p.s:
Extracting Safety Knowledge
Chapter Basics of Safety
Definition and Purpose of Safety.
Definition: equipment used within the scope of safety regulations in accordance with U.S..
Purpose of applying safety regulations: is to protect the user's safety, life, property, such as electric shock, fire and other hazards.
Generalized safety standards.
Basically in accordance with the IEC international standards, countries are developing their own standards, according to the needs of the country. K60950
Particularly the number of standards developed is still IEC60950 -
10 Singapore, Argentina.
11 Medical Equipment - IEC60601
12 Video Products - IEC60065
13 Home Appliances - IEC60335
IEC Safety Standards, General Customized Names IEC60XXX
Generalized Customized Names EMC Standards IEC61000-
General Voltage. p>General Voltage.
North America - USA, Canada 120V, 60HZ
Central and South America - 220V, some countries have 120V
European Union - 230V, 50HZ (original 240V in the UK, and 220V in other Western European countries, hence the compromise of 220V)
Eastern Europe - generally 220V, 50HZ
Japan - 100V, 50 HZ Australia, New Zealand - 240V, 50 Hz
6 other countries, mainly 220V.: China, Korea, Southeast Asia and other countries.
The form of the power supply.
1. Adapter - Plastic case
I. Class I grounding pin
II. Class II grounding pin (double insulated) air inlet plugged directly into an open frame on the wall - Shell, Iron Shell
v. CB Report
V. CB Report.
2. CB - Certified Body of Certified Units.
3. NCB - National Certification Body.
4. CB report function.
5 - Save application time, cost
Chapter 2 Product Safety Design Considerations
Safety Component Recognition Points
1. X-Capacitor
X-capacitor, the square capacitance, the use of X-capacitor, to solve the EMI problem. X-capacitors are usually certified for safety in several countries, according to the certification standard IEC384-14, second edition, 1993. X capacitors discharge slowly. To solve the discharge problem, a resistor is usually connected in series with the X-capacitor, this resistor is called the discharge resistance, when the X-capacitor 0.1uF discharge resistance will increase.
a) shown. UL-FOKY2, FOWX2 IEC384-14 X2 approval does not control the make and model.
b) shown. Etc. safety regulations: control brands and models, replacement labels have been reported.
C). Scoring: maximum. Report only applies to small set in stone, otherwise reported.
D). General Flying Macron labels:
OKAYA: PA, RE type
ARCOTRONICS: R.46, 1.40, 1.47 disable
Huayue: MKP type
Roderstein: F1772 type
EVOX RIFA: PHE840M
(E). Generally X capacitors the same temperature is limited to 100°C
2. Y capacitance
Y capacitance is divided into Y1, Y2 capacitance, Y1 capacitance single dielectric capacitor, capacitance Y2 capacitance of double insulation. The larger the Y capacitance, the greater the leakage current (leakage current) of Class II products, the leakage current limit is 0.25 mA, and if the total value of Y capacitance is greater than 3300 PF, it will fail. X, Y capacitance non-essential elements, if you determine the product design, layout, EMI is no problem, you can not use this type of element (optional) application of the general safety regulations, when X, Y capacitance columns of its maximum EC capacitance to pay attention to the temperature does not exceed the rated temperature is generally set to the minimum capacitance value to change the large non-change can only be.
a) shown. UL-FOKY2, FOWX2 IEC384-14 X2 approval does not control the brand and model.
b) shown. Etc. safety regulations: control brands and models, replacement labels have been reported.
C). Scoring: maximum. Report only applies to small unchanged large. Reported separately.
D). Capacitors across the secondary side are called bridge capacitors. Generally over 3300UF LCC test, safety test may fail, please pay special attention.
E). General Flying Hong Label:
TDK: CD (Y1), CS (Y2) type
Murata: KX (Y1), KC (Y2) type
Pan Overseas: AH (Y1), AC (Y2) type
Successful Way: SE (Y1), SB (Y1), SF (Y2)
Roderstein: WKO type (Y2)
Panasonic: NS-A type
f) Segment. The general maximum temperature limit for X-capacitor is 85°C.
TDK CD type and successful SB, SE type safety approved to 125°C. G) X, Y, capacitors can generally be marked in the report as "optional.
3. Fuses/Thermal fuses (thermal cutoff)
a) Shown. Fuse selection criteria - larger than the rated input current can be.
b) shown. Do not do so, small power adapter?2.5A. CE inrush fuse rated input current, the fuse is too large a difference, as long as the measurement of 1KV (2-pin adapter) 2KV (3-pin adapter) sometimes can not be immediately burst, resulting in the risk of end-user terminals.
C). Because the fuse is an important safety component, the manufacturer / type, you must prepare samples.
D). The report needs to be done after the completion of the safety fuse test.
E). Notify two engineers, manufacturer and type.
F) Paragraph. In any case, if the thermal fuse, there is no action, you can apply for an optional.
4. energy storage capacitor
a) shown. Generally applied in minutes. If the rating is larger, can not be set to submit a report.
b) shown. etc. Smaller declarations and tests.
C). Energy Storage Capacitors - The only control rating, not the manufacturer and type of control.
D). The maximum temperature is 105°C. If the temperature is too high, it may also affect the maximum. Limitations of the environment.
5 Heat Shrink Tubing:
a) Shown. Should have UL, CSA certification. General safety reports do not indicate manufacturer and model number.
b) shown. RATINGS: Choose an appropriate voltage and temperature. Flying macros 600V, 125°C (600V for almost all?).
6. Transformer
a) shown. The most important part of the entire completion, if the transformer changes, at least 50% of the test is redone.
b) shown. Coil diameter variations are reported to safety regulations.
C). UL Class B 130C insulation system.
D). No triple insulated wire system was used compared to Dash 2 B-5.
Documentation system is because of the Evergreen Glulam Skeleton System e) If triple insulated wire was used - HIS-8A system compared to.
The file system is because Furukawa-type TEX-E and Totoku's TIW-E type triple insulated wire in this system. The use of skeleton period may be only Hitachi CP-J-8800 type (glued wood) f) insulation system must be indicated on the label on the transformer.
g). Apply for UL in the case of not using three-layer insulated wire, Class A and Class B materials are the same? s, it is usually straightforward to apply for a Class B transformer.
Hours). There is no application for a UL Class E insulation system at Flying Hong.
I). The Furukawa and Totoku III, insulated wires are UL certified for only 105 C, but include the Hitachi Chemical HIS-8A system and can therefore be used in Class B at 130 C. However, if used alone, it is still UL certified for 105 C only.
J). The Furukawa TUV is only recognized at 120 C for Class E. TOTOKU TUV 130 C recognized.
K). UL Class B system, all materials, regardless of why the individual recognition of the temperature, as long as the column material in the system can be used, but not listed in the system does not can be used.
L). (The temperature of the material itself on the confirmation to decide whether to use the safety depends on the
m). Transformer level
Class A - Temperature rise <75 K
Class E - Temperature rise <90 K
Class B - Temperature rise <95 K
Other Class H, Class F
* Application for UL Transformer Class E, application for insulation system.
N). Transformer insulation system
(1) PH Transformer insulation system UL File: E149666
? Triple Insulated Wire System HIS-8A
? No triple insulated wire system DASH B-5
(2) Insulation system for transformers Insulation class B Material to be noted
? Spools of wire
Mylar tape, retaining wall tape
? Triple insulated wire (if any)
? Varnish.
O). The surface of the transformer of the transformer shall be printed on the transformer model belonging to the insulation system (HIS-8A or DASH 2 B-5) transformer model, such as transformer PSC05R-050, surface, shall be marked C05R0501 PHIHONG E149666 HIS-8A content.
7. noise filter (NF).
Requirements for CB reports or UL reports recognizing NF control. Generally UL noise filter materials and manufacturers have no special requirements, as long as its temperature can withstand the maximum temperature rise of the transformer, the materials they use and the manufacturer must comply with the Feihong insulation system.
8. plastic bracket
a) shown. Direct plug-in products. Applicable plug IEC950 do ball pressure, ball pressure test temperature of 125 ℃ minutes. Hours before considering the material of the plug.
b) shown. The shell of the plug (plastic part) did oven and ball pressure test, applicable to two or more materials, each material to provide samples.
C). For U.S.-style direct-plug adapters, the UL1310 2000 edition has a reduced distance of 5.2 millimeters, but since the Canadian distance remains unchanged, apply for UL, CUL, or 7.9 millimeters per minute. The prevailing distance here is the closest distance between the adapter inserted into the socket and the blades of the gold finger AC input.
9 fans
a) shown. In addition to paying attention to its size in the choice of fan, the most important thing is the airflow.
b) shown. To complete the safety report a new fan, try to find the airflow (CFM) than the original fan. Otherwise the temperature, abnormal ... To retest.
C). Ask the customer often complains of excessive noise fan.
D). For fans, look for UL and European regulatory agency certification types.
10. AC / DC Cord
a) Shown. Generally applications do not have a power cord connected, but if you consider that customer shipments will be accompanied by an AC power cord, you can apply for an optional AC power cord.
B), AC power cord optional, if not applied, will have to be packed separately, not in the same carton.
C). UL and other safety reports in the part can not ensure safety, DC power cord UL safety parts will be written.
D). If applying for UL VW-1 is at least 80°C UL is generally labeled 300V However, if the sample's safety rating will be in accordance with the type, rating, and temperature of the sample is written directly in the UL report, before. 18AWG 2464 type, VW-1 80 ° C, please wire manufacturers of samples to pay special attention.
11 Ground yellow and green wires
a) shown. Scramble terminals of the grounding wire.
b) Shown. If 3 pins are used in the FG pin of the entrance of the entrance of the end of the ground wire will be soldered directly and not soldered to the ends on the PCB.
C). If the open frame type 3-pin connector, not sure of the future will be iron-shell ground. Therefore, these two places to do the ground test.
12 Safety Components
a) Shown. Switch control brand, model, and rating.
b) Shown. Relay - Brand, model, and rating of control.
C). Varistors - Brand, model, and rating of control.
D). Brand, model, and rating of the inlet/outlet control.
E). Photocoupler (PC) - Make, model, internal insulation distance, pressure control.
F) Segment. Insulators - polyimide / polyester film tape, insulating mat, insulating polyester film
(1) General insulating tape UL94 recognized on the UL card only the temperature of use. Polyester film/polyimide tape, you want to pass the AC3000/per building high pot test.l insulation
(2) Insulating mats come with flame retardant ratings that control the brand, model and temperature.
(3). Polyester film sheets are usually used for 94V-0, but are recognized for temperatures of only 60 ℃. So, the ambient temperature should be noted during the period whether the temperature will be exceeded.
(4). Diode - control level.
(5). Resistors - control level.
13. country plug
a) shown. US type - in North America, Japan, Taiwan ...... EU type - used in Europe and countries with typical 220V voltage ... UK type - in the UK, Ireland ... Australia type - Australia? , New Zealand. (
E). South Korea type - in South Korea, the same shape and EU type, but type 4.0 mm metal cap EU, South Korea when keyed 4.8 mm.
F) Paragraph. Argentine type - similar to the Australian plug. Similar to the Australian plug, near the neutral pin you want to print the "N".
14. plastic expected.
I. Different plastic materials have different applicable temperature combustion ratings.
Ex. PC + ABS GE C2950 80C, V-0 class
PC GE 940 120C, V-0
Modified polyphenylene ether GE SE1 105C, V-1
ii. Therefore, it must be selected on the basis of its range of use.
C. Safety testing of plastic materials.
D. Minimum oven test for enclosures. 70C.
E. Electrical parts to be ball-pressure tested for a minute. 125C.
F. Drop, Impact Test (Shell).
G. Part. Insulation sheet (polyester film).
H. Isolation used, on the secondary side, min. Thickness required 0.4 mm.
I use one or more secondary side, minimum isolation. Thickness requirement as per UL card.
J minimum thickness requirement.
K. before. FR1 min. 0.23 mm 94V-0, 110C.
l. General purpose plastic raw material, acceptable in other countries as long as UL recognizes it.
Meter. UL test standard for plastic materials UL 94. PCB.
a) shown. Fuse ratings should be indicated close to the body and not cause confusion. The ID of each part must also be clearly legible.
b) shown. Safety Distances:
Numbering along the surface indicates space
1 AC Line Natural 2.0 2.5
2 AC Line-FG 2.0 2.5
3 Elementary Secondary (<20W and 20W Hour) 2.0 2.5
4.4 6.4
4 Elementary PE 2.0 2.5
<5 Line Ground No
6 Fuse 2.0 2.5
7 Secondary Side No
8 Auxiliary-FG No
Front 9 First Fuse 2.0 2.5
c) The other PCB backplanes, the shielded boards, are required to have the following requirements:
(1) A series of copper foils discontinuous to the domestic requirements, and any continuous Surface diameter is not greater than the security and regulatory requirement size
Example: CHANYOU (thousand friends) max. 25.4 mm
FISHING BAY (YUHUA) max. 9.4 mm
(2) The secondary side of the base, or the distance between the primary side and the secondary side that must be noted should be not less than 5 mm.
16. Model labeling:
a) Shown. General Requirements:
General model labeling shall indicate: company name or trademark, model number, input voltage, input current, input frequency, output voltage, output current, AC and DC symbols and safety signs and narratives. The voltage is 230V AC input voltage, due to the European Union (EU) countries, its products must have 230V AC input voltage: 220-240V, AC 230V, 230-240V, 100-240VAC, standalone 220VAC or 240VAC is not acceptable.
Required organic species name, type: switching power supply, AC adapter, AC power supply
b) shown. Model naming requirements.
Safety certificate is an output limit specified by the model, can apply for PSE safety series, a suitable range.
Chinese safety regulations apply to series models, but when deriving a series model, we should note that the model name on the model label of the safety certificate is consistent.
Singapore safety only applies to individual models derived from the series models, so painted model name model label must confirm whether the model name is consistent with the model name on the application of the safety certificate.
C). Trademark certification and labeling requirements:
Except for the special requirements of UL safety labels on the figure trademark, the safety requirements of other countries on the label trademark must be consistent with the certification and CB certification trademark filed, otherwise it will have to heavy, the report is ready to prepare for the printing of a new trademark.
D). To the safety mark national requirements for the printing of labels.
(1) China - CCC. factory factory number on the model label in addition to the CCC (S & E), but must also be marked. Applicable to printing, the distribution center must first apply for the China National Certification and Supervision Commission "CCC" mark, and then print the CCC mark of the authorized "CCC" mark.
(2) Japan - PSE. Printed labels on the PSE logo should be printed in the name of the Japanese company.
(3) Korea - KTL. The Korean safety certification mark, printed on the label, in addition to a certification number should be the name of the production area and the phone number of the local agent or company.
E) on the label, symbols and letters of the meaning of the representation.
:Class II equipment, also known as double insulation.
LPS: Limited Power Supply.
ITE:
II. Safety markings are generally common mistakes
1. double insulation marking min. 5 mm.
2. CE marking min. 5 mm. 5 mm.
3. C-tick marking min. 5 mm. 5 mm.
4. The Mexican NOM mark should not be drawn only halfway next to the arrow mark should be added.
5. Note: Basically IEC60950 precautions are required, but if it is placed in compliance with the 3.2 mm high lettering specified in the CCC marking, put the factory number.
Special precautions for safety fittings
At least two or more suppliers so that problems with the purchased material, or quality problems with the original manufacturer, can not be replaced immediately.
Carefully selected suppliers - ever come across a fan, switch ... Supplier's closure and have to submit a new supplier to utilize the existing manufacturer. Ex. X, Y capacitors X, Y capacitors, are recognized series, if individual new suppliers, only a few models used in the safety of the applicant may not know what you want to report (customer-specified exceptions) UL - if only the paperwork, minimum, $500. If testing, other costs depending on the content of the test
2 other security costs:
TUV submits the test as part of the inactivity, but also provides NT 70.0.
Applications are safer and cost more to submit.
So, your engineers carefully select parts and quantity at once to inform all sources of safety regulations, and some other parts may not be available in the electrical and mechanical, such as air intakes of the device's safety personnel to help find a second source Chapter Feihong's model naming rules
For example, a machine of the kind PSXYYZ-AAA.
1. X = A, M, C. < /p>
2. X = A, M, C. < /p>
2. X = A, M, C. < /p>
2. X = A, M, C. < /p>
3. /p>
A - standard model before. PSA60W.
A M - Customer variety explosion-proof PSM4604C.
C - Ex low cost model. PSC10A-050.
YY - Output power explosion-proof PSC10A-050 (10W).
3. Z - Input continuation mode.
? A - Former US type plug that plugs directly into the wall. PSA10A-050.
? C - Plugs directly into the wall ex-China type plug ex-050 ?PSC10C,.
? E - Plugs directly into the wall EU type front PSE10C-050
? K - Plugs directly into wall UK type ex PSE10K-050
? K - Direct Plug Wall AUSTRA Type Plug Front PSE10K-050
? PSE10C-050.
? ? Plugs directly into the wall in front of a KOREA type plug. PSE10H-050.
? ? Plugs directly into the wall before Argentain type plugs. PSE10N-050.
? W - 2 pin inlet front. PSA60 W.
? U - 3-pin inlet front. PSA50U-120
AAA Output Voltage Volts Front PSA60W-120 12V If the application is safe, depending on their input connections, the applicable national safety regulations must be determined.