What does the dual economic structure between urban and rural areas mean?

The dual economic structure of urban and rural areas generally refers to the coexistence of urban economy characterized by socialized large-scale production and rural economy characterized by small-scale production. The dual economic structure of urban and rural areas in China is mainly manifested as follows: the urban economy is dominated by modern large-scale industrial production, and the rural economy is dominated by typical small-scale peasant economy; Urban roads, communications, health, education and other infrastructure are developed, while rural infrastructure is backward; The per capita consumption level in cities is much higher than that in rural areas; Compared with cities, rural areas have a large population. This state is not only a prominent contradiction in the economic structure of developing countries, but also an important reason for their relative poverty and backwardness. To a great extent, the modernization process of developing countries can be said to have realized the transformation from urban-rural dual economic structure to modern economic structure. The fundamental way to solve and break through this contradiction is to take the road of rural urbanization on the basis of developing rural economy, realize the benign interaction between urban and rural areas, gradually reduce rural population, transfer rural surplus labor force, increase urban population, change the mode of production growth, improve labor productivity, optimize the structure of primary industry, and promote the development of secondary and tertiary industries, thus improving the overall economic and social benefits of rural areas. Therefore, urbanization is the fundamental way to solve the contradiction of dual economic structure in China. (1) strategic adjustment of agricultural structure in order to solve the new problem in the new stage of China's agricultural development, that is, the existing supply structure can't adapt to the changes in the demand structure, it is objectively required to make strategic adjustments to the agricultural structure, comprehensively improve the quality of agricultural products, optimize the regional and urban-rural structures, and realize the sustainable development of agriculture. It is necessary not only to solve the current problems of agricultural product sales and farmers' income increase, but also to base on the long-term development of agriculture. In line with the trend of diversification and upgrading of grain consumption structure, China's agricultural industrial structure must also be transformed from the traditional agricultural industrial structure focusing on grain production and planting to the diversified and advanced modern agricultural industrial structure. Agricultural industrialization, through the integrated interest mechanism, connects trade, workers and farmers into a whole, which can form a "dragon-shaped" economy with "leading enterprises" in cities and towns and "dragon bodies" in rural areas, which is undoubtedly conducive to promoting the development of urbanization. In order to make farmers' income continue to grow rapidly, it is necessary to speed up the transfer of rural surplus labor to cities. Break the traditional urban-rural dual economic structure, expand the market capacity of agricultural products and the scale of agricultural operation, expand the space for agricultural development and increase farmers' income. Gradually deepen the reform of the household registration system and promote equal opportunities for urban and rural residents in education and medical care. (2) Prospering rural economy is an important way to change the dual economic structure between urban and rural areas. It is necessary to build a bridge between farmers and markets, improve the quality of agricultural products and enhance the competitiveness of agricultural products in China. The implementation of the rural household contract responsibility system has greatly mobilized farmers' enthusiasm for production, but it has also brought about the problem of how thousands of farmers in Qian Qian can connect with the big market. Agricultural industrialization connects the production, processing and sales of agricultural products, which is an effective way to connect farmers and markets. After China's entry into WTO, farmers in China are facing both international and domestic markets. Horticultural products and livestock products such as fruits and vegetables in China are competitive in price, but they also encounter green barriers such as health and quarantine in export. Improving the quality of agricultural products is the prerequisite for China's agricultural products to enter the international market. To change the dual economic structure between urban and rural areas, we must also speed up the urbanization process in China. Small towns and large, medium and small cities are a system, so we must coordinate their development, promote the combination of small towns and township enterprises, and accelerate the development of tertiary industry in small towns. On the concrete realization path, at the micro level, the integration of urban and rural production mode, lifestyle and market system should be completed through the citizenization of farmers, agricultural industrialization and the "three modernizations" of rural cities (towns), in which the citizenization of farmers is the fundamental; On the macro level, it is necessary to gradually change the dual macro policy towards urban and rural areas through the state to realize the integrated macro management of urban and rural equality. Only in this way can the "components" of the market economic system move towards urban-rural integration, and a unified socialist market economic system can be finally established and improved. (3) Committed to policy adjustment and institutional innovation to eliminate the differences between urban and rural areas and correct the imbalance between urban and rural areas, we should not only eliminate unreasonable systems and solve unfair and inappropriate institutional problems, but also innovate systems to solve the problems of institutional weakness and failure. Only a fair and effective system can provide a fundamental guarantee for the coordinated development of urban and rural areas. At present, the most important task is to eliminate the unfair dual policies and systems in housing, employment, social security, education, medical care, taxation and finance between urban and rural areas, and realize the unification of policies and the fairness of systems. It is necessary to further deepen the reform of the household registration system, improve the management of floating population, and guide the smooth and orderly transfer of rural surplus labor; Gradually unify the urban and rural labor market, strengthen guidance and management, and form a system of equal employment for urban and rural workers; Accelerate the process of urbanization, and the agricultural population with stable occupation and residence in this city can register their household registration in the place of employment or residence according to local regulations, and enjoy the rights and obligations of local residents according to law; Implement a social security system that integrates urban and rural areas and accelerate the establishment of a rural minimum living security system; Reform the tax system and abolish all taxes and fees that should not be borne by farmers. Cancel the agriculture and animal husbandry tax on the basis of canceling the agricultural specialty tax; Improve personal income tax, implement a comprehensive and classified personal income tax system, and create conditions to gradually realize the unification of urban and rural tax systems. Farmers, like urban residents, only pay personal income tax according to law and no longer bear any other taxes and fees; Implement the reform of taxes and fees for urban construction, levy a unified and standardized property tax on real estate when conditions permit, and cancel relevant fees accordingly; Reform the agricultural land expropriation system, improve the land expropriation procedures, strictly define the public welfare and business construction land, and give farmers reasonable compensation in time; Promote the reform of financial management system, establish and improve the public finance system, and realize the fair distribution of urban and rural public finance investment. Through reform, we will eliminate the institutional obstacles that divide urban and rural areas and hinder urban-rural integration, realize the free flow of production factors such as capital, technology, materials, talents, information and labor between urban and rural areas, give greater play to the basic role of the market in resource allocation, and lay the foundation for the formation of a unified, open and competitive modern market system. We must devote ourselves to policy adjustment and system innovation, increase support and protection for "agriculture, countryside and farmers" and realize social equity. At present, it is particularly necessary to increase financial input at all levels to agriculture and rural areas, especially to increase state expenditure on rural education, health, culture and other public utilities. To realize the coordinated development of urban and rural areas, we must revitalize the countryside and "take less and give more" to farmers. System construction should not only help to realize the integration of urban and rural economy, but also require to realize and guarantee the political equality of farmers. Only policies and systems based on the equality of citizens' rights can have a legal basis, and only fair and legal systems can provide reliable and lasting guarantee for the coordinated development of urban and rural areas. What is the economic significance of gradually changing the dual economic structure between urban and rural areas? Gradually changing the dual economic structure of urban and rural areas is an important measure to improve farmers' income, coordinate social development and realize the all-round development of man and society, which has far-reaching historical significance. (1) gradually changing the dual economic structure between urban and rural areas is the fundamental measure to increase farmers' income; (2) Only by gradually changing the dual economic structure between urban and rural areas can the coordinated development of society be realized; In the future, only according to the requirements of urban and rural economic and social development and overall planning can we make clear the reform direction of financial system and investment and financing system, make more funds invested in rural education, health, ecological environment protection and other fields, make the education and medical conditions of urban and rural residents more equal, and make the foundation of economic and social development more solid. (3) gradually changing the dual economic structure between urban and rural areas is conducive to the continuous improvement of people's material and cultural life, the coordinated development of socialist material civilization, political civilization and spiritual civilization, the coordinated development of social economy and ecological environment, the harmonious development of man and nature, and the all-round development of man and society. (4) After the urban-rural division is eliminated, the factors of production flow smoothly, which is also conducive to the asset reorganization of urban and rural enterprises, so that enterprises that cause serious environmental pollution can close down and merge according to the requirements of sustainable development. (5) Establishing a system conducive to gradually changing the dual economic structure between urban and rural areas is one of the tasks to improve the socialist market economic system. Only by coordinating urban and rural economic development and changing the dual economic structure can we achieve the goal of building a well-off society in an all-round way. Agriculture is the foundation of the national economy. Without the well-off life of 800 million peasants, it is impossible to achieve a comprehensive well-off life. Without rural modernization, there can be no national modernization. The key to building a well-off society in an all-round way lies in the countryside, and the difficulties are also in the countryside. Our party has always attached importance to agriculture, rural areas and farmers, but for various reasons, the gap between urban and rural areas and the gap between workers and peasants is still widening. Weak agricultural foundation, backward rural development and slow growth of farmers' income have become outstanding problems to be solved urgently in China's economic and social development. We must coordinate urban and rural development, study and solve the "three rural issues" from the perspective of overall economic and social development, and implement interactive and coordinated development between urban and rural areas. To coordinate urban and rural development, we must pay more attention to accelerating rural development. Coordinating urban and rural economic and social development and gradually changing the dual economic structure between urban and rural areas is an important decision made by our party from the overall situation of building a well-off society in rural areas. And establish and improve the relevant system supply mechanism to carry out institutional innovation. (1) completely abolish all existing rules and regulations that lead to dual social structure, such as household registration system, employment system, divided education system, medical system and social security system. In this way, the obstacles caused by these man-made dual social structures have been removed, and a solid foundation has been laid for the integration of urban and rural social structures. (2) Change the "scissors difference" tendency in the pricing of workers and peasants' products from the system, increase financial support for agriculture, expand the investment of the state and governments at all levels in rural infrastructure construction such as water conservancy, roads and information engineering, strengthen the construction of rural tangible markets, incorporate them into the national unified market, support the development, construction and development of various rural factor markets, and especially strengthen the factor market with shortage of funds, technology and talents. (3) Give full play to the role of local governments as carriers of agricultural surplus transfer. In the western dualistic theory, the mechanism of transferring agricultural surplus to modern departments is not considered. This is obviously not fully tenable for the structural transformation of China's economy, because structural transformation also includes institutional changes. The continuous improvement of the market mechanism itself is also a basic premise. Therefore, China's agricultural surplus depends not only on the market, but also on other means of distribution and redistribution, and is transferred to the modern sector. Among them, the government, especially the local government, plays an important role in the transfer of agricultural surplus. (4) Create a land transfer system that meets the needs of rural market economy development, and lay the foundation for rural scale management and industrial management from the system. The current rural land system is not only one of the important restrictive factors of rural labor transfer, but also one of the reasons for the abandonment of agricultural land and the low productivity of agricultural labor. Its reform is imperative. (5) The reform of rural taxes and fees must address both the symptoms and root causes, be resolutely implemented, be guaranteed from the system, further consolidate the achievements of rural tax and fee reform, further reduce the burden on farmers, and improve relevant supporting reforms. First, it is necessary to streamline the organization, reduce redundant staff, reduce funds, and fundamentally control the "funding demand". At the same time, it is necessary to standardize government behavior and completely separate power from departmental interests. The second is to improve the supply mechanism of rural public goods. Otherwise, the rural tax and fee reform we are promoting will eventually be difficult to get out of "Huang Zongxi's Law". (2) Adjust the agricultural industrial structure, tap the potential of increasing income within agriculture, and make up for the difference between urban and rural markets; At present, the output and quality of agricultural products in the new stage of China's agricultural development and rural non-agricultural industries have restricted farmers' income. Therefore, we should adjust the agricultural structure from the following six aspects to effectively increase farmers' income. First, adjust the supply structure of agricultural products to realize the transformation of agricultural products from low quality to high quality; The second is to adjust the regional planting structure of agricultural products and realize the transformation of regional planting of agricultural products from no division of labor to division of labor; Third, adjust the structure of agricultural planting, so that agriculture can be separated from planting and become an independent industry in all aspects, such as pre-production, mid-production and post-production; Fourth, adjust the proportion structure of primary products and processed products, change the situation that agricultural primary products account for the majority and dominate, realize the leap from agricultural primary products to processed products, and increase the added value of agricultural products; Fifth, adjust the market structure of agricultural products to realize the transformation from farmers not participating in circulation, separating agriculture from enterprises, and government leading agricultural products circulation to farmers participating in market circulation themselves; And actively carry out organizational innovation, create new rural cooperative economic organizations and intermediary organizations, promote the construction of rural market system and strategic adjustment of industrial structure, reduce market risks, build bridges and intermediaries between small production and large markets, and protect farmers' interests. Sixth, adjust the proportion structure between the primary industry and the secondary and tertiary industries in rural areas and the proportion structure within the secondary industry, change the backward situation of agricultural products processing, transportation and marketing, and make agriculture form a modern agricultural structure with various structural levels and certain scale characteristics through structural expansion of connotation and extension. Furthermore, through industrial expansion, it also drives the adjustment of the employment structure of rural labor force, so that farmers can get rid of limited land and simple production links. (3) Actively change ideas, vigorously cultivate farmers' modern consciousness, eliminate the dual structure ideologically, and help farmers complete the transformation from tradition to modernity. "Education is the most important determinant for a person to acquire modernity." ⑾ The most direct way to cultivate farmers' modern consciousness is to instill social requirements through education, improve their personal cognitive level, and make farmers know, understand and master social norms, and internalize them into personal consciousness. To eliminate the dual structure of ideology, education should focus on the following aspects: (1) Strengthen rural basic education and cultivate knowledge consciousness. School education is the main force to form modernity. Education is closely related to people's level of consciousness. Generally speaking, people with higher education are more receptive to new things, including new ideas and new behavior patterns. Ignorance is always associated with conservatism and inertia, while knowledge is often inspired by enterprising and seeking change. (2) Strengthen WTO knowledge education, and cultivate awareness of openness, competition and rules. As an international economic and trade organization, the WTO itself is a system of rules, and its authority is reflected by a series of rules. Its purpose, principles and rules all run through the concept of open competition. However, as a new member of the WTO, most people in China are not familiar with the WTO, especially the farmers with relatively low cultural quality. Therefore, the publicity and education of WTO knowledge among farmers has become an important way to cultivate farmers' modern consciousness. Through education, we can help Chinese farmers understand the requirements of WTO, correctly analyze the situation, face up to their own advantages and disadvantages, foster strengths and avoid weaknesses, calmly respond, establish awareness of openness, competition and rules, eliminate the dual structure of urban and rural awareness, actively participate in market competition, and promote the development of rural economy. (3) Strengthen market economy knowledge education and cultivate market awareness. Farmers' market awareness depends to a great extent on their understanding and ability to participate in the operation of the market economy, especially the contradiction between the closed operation of one household and the opening of the big market, which often puts farmers without market awareness at a disadvantage in market competition. Cultivate farmers' market awareness, let them understand the requirements of market economy for farmers, so as to cultivate farmers' market awareness. (4) Urbanization is the only way to realize modernization in all countries and regions of the world; Promoting the urbanization process scientifically and reasonably is the basic way to eliminate the dual structure of urban and rural areas in China and promote the coordinated development of urban and rural areas. China is facing the enormous pressure of more and more low-quality rural surplus labor, and the absorption capacity of the city is limited. Therefore, it is necessary to re-examine the development policy and road of urbanization in China. We believe that the urbanization model of China should adopt a multi-channel comprehensive model of combining urban and rural areas, combining up and down, and combining large, medium and small. The so-called "urban-rural integration", that is, the urbanization process of rural population in China, can be the local transfer of non-agricultural occupations in rural areas or the transfer from other places completely relying on urban absorption. Instead, we should work together from both urban and rural areas to combine "leaving the country" with "leaving the country" and change the population from "leaving the country" to "leaving the country" when conditions are ripe. "Up-down combination" is the driving force of urban construction investment and development, which combines top-down state investment with bottom-up local investment, collective investment, foreign investment and individual investment. "Combination of large, medium and small" means that cities at all levels should give full play to the agglomeration effect of industry and population, and the development of large and medium-sized cities and small towns should not be antagonistic. The basic motive force and mechanism of urbanization is marketization mechanism, which is realized through the guidance of the market and the function of industrial agglomeration and diffusion. On the basis of the above-mentioned institutional reform, governments at all levels should make scientific planning and strengthen guidance, so that urbanization can be based on the adjustment and upgrading of the national economic structure and agricultural industrial structure and the effective transfer of rural surplus labor. (5) With the advancement of urbanization, government management is facing challenges, and changing management mode has become the key to the smooth progress of urbanization. In the process of promoting urbanization, it is necessary to establish and improve the government's management model of urbanization. In the process of vigorously promoting urbanization, the duality of the behavior of "city dwellers" accompanied by farmers' migration is also the duality of the city itself at this stage, which makes urban affairs have the mixed characteristics of industrial society and agricultural society. When society is divided, new contradictions and conflicts arise. Facing the new contents and features of government affairs in the process of urbanization, we can neither simply follow the traditional management means of agricultural society nor copy the management mode of industrial society characterized by modern cities. In order to adapt to the new pattern of social relations in the process of urbanization and promote urbanization in an orderly manner, the government needs to explore a management model suitable for the characteristics of the transition period, which requires not only an effective "scientific management" model suitable for the urbanization period, but also the transformation of government administrative functions, adjustment of administrative decisions, management methods and various rules and regulations; At the same time, it is necessary to form an unscientific "ethical management" model, that is, based on ethical relations, attach importance to the management of "informal organizations" and coordinate special affairs in the process of urbanization with ethical value management, thus forming a dual model of "scientific management" and "unscientific ethical management". On the one hand, urbanization is the link between tradition and modernity. In this process, we should first solve the dual conflict between urban and rural areas in the process of urbanization with scientific management mode. On the other hand, urbanization is a gradual transformation from tradition to modernity, and a large number of problems in urban affairs are related to agricultural society, so there is a "control blind spot" in government management. Therefore, we must use unscientific ethical management mode to coordinate and deal with the contradictions in "informal organizations" and straighten out the interest structure and relations within cities in transition.