After the establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty, "the rise of culture and education, suppressing military affairs", respect for knowledge, advocate reading, and vigorously change the end of the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties of the tendency to emphasize the military over the literary, the establishment of a Confucianism-based imperial examination to select civil servants to serve as a key position of the new system. In the dynasty of Emperor Taizu of Song Dynasty, there were nine prime ministers, all of whom were civil officials, of which six were from the imperial examination. Of the 724 Privy Councillors and Deputy Privy Councillors who were the main ministers of the two Song dynasties, 659 were civilian ministers. The imperial examination system reached a new peak in terms of fairness, openness and practicality, no longer like the previous dynasty, only poetry and fugue, post scripture, ink and righteousness of the test, but to the scriptures, the scriptures, the current affairs of the main policy. The salaries of the officials were also greatly increased in order to support honesty and integrity. As a result, the notion of family status was weakened, making the Song Dynasty the formative period of the ancient Chinese bureaucracy. Roberts (1999) points out that during the period 1148-1256, 60% of the jinshi's family backgrounds showed that they had never been appointed to an official position for more than three generations. The imperial examinations and local state and county school examinations and selections had become the way for scholars to enter the officialdom.
The emperor also decentralized his ministers, placing himself in the second line of decision-making, with the Zhongshu and Mengshi (which was reorganized after Emperor Shenzong of the Song Dynasty as the three provinces of Mengshi, Zhongshu, and Shangshu) formulating economic and taxation policies, and the Privy Council controlling the military. The emperor only vetted policies before they were handed over to the six ministries for implementation. Of course, as in the previous dynasty, the Imperial Historical Road monitored officials and was directly responsible to the emperor. These civil officials, acting in the national interest, formulated a series of systems and charters that included restrictions and limitations on the emperor's power, creating a new centralized system of government in which the emperor ruled with the scholarly ****; professional soldiers not only lost their former power, but also saw their social status decline.
Civilian politics and the revival of Confucianism are directly related, of which Sima Guang and Zhu Xi's doctrine is more representative. They not only reaffirmed the basic ideas of Confucianism as the main principles of governing the country, so that these principles and concepts support the rationality of the power of the monarch, but also personal moral cultivation in the emphasis on the through the classics, focusing on the reality of the practice of Confucianism towards the neo-Confucianism, that is, the science of science. Sima Guang's political ideals: the reign of a bright ruler, the country and the people in peace, advocating the appointment of officials to talent, "the people to benevolence", and abide by the "law of the ancestors". Zhu Xi advocated that the poor reasoning, the first to know and then act, the unity of knowledge and action; and the "things" that he "grasped" are the heavenly reason, the human nature and the holy words. The new interpretation of the Confucian classics by Rigaku became the basis for the imperial examinations. These more enlightened attitudes also fostered new interests and perspectives on art, science, technology, nature, mathematics, politics, society, and even urban planning. Thanks to the increase in wealthy cab families, the spread of movable type printing, the increase in leisure time, and the flourishing of government-run schools and private academies (at least 124 private academies have been recorded), the science of science was widely disseminated. In short, it was a Chinese "renaissance," the unfolding of a new and comprehensive intellectual era. As a result, the two Song dynasties reached historical peaks in economic, artistic and scientific development. Porcelain, landscape painting, silk, cartography, shipbuilding, furniture and interior design all became classics of Chinese civilization.
Some other important elements were added to Song society, including a new class of people, mainly shopkeepers and craftsmen, and an urban underclass of shopkeepers, servants, and other employees (peddlers) who formed within the city. These new classes made up the majority of the city's population in terms of numbers, and their preferences and daily lives differed markedly from those of the upper classes (the scholars, nobles, and officials). In order to cater to them, popular culture and entertainment were created in the cities, including story-telling, sword-playing, art-selling and other urban entertainment activities, which constituted new land use and urban functions such as hooks and tiles, and led to the emergence of a new urban civilization in the Song Dynasty.
Commercial State
The Northern Song Dynasty saw a great increase in agricultural productivity through the reforms of enlightened prime ministers such as Fan Zhongyan (989-1052) and Wang Anshi (1021-1086). The reclamation of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the introduction of terracing on the slopes of southern China doubled the area of cultivated land compared with the Tang Dynasty. The cultivation of tea, a cash crop, became widespread in southern China, and cotton was introduced in Guangdong and Fujian. The "rent adjustment" (or agricultural tax system), which used to be based on the calculation of farmland and was paid in kind and in labor, was replaced by the valuation of yields and payment in cash and silver. As a result, the monetary economy began to cover agriculture, prompting the commercialization of agriculture and the entry of a large number of agricultural products into the trade channel, and stepping towards the initial stage of capitalism in agriculture.
In the non-agricultural sectors of the economy, such as commerce and handicrafts, the Song dynasty also replaced the control of markets and product prices, as well as the direct control of handicrafts, with zero-selling commercial and product taxes. Of course, the state still directly became the producers and merchants of some key products through specialization to finance the army, for example, when Emperor Yingzong, all kinds of government-run mines and metallurgical institutes amounted to 271. The government-run handicrafts still dominated, but their craftsmen were already mainly recruited hired craftsmen, and their personal dependence on the government and private workshop owners was further weakened. The Song dynasty was also the first regime in Chinese history to actively promote maritime trade. In addition to sending trade missions to Southeast Asia and South Asia, the Southern Song Dynasty established the Hublot Department in Xiuzhou (Huating County, Shanghai), Mizhou (near present-day Qingdao), Mingzhou (Ningbo), Quanzhou, and Guangzhou to manage foreign trade according to the Hublot Law. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the port trading cities with the Hublot Department were Lin'an (Hangzhou), Mingzhou, Wenzhou, Xiuzhou, Jiangyin and so on. During the two Song dynasties, more than fifty countries maintained trade relations with China. The import and export taxes of the City Hublot Department were equal to about 10-40% of the value of the goods. As recorded in 1189, the tax revenue for that year amounted to 65 million strings (or guan, 1,000 cents per string), more than a tenfold increase from the 5 million strings in the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty.Cotterell & Morgan (1975) argued that the total value of maritime trade in the two Songs had exceeded that of Europe combined, making it the largest trading nation in the world.
Estimated in terms of state revenues, the non-agricultural and agricultural economies were equally divided in the Northern Song economy, as government revenues from commercial and franchise taxes were equal to those from agricultural taxes, and by 1077 (Xining 10) were even 70%. Commercial and franchise taxes, most of which came from the cities, consistently exceeded rural revenues in the Southern Song, accounting for more than two-thirds of the country's total tax revenues. Therefore, the Song economy can be called the "new economy", can also be called "money economy", because the means of payment and the previous generation is different, has been replaced by cash silver in kind. The large amount of cash silver transactions also led to an increase in the types of money, in addition to the traditional copper coins in bunches, a large number of pure silver also entered the circulation channel. In the Northern Song Dynasty (1073), 6 million strings of money were minted, but the circulation was dozens of times larger, at 200 million strings (Gernet 1985), and the reason behind this was the emergence of new currencies. 1024 saw the adoption of private silver notes by merchants in Chengdu, which evolved into the state government's "flying money" for promoting inter-regional trade, facilitating large-value cross-border trade and reducing the amount of cash silver. These different forms of "tokens" were used to facilitate large-value cross-border trade and to reduce the risks associated with the settlement and transportation of cash. These various forms of "tokens" evolved into "official banknotes" (hui zi), or printed official currency, in the Southern Song Dynasty (12th century), with a circulation of 400 million strings, twice the amount of copper coins in circulation at the peak of the Northern Song Dynasty. The influence of the Southern Song banknotes was even more international, as they became the currency of many Asian countries such as Korea and Japan.
Figure 9.2 shows the distribution of government patents, commercial taxes in major cities, and taxes on cash crops (tea only) during the Northern Song Dynasty to illustrate the spatial distribution of the Northern Song commercial economy and the urban hierarchy that resulted from it. It corroborates the vigorous commercial and urban development of Southern China (including Sichuan) during the two Song dynasties. Since the information in the map does not involve a great deal of private trade without tax payment, it does not adequately reflect the full picture of Song commercial society.
Dynamics of urbanization in the Song dynasty
The opening up of arable land, the application of new technologies, and the reform of agricultural taxes led to increased productivity (especially for rice) and the spread of cash crops. They also led to the formation of a market for land, resulting in the annexation of farmland and the emergence of large estates. In the Northern Song Dynasty in the 11th century, 14% of the population owned 77.5% of the country's cultivated land (Roberts, 1999). Many peasants lost their land and were forced to flow into the industrial, commercial and service sectors, which contributed to the development of the non-agricultural economy and urbanization. This development also changed the traditional dependence of commerce and industry on the royal family and bureaucrats, and led to the expansion and popularization of commerce and industry by shifting from the manufacture and marketing of luxury goods to mass consumer goods such as food and daily necessities. Domestic and foreign trade also benefited from the nationwide network of 50,000 kilometers of waterways, the design of new sea-going vessels, and the emergence and spread of navigational and navigational tools such as rudders, compasses, and new sails. The advent of paper money and financial institutions also allowed trade to expand with ease and reduced risk. These technological and policy factors, combined with the pragmatism and rationalism of Neo-Confucianism in society, led to a new urban revolution. In short, the technological and social incentives of the Song dynasty led to a level of social development comparable to that of the European countries of the early 18th century, when capitalism was in its infancy.
Because of this, although the population of the Song dynasty increased from 21 million in the early period (970) to 85.6 million in 1110 (Table 9.2), the ratio of agricultural population declined. The high efficiency of agriculture resulted in an annual grain production of 300 million stones (1 stone = 103 jin), or about 3 stones per capita. The Grand Canal alone carried 7 million stones annually. Interregional trade in southern China was already flourishing during the Ten Kingdoms period, and even more so during the Southern Song Dynasty. As shown in Figure 9.2, there was an interregional economic division of labor, such as the production of steel and iron in Hebei, rice in the Taihu Lake region, tea and sugarcane in Fujian, paper making in Sichuan and Zhejiang, printing and publishing in Chengdu and Hangzhou, lacquer ware in Hubei, Hunan, and Zhejiang, and porcelain in Kaifeng and later in Zhejiang. Domestic trade at the time was dominated by general consumer goods, while foreign trade focused on luxury goods such as spices, jewelry, ivory, coral, rhinoceros horn, medicinal herbs, incense, silk, and fine tea and porcelain.
The development of the urban economy led to a new impetus for urban development, and also changed the traditional nature of the city and land use structure. The administrative cities of the Han and Tang dynasties had been transformed into new cities of commerce and entertainment by this time. As mentioned above, the prosperous commerce and industry in these cities fostered a new class of urban dwellers, the "marketers". In line with the trend of economic prosperity and the increasing size of cities, the two Song dynasties designated the residents of towns, villages and cities as "fangguo hou" (坊廓户), who were required to pay property and foundation taxes to the government, and to perform labor services. Urban land rent and a new status of household also appeared for the first time, which was distinctly different from that of rural households.
In addition, the rise of commercial centers since the Late Tang Dynasty, which flourished in the Song Dynasty, led to the emergence of commercial towns, another new starting point for urban development in Chinese history. The development of these sub-county townships relied mainly on their economic rather than administrative functions. Some of them were military-type towns abolished at the end of the Tang Dynasty, but most of them were small cities that developed by handicrafts or trade at transportation intersections without city walls. When they grew to a certain size, the government gave them new administrative status as cities. in 1080, of the country's 1,135 counties, *** there were 1,810 such towns, 23.5 percent of which had tax halls (Ma Lanchao, 1971). Gao Cheng, a native of the Northern Song Dynasty, defined a town as "a town where the people gather without being a county, but where taxes are collected, or where they are supervised by a government official." Many towns appeared around large trading cities, for example, in Kaifeng Province there were 31 towns, in Henan Province there were 22 towns, in Da Ming Province there were 20 towns, and in Chengdu Province there were 19 towns. Below the towns, grass markets (i.e., marketplaces), which were lower-level commercial points, also appeared at the edges of rural areas. They provided a regular marketplace for agricultural products. The government also set up officials to collect taxes in the grass markets, and some of them were even elevated to the status of towns.
The boom in domestic trade and the commodity economy, especially luxury goods such as silk, tea, and porcelain, led to trade about local products and imported luxury goods, giving rise to foreign trade. The Song dynasty's encouragement of foreign trade, and its shipbuilding and seafaring, made the thriving seaport another driving force in the urbanization of the time, adding alternative cities. During the Tang Dynasty, Guangzhou was the only city with a city harbor. In the Northern Song Dynasty, there were six such cities. In the Southern Song, three more were added: Zhenjiang, Wenzhou and Jiangyin. Most of the seaport cities were located in the south, near the main sources of export products (Figure 9.2).
In terms of spatial distribution, economically prosperous and populous cities were concentrated along the Yangtze River and the coast. Important land crossings also benefited from the government's border trade policies, such as tea and horse markets; important trading cities also emerged, such as Tianshui (bordering Tubo and Xixia; Figure 9.2). In the Northern Song Dynasty, there were more than 40 large cities with populations of more than 100,000, compared with only 10 in the Tang Dynasty. Thus, the size of the cities of the two Song dynasties had surpassed that of Europe in the medieval period, and it boasted five of the ten largest cities in the world at that time. Figure 9.2 shows more clearly that cities in Southern China led the country in both numerical growth and importance. In the table below, we show the changes in the number of cities at both levels during the Tang and Song dynasties, represented by the four southern prefectures (prefectures) and the northern province of Henan, as evidence:
The late Northern Song Dynasty witnessed a massive southward migration of the population from the Yellow River valley, and the successive wars of the Southern Song Dynasty with the Liao and the Jin Dynasties decimated the population and cities of the north. Evidently, the number of cities saw a strong increase in the south and a decline in the north.
The emergence of a new civil society
The hardships of life in the countryside and the prosperity of commerce and industry in the cities led to a massive migration of people from the countryside to the cities. The bureaucratic system of the two Song dynasties also mandated that officials keep moving as their appointments shifted. Cheap and convenient transportation, numerous and functionally diverse urban settlements, and the accumulated wealth and rich entertainment of the cities became the driving force behind the centripetal orientation of the new cities, creating the new urban civilization of the Song. The new urban bourgeoisie, composed of merchants of all sizes, was not only numerous, but also more influential in terms of wealth than the scholarly class. Their business no longer depended on supplying the royal family, nobles and bureaucrats, but their market came from the large demand for exports and the needs of the general public, and even in terms of luxury goods, the new bourgeoisie's own demand was also very large. They built elegant gardens, furnished them with fine furniture and art, dressed sumptuously, and pursued gourmet cuisine. All of this became part of the new urban civilization of China, with its comfortable and high-level living environment. In parallel with this development, there was a thriving urban performing arts scene, with professional folk artists, including feng shui masters, face readers, speakers, opera masters, chess masters, puppet masters, shadow puppeteers, acrobats, etc., bred out of the needs of the new urban population; and a large number of restaurants, tea houses, brothels, bathhouses, liquor stores and casinos with their employees.
The rise of urban folk arts and entertainment was also related to the government's new conception of the city and its transformed mode of urban management. At the end of the Five Dynasties, Zhou Shizong, who had been a merchant before he became emperor, adopted a more liberal policy toward urban commerce, such as permitting the establishment of diyang on the Bianhe River in Kaifeng, the capital city. Song Taizu inherited the policy of Zhou Shizong, the sixth year of the reign (965 years) on the formal relaxation of the night ban in the capital, allowing the opening of the night market: "Edict Kaifeng House, so that the night market in the capital to the three drums SiLai, shall not be prohibited." In the history of China's urban development, this is an epoch-making change, means that the traditional market management mode of elimination. To the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty, the closed market system has completely collapsed. The way of doing business and the spatial pattern of the city shifted to the open type, forming many prosperous and bustling commercial streets with new types of service and entertainment industries (such as bathhouses, teahouses, hookahs, etc.), which made merchants, hawkers, sellers, and their guests city dwellers the most important part of the city.
In the history of China's urban development, Kaifeng in the Northern Song Dynasty was the first capital city in which a large number of citizens' merchant and entertainment needs constituted the main land use and functional distribution. These comprehensive land uses for the purpose of popular demand were called "wazi". Wazi was centered on one or several covered performance venues called "Goulan", and was surrounded by numerous stalls selling various commodities, offering divination or medical services, as well as street operas, acrobatics, taverns, teahouses, restaurants, brothels, and so on. The city of Kaifeng*** at that time had six tiles, the largest of which had 50 hookahs (Figure 9.3). Lin'an (Hangzhou), the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty, had 12 wazi (Figure 9.5). Many tazi were open all night and 24 hours. Thus, the urban life of the two Songs, as well as the cultural and spatial habits of the general public, were clearly different from those of the previous generation, and in a narrower sense, they were living in a new urban civilization.
In the cities of the two Song dynasties, the new urban civilization nurtured by commerce, manufacturing, entertainment and service industries overrode the traditional administrative functions and added new elements to the traditional Chinese urban civilization in terms of nature, content and spatial pattern. The newly developed urban civilization of the Song Dynasty naturally led to new urban-rural relations. The administrative cities of the Han and Tang dynasties were the middle ground with service functions to the neighboring agricultural areas. In the commercial society of the Song Dynasty, the distinction between urban and rural areas became clear: it included different rhythms, connotations, and ways of life, as well as different human qualities and pursuits. The cities of the two Song dynasties were also relatively independent: the rich were not necessarily rural landowners, and the poor were mostly detached from rural land; the prosperity of the cities was mainly based on domestic and foreign trade, and even industrial production did not take the regional market as the main marketing target. As a result of these independence or detachment from traditional territories, mutual assistance among people became a psychological and practical necessity among the citizen class. Guilds and hometown associations formed by the vernacular, trade, and manufacturing industries became another feature of the cities of the time. Similarly, various religions became one of the connotations of the new urban civilization.
The evolution of the city and urban civilization in the two Song dynasties can be summarized as follows:
1. the disintegration of the residential neighborhoods and their replacement by open streets and alleys;
2. the transformation of the strict spatial and temporal control of the residents into the freedom of the citizens in their lives and activities;
3. the change from the closed marketplaces under strict management to the 24-hour open commercial streets and districts;
4. the transformation from the closed marketplaces into the open commercial streets and districts;
5. the transformation of the closed marketplaces into the open commercial streets and districts;
6. Commercial streets and neighborhoods;4. Residential, commercial and service activities in the form of lines or strips, along the main streets, rivers and traffic intersections;
5. The urban residents' household registration was designated as fangguo households, whose obligations were different from those in rural areas, and for the first time, the concept of "urban dweller" appeared;
6. The great changes in urban life: the abundance of recreational and entertainment activities, which were mainly provided by private individuals for profit;
7. The opening of official institutions for urban fire prevention and suppression due to the great increase in the risk of fire caused by the size, density, and accelerated pace of life in the city;
8. The emphasis on the planting of green measures, such as the planting of flowers and trees along the roads and rivers of the city, which became one of the basic principles of planning and construction of the city;
9. The establishment of the city as a place where people could live in the city;
10. Attention was given to greening measures such as planting trees along the roads and rivers, and this became one of the basic principles of planning and construction of the city;
9. Aggressive firearms on the battlefield changed the defensive design of the city walls, which were made of stone or brick instead of rammed-earth, and were equipped with enemy towers, archery towers, and deep ditches.
However, in the spatial pattern of the city, the palace remained the center of the capital. In the lower cities, the government offices still held the central position.
In the following, we take the capitals and major cities of the two Song dynasties as examples to testify to the urban civilization of this era, including the new forms of urbanization and urban structure.
Kaifeng
Kaifeng was the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, also known as "Tokyo" or "Bianjing" (960-1126). It was called "Bianzhou" during the Tang Dynasty, and its city walls were completed in 781. Located at the junction of the Grand Canal and the Yellow River (Figure 9.2), it was a strategic location for the grain transport from southern China to support the capitals of Daxing and Chang'an since the Sui and Tang dynasties, and became the capital of the Five Dynasties after 918. The Later Zhou expanded it by constructing a second walled city. The area of land newly included in the second heavy city was three times larger than that of the old or inner city.
Because Kaifeng was situated in the flat land of the Yellow River valley, it was not defensible, so it needed to build multiple strong walls for defense. Therefore, it had a big high wall and a deep sea (Fig. 9.3) to defend itself against the new hot weapons (artillery) and the iron horsemen from the north.
Figure 9.3 shows that the city was nearly square in plan, with a total area of about 32 square kilometers, and was a metropolis with a triple wall, with a palace in the center. This system has been copied by subsequent capitals since the Northern Song Dynasty. The Palace City, also known as "Danei", is a forbidden place where the Son of Heaven works and resides, with a layout of the front and back of the bedchamber. The Imperial City, also known as the Inner City, is approximately the size of Bianzhou in the Tang Dynasty, with an area of 4.5 square kilometers. The Royal Street from the south gate of the Palace City is the central axis of the Imperial City and the whole city, with civil and military offices on both sides, which is the administrative center of the country. In the southern part of the Imperial City, according to the "Kao Gong Ji", "left ancestor, right community" is divided into a clan temple and the altar of the Jikji. In short, the Palace and the Imperial City basically inherited the layout and nature of the Confucian provisions of the capital city, "in the spirit of heaven," "the unity of man and heaven" and rituals and music as the principle, and to the administration as the main function.
However, the imperial city of Kaifeng was also filled with merchant houses and places of entertainment. Figure 9.3 shows the main businesses on the Street of the Healer, the Imperial Street, and the Street of the Qu Yuan, the main commercial districts (e.g., jewelry, gold and silver stores, and grocery stores) with concentrations of luxury goods to daily necessities, as well as the six wazi and three brothel districts. The area around Zhouqiao on the Bianhe River in the Imperial City (Note 12 of Fig. 9.3) was even the largest night market in the city.
Four tributaries of the Yellow River flowed through Kaifeng, of which the Bian River was the busiest for commerce. Freight on the river accounted for 90% of the capital's water transportation, mainly rice and salt, to supply the huge demand of the royal family, the government and the army. The annual transportation of rice and grain alone amounted to 3-7 million stones. The two main streets along the Bianhe River in the southeast corner of the city were the busiest warehouses and commercial areas in the city, because the canal transportation entered the capital through them. The Qingming Riverside Drawing was painted with Bianhe Street as the actual scene, and Fig. 9.4 shows its partial cityscape. During the Tang Dynasty, Bianzhou Prefecture (i.e., the inner city of the Northern Song Dynasty) had only two closed markets, but by the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty they had been replaced by open shopping streets and commercial districts. The latter were mostly located along the avenues and rivers in a linear pattern, and sometimes mixed with residential areas. In order to facilitate tax collection, the government set up tax bureaus and trade administrations in important commercial centers in the city (Note 6 to Figure 9.3). Kaifeng led the nation in commercial taxes, mainly in the two categories of commodity tax and storage tax for entering the city; in 1015, Kaifeng's annual revenue from the two taxes was 400,000 strings, and in 1085 it increased to 550,000 strings. In addition, the government-run industrial and trade franchise employed many people and provided another source of finance for the government. There were 8,000 to 9,000 craftsmen who made luxury goods for the royal family and nobles alone, and 3,700 artisans who specialized in the production of weapons. Private manufacturing, mostly in the Silhouette, also flourished.
The city's roads extend outward in a checkerboard pattern, with the palace as the core. The Royal Road outside the South Gate was the main axis, 300 meters wide, and also became the main commercial street. Other roads are mostly 15-20 meters, narrower than the Tang Dynasty. There were six major entertainment districts wazi throughout the city, located in different sections of the inner city and the contour city (Fig. 9.3). Stores and restaurants and eateries were located all over the city (except the palace city), with the highest concentration along the Bianhe River and the main roads. These tiles and commercial streets became a major feature of Kaifeng and a new element of China's national capital and urban civilization only since the Northern Song Dynasty. Kaifeng was also the cultural and educational center of the Northern Song Dynasty. According to records from 1102-1106, there were 3,600 students in the Taixue (太學) in the south of the city, in addition to other governmental and private schools, which taught subjects such as martial arts, medicine, law, and mathematics, in addition to the Confucian classics. Kaifeng also has a cosmopolitan religious atmosphere, with 913 religious temples of various types in the city and 25,000 religious professionals, including Taoists and Buddhists.
Since the destruction of the Fang system, the former Fang walls have been changed into open streets, with many residences and stores opening up to the street frontage, while multi-storey buildings have also appeared (Figure 9.4). The increase in height and density of buildings, and the mixing of industrial, commercial, and residential functions made the city's fire-fighting organization, which began in the Later Zhou Dynasty, more complete. The inner city of Kaifeng was divided into 14 fire districts and the outer city into 8, with a fire station every 450 meters. The stations had watchtowers, fire-fighting equipment and firemen on duty. The city*** has 3,400 soldiers acting as firefighters, working full-time on fire prevention and firefighting.
After the abolition of the old workshop system, the inner city was divided into ten urban districts, or compartments,*** governed by 121 subdistricts (workshops). The contour city was divided into four compartments and fifteen workshops. In 1021, 35,550 households lived in the Palace City***, 62,200 in the Imperial City, and 100,000 in the Silhouette City. Together with an army and officials of about 400,000, the city had a population of about 1 million, making it the largest city in the world at that time.
As mentioned earlier, since the Later Zhou Dynasty, Kaifeng adopted a policy of urban greening, planting willows and flowering trees all along the canals and arterial roads. In the late Northern Song Dynasty, in the palace city outside the east side of more royal gardens, that is, 600 meters by 500 meters large "Burgundy", which is full of from the Taihu Lake and other South China brought in the strange stones and flowers and trees. Burgundy construction of luxury and luxury although the creation of Chinese city garden features, but also led to the fall of the Northern Song Dynasty is one of the reasons: drunken city life.