization or individual, should be in the paper after the Acknowledgements. All acknowledgements must be made with the written consent of the person being thanked.
9. The date of receipt and the editor of the paper: the end of the paper should be edited by the editor to indicate the date of receipt and the name of the editor of the paper. For example (date of receipt: 2001 11 30), the line labeling (this article editor: × × ×).
Third, the briefing class
Common columns: summary of thesis, briefings and so on. This type of paper is the relative importance of the thesis is a little less or similar content has been reported, but there is still a certain academic value can be drawn on the manuscript, in the form of briefings or abstracts of the thesis published. The abstract should be concise and highly summarized, and should provide the main research methodology, important results and data, new insights and conclusions. The full text should not exceed 2,000 words (1 side). Generally, after the abstract or brief is published in a journal, the author can also publish the full text in other journals.
Fourth, case reports
Common columns: case reports, case studies, clinicopathology (case) discussion. Generally introduces a small number of typical cases of diagnosis and treatment experience. This kind of manuscript has practical value, very popular with readers. Especially for the first case of a disease report, has an important influence at home and abroad. Requirements for accurate content, complete case information, diagnosis of scientific evidence, discussion of targeted.
V. Reviews and lectures
Common columns: reviews, lectures, systematic tutorials, continuing education.
(1) The characteristics of the review manuscript
The review is a manuscript reflecting the progress or dynamics of research in a certain field or on a certain topic. It can be a review of domestic or foreign literature, or a summary of domestic and foreign literature. The review requires that the latest literature collected be introduced to the reader as far as possible. The content of the manuscript should be as suitable as possible for the work that has been carried out or will be carried out in China. The references cited in the review must be listed one by one in the text in order to mark the corner code.
(2) Lectures, tutorials, and continuing education garden manuscripts
Lectures, tutorials, and continuing education garden manuscripts are to systematically introduce readers to the basic knowledge of a particular specialty or topic of study. Requirements than the textbook content is more in-depth, innovative. The content should be in-depth and simple, if necessary, with the publication of charts and tables. This kind of text on the grass-roots readers have guidance and enlightenment.
Sixth, minutes of meetings
Minutes of meetings are a common form of medical journals. It includes minutes of national editorial boards and minutes of important academic conferences. The minutes of the editorial board are usually written by the editors of the journal themselves, and the minutes of the academic conference can be written by the editors or participants. Basic requirements:
(1) explain the basic situation of the meeting, including the specific time and place of the meeting and the number of participants.
(2) Describe the main topics of the meeting, the important substantive content, the results of the discussion, the meeting gained and its overall evaluation.
(3) To objectively discuss the different opinions expressed by the participants and their arguments.
(4) The number of words in the minutes depends on the content, in order to be concise and objectively reflect the theme of the meeting.
VII, news and developments
Common columns: domestic and international academic developments, research news, medical news, newsletter, information, news, meeting previews. This kind of manuscript should especially emphasize the time. Has a timely report, fast, short and concise and so on. To try to report its relevant academic content, expression should be complete, pay attention to confidentiality. The purpose of writing a paper is to publish. Beginners should be gradual, first write case reports, reviews and other manuscripts, to be accumulated experience, and then write a thesis, which is more likely to succeed. Before submitting a manuscript, you must carefully read the contract of the relevant journal and strictly abide by the terms of the contract. If you are not accepted for the first time, don't be discouraged, you should work hard again and again to improve your work, and then you will be successful.
Paper writing is a serious, serious, hard and meaningful work. I hope that all ophthalmology thesis authors will think y, practice hard, summarize their experiences, and strive to write more excellent theses for the readers of ophthalmology.
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