Essay on robotics. There are requirements. around 3000 words. Have an abstract, keywords, body, literature. I'll give 200 points for a good one

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Micro-robot development and research status

Abstract: Micro-robot is an important branch of microelectromechanical systems, because it can enter the human and macro-robot can not be as small as the space operation, in recent decades by a wide range of concerns. This paper firstly gives several kinds of micro-robots that appeared in recent years both at home and abroad, analyzes their characteristics and performances, discusses several key problems encountered in the research of micro-robots, and points out the main research and development direction of these fields in the coming period of time.

Keywords: microrobot; microactuator

In recent years, microsatellites, microflight

vehicles, and microrobots in confined space using MEMS technology have demonstrated attractive applications and strategic significance for dual-use. Therefore, as one of the development directions of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology, the research of micro-robotics based on precision machining

has become an international hot spot, which is not only driven by a strong market, but also by the participation of many research institutes. Many countries represented by Japan

have carried out a lot of research in this area, focusing on

the development of micro-robotics into the narrow space of industry, into the narrow space of the human body

medical microsystems and microfactories. In China, under the funding of the National Natural Science Foundation and 863 High Technology Research and Development Program, Tsinghua University, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Harbin Institute of Technology, Guangdong University of Technology, Shanghai University and other research institutes have carried out a lot of research on micro-robotics and micro-operating systems and developed prototypes. At present, the research on micro-robots in China mainly focuses on three fields[6]: (1)

Micro-robot

man for the detection of small pipelines in gas, chemical, and power generation equipments. (2) Non-invasive diagnostic micromachines

for the human body, into the intestinal tract. (3) Micro-machines for non-disassembly maintenance of complex mechanical systems

Human.

1 Development and research status of micro-robotics

Based on the actual situation of micro-robotics research in China, we

focus on micro-plumbing robots, non-invasive micro-medical robots, and micro-robots for

special operations.

111 Micro pipeline robots

Micro pipeline robots are based on the background of the application in a narrow space, and their environment is characterized by walking into a narrow tubular channel or crevice to

perform inspections, repairs, etc.

Micro pipeline robots can be used for a variety of applications, such as inspection, maintenance, etc.

Micro pipeline robots can be used for a variety of applications. Because of the obvious difference with the conventional conditions of the pipe working environment

, its walking mode and structural principle is different with the conventional pipeline robot

, so according to the conventional technical means of pipeline robots according to the

scaled down is not feasible. In view of this, the micro pipeline robot

walking method should be a different way. In recent years, with the development of micro-electro-mechanical technology and the development of crystal piezoelectric effect and super magnetostrictive material magneto-mechanical coupling

technology applications, so that the emergence of a new type of micro-actuators and applications to become

reality. The research results of microactuators have become an important

foundation for the development of microtubular robots[1].

A micro pipeline robot has been developed at Nagoya University in Japan, which can be

used for inspection of small pipes and for

tiny work in small spaces in the biomedical field. The robot can be driven by electromagnetic coils on the outside of the pipe and does not need to be powered by cables. In Japan, Tokyo Institute of Technology and NEC

Company collaborated on the research of spiral tube moving micro-robot, in the diameter of

Φ2514mm straight tube it is the maximum speed of 260mm / s, the maximum

maximum tractive force is 12N. France Anthierens et al. developed

applicable

for Φ16mm peristalsis robot, this type of micro-robot The maximum

movement speed of this kind of micro-robot is 5mm/s, and the load can be up to 20N, which has high motion

precision and large load, but the motion speed is slow and the structure is complicated.

Domestic Shanghai University and Shanghai Jiaotong University have developed inertial

impact pipeline micro-robot, Shanghai Jiaotong University's micro-robot is driven by

layered piezoelectric actuator; Shanghai University's micro-robot actuator

has two types of laminar and dual piezoelectric film[3]. Figure 1 shows the kinematic mechanism of a dual piezoelectric film microtubing robot, which adopts a dual piezoelectric film actuator to increase the driving force and improve the load-carrying capacity compared with a single piezoelectric film. The mechanism can move at a maximum speed of

15mm/s with forward, backward, upward and downward functions.

112 Development of micro medical robots

In recent years, medical robotics research and application development

expanding rapidly, micro medical robots is one of the most promising application

area, according to the Japan Science and Technology Policy Research Institute predicted that by 2017

medical field of the use of miniature machines and robots will exceed all

surgical procedures. According to the Japan Science and Technology Policy Research Institute, by 2017, more than half of all medical surgeries will be performed using micromachines and robots in the medical field. As a result, Japan has a plan to adopt "robotic surgeons" and is developing ultra-miniature robots that can travel through blood vessels in the human body and be used to

detect and kill cancer cells. The John Hopkin Laboratory in Maryland, USA

has developed a "smart pill," which is actually a miniature detection device

equipped with a miniature silicon thermometer and miniature circuits,

which, when swallowed, sends information about the body's temperature to a recorder. Swedish

Scientists have invented a robot the size of an English punctuation mark that could move a single cell or capture bacteria in the future to perform

various surgeries inside the body.

Many research institutes in China have mainly carried out research on non-invasive miniature

medical robots, and have achieved some results. The non-invasive medical robot

is mainly used in the medical treatment of diseases in the human body's internal cavity, which can greatly reduce

reduce or eliminate the current clinical use of various types of scopes, internal syringes, internal

delivery of medication and other medical equipment for patients to bring the serious unsuitable and pain

suffering. The University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), with the support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), has developed a piezoelectric ceramic-driven multi-segmented serpentine traveling laparotomy micro-robot, which installs the CCD camera system, surgical instruments and intelligent control system at the end of the micro-robot, and extends into the abdominal cavity to perform surgery through the small openings in the patient's abdomen. Through a small opening in the patient's abdomen, the micro-robot is inserted into the abdominal cavity to perform surgery. Its features

are fast response speed, high motion accuracy, large force and range of motion

and the ability to realize rapid and flexible movements within ±60° in two degrees of freedom in each segment. Figure 2 shows a scene of surgery using a laparoscopic robot

[5]. Zhejiang University has also developed the principle prototype of a non-invasive medical

mini-robot, which enters the human body cavity (e.g., intestines, esophagus) by levitation, avoiding the damage to the human body's internal tissues, and operating at a fast speed with convenient speed control.

113 The development of special operation micro-robot

In addition to the above mentioned micro-plumbing robots and non-invasive micro

medical robots, some domestic and foreign researchers have widely

conducted research on special operation micro-robots. This kind of micro-robot with

equipped with the appropriate sensors and operating devices, in the military and civilian aspects of the

very good prospects for development.

The U.S. National Security Laboratory has produced the world's

smallest robot ever, the robot weighs less than 28g, the volume of

411cm3, the leg mechanism for the belt conveyor, the robot can replace

human to complete many dangerous work. The U.S. Navy invented a miniature

city search and rescue robot, the robot was in 2001 "9111" incident

after the World Trade Center debris search and rescue site to make a big difference. Japan's Mitsubishi Electric

subsidiary, Matsushita Tokyo Research Institute and Sumitomo Electronics Corp. have jointly developed a micro-robot the size of an ant, which can enter

very confined environments to perform repairs, and which has two

circular connectors on either side of its body that can be connected to other robots to accomplish special

tasks.

The robot can be connected to other robots for specialized tasks.

Because of the creatures in nature have some

energy

that human beings can not match, so in recent years, the use of natural biological behavior and some

energy to design robots, to achieve flexible control, by robotics

scholars have received extensive attention. In China, many universities and research institutes have been carrying out

research on micro-bionic robots. Based on the principle of bionics, Shanghai Jiaotong University has developed a miniature six-legged bionic

robot by using six sets of parallel planar four-link mechanism, miniature DC

motor and corresponding decelerating and torsion-enhancing mechanism, which is small in size and has good maneuverability. The robot has a length of

30mm, a width of 40mm, a height of 20mm, a weight of 613g, and a walking speed of

3mm/s[2] . Shanghai University has also conducted some research work on micro-bionic robots

.

2 Problems in the development of micro-robot

(1) Miniaturization of driver

Micro-driver is the most important component of MEMS, from the perspective of the development of micro-robot

micro-driver technology plays a key role, and it is a sign of the level of the micro-robot

robot level, the development of energy-consuming, simple structure, easy to miniaturize

Chemical, displacement and force output, good linear control performance, dynamic response

Response to a new type of drive (high-performance piezoelectric elements, high-torque micro-horse

Da) is the future direction of research.

(2) Energy supply

Many actuators are driven by electrical energy, but for micro

mobile robots, the supply of electrical wires will seriously affect the movement of the micro

robot, especially in the curvature of the environment of the change of large.

The development trend of micro-robot should be cable-free, energy, control signals and

and detection signals should be able to send and transmit cable-free. To be truly

practical, micro-robots must solve the problem of cable-free microwave energy and cable-free data transmission technology

technology, as well as research and development of small size and high-capacity batteries.

(3) Reliability and safety

Many of the micro-robots currently being developed are based on medical

therapeutic, military, and nuclear power plants as the application background, in these very important

applications, the reliability of the robot's work and safety is the designer

must be considered a problem, and therefore requires the robot to be able to adapt to the environment in which it is located

This is the first time that the robot has been used for a long time.

Robots are required to be able to adapt to their environment and have troubleshooting capabilities[4].

(4) New micro-mechanism design theory and finishing technology

Micro-robots and conventional robots are not simply scaled down in terms of structure

, but their development is closely related to the development of micro-drivers and finishing technology to a certain extent.

The development of micro-robot design theory and finishing technology is closely related to the development of micro-drivers and finishing technology. At the same time, designers are required to innovate in

structural design theories, and to study the appropriate micro-robot moving

movement mechanism and movement mode.

(5) Highly Autonomous Control System

To complete a specific operation, the micro-robot's ability to recognize its own localization and environment is the key, the development of micro-vision system, improve the micro-image processing

speed, and the use of neural networks and artificial intelligence and other advanced technologies to solve the highly autonomous control system is the ultimate goal of realizing the practical application of the system, which is the key to the development of the micro-vision system, the improvement of micro-image processing speed.

The key to the ultimate realization of the practicality of the system is to use neural networks and artificial intelligence.

3 Conclusion

Microbots are still in the laboratory theoretical exploration period, and there is still a considerable distance from the practical

. There are many key technologies that have not been solved

, and the solution of these problems will lead to the development of many related disciplines

. Only when these problems are solved, the actualization of micro-robot

will become possible. We need to be innovative, seize this cutting-edge

topic, micro-robotics technology applied to the national economic construction and development

influential areas.