What are the contents and types of urban design?

Urban design is also called urban design, and many designers and theorists have their own unique views on the definition of this term. It is generally believed that "urban design is a subject that pays attention to urban planning and layout, urban appearance, urban functions, especially urban public space". Compared with the abstraction and digitization of urban planning, urban design is more concrete and graphical; However, since the middle of the 20th century, practical urban design has mostly provided guidance and reference framework for landscape design or architectural design, so it is different from specific landscape design or architectural design. The complex process of urban design focuses on the relationship between the material arrangement of the city and the social and psychological health of residents. By dealing with the physical space and landscape symbols, creating the physical environment can not only make residents feel happy, but also stimulate their community spirit and bring about the benign development of the whole city. Edit this paragraph | Back to the top discipline, its research scope and working object were previously limited to the narrow level related to architecture and city. However, similar to the traditional categories such as urban planning, landscape architecture and architecture, the categories of urban design began to change in the middle of the 20th century. In addition to urban planning, landscape architecture and other categories, its relationship is becoming increasingly complex, and it is gradually related to urban engineering, urban economics, social organization theory, urban sociology, environmental psychology, anthropology, political economy, urban history, municipal science, public management and so on.

Its derived urban design theory mainly focuses on the design practice and theoretical development of urban public space. Edit this paragraph | Back to the top Comparison between urban design and regulatory detailed planning Urban design should solve various contradictions in three-dimensional urban spatial coordinates and establish a new three-dimensional morphological system. Regulatory planning (regulatory detailed planning) focuses on two-dimensional plane planning with land area as the medium. Therefore, they show different morphological dimensions.

Urban design pays attention to the combination of various relationships in the city, and integrates and connects urban subsystems such as architecture, transportation, open space, greening system and cultural relics protection, which is an integrated system design.

Urban design has the attribute of artistic creation, takes visual order as the medium, accommodates historical accumulation, paves the way for regional culture, expresses the spirit of the times, and combines people's perceptual experience to establish a city image and atmosphere with overall structural characteristics and easy recognition.

The key problem of regulatory detailed planning is the technical data such as building height, density and floor area ratio, which is also a data balance problem. For example, the method of rewarding the floor area ratio at the bottom is a typical planning practice, and the focus of urban design is the building height (different from the height stipulated in the planning), outdoor space, street wall interface, the solution of separating people from vehicles, and the overall material color. Such as the "street wall" in the urban design of downtown Shenzhen and the city in the central area of Hexi New Town in Nanjing. Edit this paragraph | Go back to the difference between urban design and architectural design at the top. The space-time scale of urban design is much larger than that of architectural design. It deals with blocks, communities, neighborhoods and even the whole city (although contemporary urban design rarely covers the whole city unless the city is small), and its implementation time is mostly set between 15-20 years. Compared with architectural design, it only needs to deal with the construction work within a single land, and the completion of the building only takes three to five years at most. Urban design has considerable scale differences in space and time.

Urban design is also facing more variables than architectural design. The scope of overall urban design involves urban transportation system, neighborhood identification, open space and pedestrian space organization. And the factors that need to be considered include the climate and society of the city. Many variables make the content of urban design more complicated. In addition, the realization of urban design cases takes a long time. Therefore, there is a high degree of uncertainty between urban design schemes and achievements.

In fact, due to the complexity of the factors involved in urban design, the means of urban design are indirect, unlike architectural design, which can directly control a single building. Therefore, the tools and strategies used by urban design majors are quite different from those used by architectural design majors. Edit this paragraph | Back to the top difference between urban design and urban planning In the practice of urban space planning and design, although both urban planning and urban design deal with urban space problems, the effectiveness of the two fields in practice is quite different.

The main object of contemporary urban design is "a part of the city". Urban design in job embeddedness is very common in broader and longer-term urban planning. When urban planning chooses the location of various major functional areas (commercial areas, residential areas, cultural and educational areas, natural or historical protection areas, etc.). In urban areas, urban design majors can take over the work that cannot be handled in more detail in urban planning-establishing the overall structure of their spatial organization and the building volume in each specific block.

Urban planning involves a larger spatial scope than urban design. The spatial scale of urban planning not only goes beyond the division within the city, but also involves the overall composition of the whole city and the relationship between the city and other surrounding cities and villages. Urban planning often needs to consider the positioning of the city in a wider scope, and can refer to urban agglomerations, "regions" (regions recognized from the perspective of regional planning), provinces, States, countries and even international political and economic networks, which are often rarely discussed in urban design.

For example, when dealing with the urban transportation system, urban design often faces the problem of the relationship between bus stops or tracks and communities, such as how community residents can travel to and from their homes and bus stops conveniently and safely, the service function of bus stops in community life and other social implications, how to build light rail tracks and community landscapes harmoniously, and the obstacles and prevention of bus driving to community life. In contrast, students majoring in urban planning often need to consider other cities, suburbs or villages served by public transport lines, and the overall social phenomenon caused by connecting these areas with cities through public transport lines.

There are some differences between urban design and urban planning in other aspects: urban design does not need to decide the land use of each partition in the city between conflicting urban functions, which is the core work of urban planning. Compared with urban planning professionals, urban design professionals are less involved in the political process of urban policy formulation. Both urban planning professionals and urban design professionals need to face a wide range of social, cultural and substantive spatial planning and design problems, and their differences mainly lie in the differences in objects, scales and degrees.