F. Laczer, a German human geographer, once pointed out that "traffic is the force of city formation". Throughout the history of urban development at home and abroad, countless examples have proved the important role of traffic in urban development, especially the big traffic outside urban traffic has a profound relationship with urban development.
First, the important role of transportation in urban development.
Throughout the history of human development, we can see that traffic and urban development are inextricably linked. In the process of the emergence and development of cities, traffic signs have been left everywhere.
1. Ancient inland river shipping guided urban layout.
In the verifiable urban records, cities first appeared in the Nile, Tigris, Euphrates, Indus and Yellow River basins, and most of the more influential cities in history were distributed along the rivers, such as Thebes on the Nile in southern Egypt and Babylon on the right bank of the lower Euphrates. Transportation can exchange needed commodities, average surplus materials and transport special materials in different regions, which promotes the formation of the market itself, which is also the product of the stability and regularity of urban life. Water transportation is the most effective large-scale transportation mode in ancient times, and these rivers are undoubtedly the earliest traffic arteries. It can be seen that it is no accident that the city originated in the valley area. Moreover, urban development and shipping improvement have strong synchronization. Judging from the history of urban development in China, waterway transportation has a strong guiding role in the formation and evolution of urban pattern. After Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Yangtze River Basin gradually developed into a major economic base. The excavation of the Sui Grand Canal connected the Yangtze River Basin, which gradually became the economic center of China, with the Yellow River Basin, which was then the political and military center, smoothly and conveniently. The Grand Canal has become the main commodity circulation channel and the lifeline of economic development in China. Along the river, it has formed the first north-south urban development axis in China, and it is called the four major cities at that time together with Chuzhou (Huai 'an), Yangzhou, Suzhou and Hangzhou along the coast.
2. Modern railway traffic has promoted the rapid rise of cities and towns.
After the industrial revolution, the development of railway transportation made it possible to transport bulk goods over long distances on land. At this time, a number of new cities have developed rapidly in the geographical location with developed railway traffic, such as the rise of Shijiazhuang City in Hebei Province, which is a very typical example of rapid development with superior railway traffic conditions. At the beginning of the 20th century, the area of Shijiazhuang village was less than 0. 1 km2, with only 200 families and more than 600 people. Because the road traffic is very backward, and the freight transportation depends heavily on the railway traffic, the materials transported from Lu Han Line to Zhengding, a major town at that time, have to get off at Shijiazhuang and then be transported from Shijiazhuang to Zhengding, so Shijiazhuang has become an important material distribution center, which has further induced the all-round rise of industry and commerce, service industry and finance industry. 194 1 February, Shijiazhuang, Shide and Han Jing were connected, which further improved Shijiazhuang's traffic and economic status. Shijiazhuang liberation 1947. At that time, the population of the city was190,000, and there were 27 large and small factories with a total industrial output value of about 20 million yuan.
3. Modern expressways promote the urbanization of areas along the expressways.
Practical experience at home and abroad shows that after a highway, especially one between big cities, is completed, the big cities at both ends will gradually extend and develop along the highway, forming urban agglomerations with the highway as the axis, and forming a series of satellite towns near the exit or overpass. These more important functions of satellite towns are beneficial supplements to the functions of central cities. For example, the expressway running through Ontario and Quebec is called "the main street of Canada", with a daily traffic volume of over 350,000 vehicles and a peak period of over 400,000 vehicles. Previously, Ontario's industries were mainly distributed in the south of Toronto 1962. After the completion of the expressway, the industrial layout gradually extended to the north, forming an industrial corridor with the expressway as the axis, which concentrated more than 70% of the industries in Canada, and correspondingly promoted the development of commercial and cultural facilities along the expressway and the development of small and medium-sized towns. At present, the urbanization level in this area is the highest in Canada.
4. Comprehensive transportation drives the development of urban agglomerations.
Gotman, a French urbanite, put forward the concept of urban agglomeration for the first time in his paper "Urban Agglomeration" (1957), and predicted that urban agglomeration is the product of the advanced stage of urbanization, and the spatial agglomeration of several metropolitan areas is the evolution trend of the organizational form of urban regional system in mature urbanization areas, which will become one of the main symbols of advanced human civilization in the 20th and early 20th centuries.
The Yangtze River Delta is known as the sixth largest urban agglomeration in the world, and the formation and evolution of its urban spatial pattern has obvious traffic orientation. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Yangtze River Delta basically formed two urban development axes along the Yangtze River and along the Canal. With the completion and opening of the Shanghai-Nanjing and Shanghai-Hangzhou railways in1904-19/,the urban belt along the Yangtze River Delta railway began to form. After the reform and opening up, the highway has become the main channel for people and logistics in the Yangtze River Delta region, which constitutes the main framework of the urban spatial pattern in the Yangtze River Delta. At present, the main modes of transportation in the Yangtze River Delta are cars, trains, ships and planes, and it is one of the areas with high density of ports and airports in the world. In the future, the Yangtze River Delta will enter a period of rapid development of expressways and intercity rail transit. With the revolutionary changes in traffic conditions, the Yangtze River Delta will undergo industrial restructuring, the urban spatial pattern will undergo tremendous changes, and the industrial competitiveness and urban competitiveness of the Yangtze River Delta will be further enhanced.
Second, the internal mechanism of traffic affecting urban development
Through the further analysis of urban development, we can see that traffic affects urban development by changing industrial layout, promoting economic development and promoting population migration.
1, traffic changes industrial layout
According to the classical industrial layout theory, traffic conditions are an important factor in industrial location selection and industrial layout adjustment, and the change of traffic conditions often directly leads to the formation and change of industrial layout. In the backward stage of transportation, the high transportation cost restricts the development of foreign trade between cities, and it is difficult to form a professional division of labor between cities. Most factories will take the urban economy as the primary condition when choosing the site, and the backward traffic conditions limit the diversification of the urban internal economy. With the development of transportation, location constraints are decreasing, and long-distance commodity transportation becomes possible. The hinterland market around the central city began to grow, and medium-sized cities and small cities began to appear. Industrial production can be specialized among different cities, which promoted the full play of agglomeration economic effects and the outward decentralized development of cities, and more cities will appear. In addition, convenient transportation can also promote the rapid flow of population along the route and accelerate the external contact of regional economy, thus promoting the rapid development of tertiary industries such as tourism, catering and real estate along the route and upgrading the industrial structure of the economy along the route.
2. Transportation promotes economic development.
The supporting role of transportation industry in the development of national economy is incomparable to any other industry. Increasing transportation investment will have a positive effect on economic growth and employment opportunities, and transportation has a strong positive externality, that is, transportation construction has a great impact on the production and service demand of other departments, and will also promote economic development. According to the calculation of Professor Hu Angang of Tsinghua University, from 1985 to 2006, every increase of 1% in China's transportation investment will drive GDP growth by 0.28%, of which the direct contribution of transportation investment is 0.22%, and the economic growth due to its externalities is 0.06%. That is to say, if the positive externalities of transportation are considered, the contribution rate of transportation investment to China's economic growth is 13.8% per year. Generally speaking, in 2005-2006, transportation investment increased GDP by 24.8 billion yuan every year, of which 196 billion yuan came from the direct contribution of investment, and the other 5.2 billion yuan was the positive external benefit of transportation. At the same time, transportation infrastructure has a significant positive impact on China's employment rate, which can effectively promote employment.
3. Traffic affects the direction of population migration.
Although the concentration of population seems to be closely related to the level of economic development, in the initial stage of modern economic development, the concentration of population changes with the improvement of traffic. Due to the development of transportation, especially the development of highway and waterway transportation, the cost and distance of passenger and cargo transportation have decreased. In addition, transportation has provided and created more employment opportunities, the "pull" of migration has been continuously enhanced, and the resistance of migration channels has been reduced, making more rural people willing to move to cities. With the continuous improvement of agglomeration, especially in the middle and late period of urbanization, the living space in the city center is increasingly narrow, the traffic conditions are increasingly crowded, and the land price is rising. With the rapid development of high-tech transportation such as expressways and modern communication means, and the popularity of family cars, distance is no longer an obstacle for residents to enter the city. Therefore, when the population gathers in cities, a large number of rich people will move out, which will eventually lead to the formation of suburbanization.
Three. Suggestions on Traffic Guiding Urban Development
Judging from the history and experience of urban development, traffic is the main driving force of urban development, which determines the flow of production factors, the development of urban system and even the rise and fall of towns. The trend of traffic lines determines the spatial distribution and development direction of industries and cities, the spatial combination of traffic lines determines the spatial organization structure of industries and cities, and the efficiency of major modes of transportation determines the flexibility and efficiency of the spatial layout of industries and cities.
At present, China is in the accelerated stage of urban construction. People are concentrated in the city in space movement, and things are concentrated in the city in a strong and weak way. With the rapid development of economy and urbanization, a series of problems such as urban traffic congestion and soaring housing prices have also emerged, which have aroused great concern from people from all walks of life. Because this stage is also the growth period of traffic development, we can consider using the power of traffic to guide the healthy development of the city. Under the current administrative system of our country, transportation and cities belong to different departments, and the management and planning of different modes of transportation also belong to different departments, which makes the development of cities and transportation out of sync, and should be a weak alternative mode of transportation, showing stronger competitiveness, so that some of the limited funds are used for repeated construction. In order to strengthen the coordination between transportation planning and urban development, government departments or entrusted intermediary agencies are required to supervise and coordinate the decision-making of transportation projects, take the basic concept of building a "harmonious society" as the guide, and make overall consideration of the coordinated development of cities and transportation and the balanced development between different regions.