Chemical elements and human health

Human tissues are mainly organic compounds: they are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen, and also contain a small amount of sulfur, potassium, sodium, magnesium and chlorine, which are components in body fluids and cytoplasm; Calcium, phosphorus and magnesium are important elements in bones and teeth. 1.2 regulating physiological functions People's blood is always in a slightly alkaline state (PH value is 7.35 ~ 7.45), and potassium, sodium and elements play a great role. People can't have a keen taste without zinc. The balance between tension and relaxation of human muscles and a certain rhythm of the heart are inseparable from the elements calcium and magnesium. 1.3 Active enzymes involved in enzymes are biocatalysts produced by human living cells, which catalyze various biochemical reactions in organisms. Its structure is much more complicated than chemical catalyst, and its efficiency is millions or even millions of times stronger. There are more than 2,000 kinds of enzymes in human body, and their catalytic effects are single, but their effects are continuous. They break down food into nutrients, and then combine them into new body tissues such as muscles and blood, or store them for later use after processing in the body, or convert them into heat energy to maintain body temperature and energy needed for mental and physical labor. Enzymes can also clean up aging or dead tissues, metabolites and harmful substances that enter the body. There are six elements involved in enzyme activities: iron, copper, zinc, magnesium, cobalt and molybdenum. When these elements are insufficient, the activity of enzymes will decrease and the biochemical reaction in the body will be disordered. 1.4 The task of delivering oxygen is to combine hemoglobin in blood with ferrous iron to form hemoglobin. With the circulation of blood in the whole body, hemoglobin is responsible for transporting fresh oxygen inhaled by the lungs to the tissues and cells of the brain and the whole body for them to complete important physiological functions. When the iron in the human body is insufficient, people will suffer from iron deficiency anemia, and the brain and whole body cells will not get enough oxygen, which will make people feel dizzy, tired, weak and panting. 1.5 participates in hormone activities in human body. Hormones in the human body are substances produced by endocrine cells, which control and regulate various life activities in the body. However, many hormones need trace elements to function effectively. For example, insulin needs chromium and manganese to effectively regulate the blood sugar concentration of human body. 2 Macroelements in human body Macroelements in human body include carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, chlorine, calcium, magnesium, sodium and other elements 1 1, accounting for 99.9% of body weight. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen are the main elements of human organic matter, accounting for more than 96% of the total weight of human body, and a small amount of sulfur (0.25%) is also an element of organic matter. Calcium accounts for about1.7% of human body weight [6], 99% exists in bones and teeth, and 0. 1% exists in blood. Calcium ions can promote the conversion of prothrombin into thrombin, and make the blood at the wound coagulate. Calcium plays an important role in many other physiological processes, for example, it can activate ATPase and keep the body moving normally during muscle stretching and contraction. Children with calcium deficiency will suffer from rickets; Osteoporosis (hyperosteogeny) occurs in middle-aged and elderly people; Injury is easy to bleed. Calcium is also a good sedative, which helps to transmit nerve stimulation and relax nerves. It can replace sleeping pills to make you fall asleep easily, and calcium-deficient nerves will become nervous, grumpy and insomnia. Calcium can also reduce the permeability of cell membrane and prevent harmful bacteria, viruses or allergens from entering cells. Calcium is also a good analgesic, which can help you reduce fatigue and accelerate the recovery of physical strength. The recommended daily calcium requirement for adults is above 1.0g/ day [7]. Milk and dairy products are ideal sources of calcium. In addition, sea cucumber, topaz, sesame, broad bean, shrimp skin, cheese, wheat, soybean, mustard and honey are also rich in calcium. Appropriate amount of vitamin D3 and phosphorus is beneficial to the absorption of calcium [8, 9]. Calcium gluconate and calcium lactate are easily absorbed and are ideal calcium supplement tablets. The content of phosphorus in adults is about 700g, of which 80% is deposited in bones and teeth in the form of insoluble phosphate, and the rest is mainly concentrated in intracellular fluid. It is the most abundant anion in intracellular fluid and the basic component of bone and nucleic acid. It is not only a substance that stores and releases energy during metabolism in the body, but also a main buffer in cells. Both phosphorus deficiency and excessive phosphorus intake will affect calcium absorption, and calcium deficiency will also affect phosphorus absorption. The daily intake ratio of calcium and phosphorus is Ca/P ≈ 1 ~ 1.5, which is beneficial to its absorption. A normal diet is generally not short of phosphorus. The content of magnesium in human body is about 0.05% of the body weight, and it is one of the essential nutrients for living things. 50% of magnesium in human body is deposited in bones, followed by cells, accounting for only 2% in blood. Magnesium, like calcium, has the function of protecting nerves and is a good sedative. When magnesium is seriously deficient, it will make the brain confused, lose its sense of direction, produce hallucinations and even be insane. Magnesium is the main catalyst for lowering blood cholesterol and preventing atherosclerosis, so taking enough magnesium can prevent heart disease. Magnesium is also an activator of many enzymes in human and mammals. Every cell in human body needs magnesium, which plays an important role in the synthesis of protein, the utilization of fat and sugar, and hundreds of enzyme systems. Because most enzymes contain VB6, it must be combined with magnesium to be fully absorbed and utilized. Lack of one of them will lead to spasm, tremor, insomnia, nephritis and other symptoms, so the combination of magnesium and VB6 can treat epilepsy. Appropriate ratio of magnesium to calcium is helpful for calcium absorption, and the appropriate ratio is mg/co = 0.4 ~ 0.5. If magnesium and calcium are deficient, they will be lost with urine; If magnesium and VB6 are lacking, calcium and phosphorus will form stones (gallstones, kidney calculi stones and bladder stones), which are insoluble calcium phosphate and the cause of arteriosclerosis. Magnesium is also a diuretic and laxative. If magnesium is excessive, magnesium, calcium and phosphorus will be lost from feces and urine, leading to muscle weakness, dizziness, disorientation, nausea, slow heartbeat, vomiting and even loss of consciousness. Therefore, the intake of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus should be appropriate and proportional, so as to ensure your health and longevity. The best sources of magnesium are nuts, soybeans and green vegetables. Men need magnesium more than women. Sodium, potassium and chlorine are major elements in human body, accounting for 0. 15%, 0.35% and 0. 15% of body weight respectively. Potassium mainly exists in cells.

Brief introduction of human trace element health survey project

(1) calcium:

1.① Normal value of adults: male: 988.3 (? G/g) Female: 1080.3 (? G/g)

② Normal value of children: Male: 8 13.2 (? G/g) Female: 885.4 (? G/g)

2. What are the symptoms of calcium deficiency?

Calcium deficiency can easily cause chondromatosis, osteoporosis, rickets, sciatica, dental caries, gray hair, muscle spasm, decreased myocardial function, heart disease, decreased reproductive capacity, menstrual pain, increased nerve excitability, mental disorder, decreased memory, fatigue allergic reaction, increased incidence of intestinal cancer, hypertension, skeletal malformation and spasm.

3. How to treat calcium deficiency?

① Health care therapy: nutritious high calcium, spirulina and calcium yeast. Eat foods high in calcium.

② Diet therapy: shellfish, soybeans, milk, nuts, kelp and beef.

(2) Magnesium:

1.① Normal value of adults: male: 75.3 (? G/g) Female: 73.6 (? G/g)

② Normal value of children: male: 64.0 (? G/g) Female: 65.7 (? G/g)

2. What are the symptoms of magnesium deficiency?

Magnesium deficiency can easily lead to myocardial necrosis, myocardial infarction, metabolic alkalosis, arteriosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases, stomach tumor, arthritis, gastrolith, leukemia, diabetes, cataract, deafness and otosclerosis, organ aging, bone deformation, membrane abnormality, connective tissue defect and convulsion.

3. How to treat magnesium deficiency?

① Health care therapy: magnesium sulfate, magnesium chloride, magnesium acetate, magnesium aspartate and spirulina.

② Dietotherapy: Lotus leaves, bananas, soybeans, tomatoes, mung beans, adzuki beans, guava, honey and oats.

(3) Zinc:

1.① Normal value of adults: male: 124.3 (? G/g) Female: 13 1.2 (? G/g)

② Normal value of children: Male: 1 10.0 (? G/g) Female: 1 12.3 (? G/g)

2. What are the symptoms of zinc deficiency?

Zinc deficiency can easily lead to loss of appetite, loss of taste, abnormal sense of smell, growth retardation, dwarfism, mental retardation, ulcer, dermatitis, atrophy of brain glands, decreased immune function, impaired reproductive system function, slow wound healing, susceptibility to colds, abortion, premature delivery, reproductive dysfunction, premature gray hair, alopecia, optic atrophy, myopia, cataract, age-related macular degeneration, accelerated aging of the elderly, and anemia. The blood zinc content of most patients with diseases and cancer is decreased.

3. How to treat zinc deficiency?

(1) Health care therapy: zinc-enriched treasure, zinc-supplemented crystal and high-zinc eggs.

② Diet therapy: oysters, pork liver, fish, high-zinc eggs, chestnuts, walnuts, red dates, Monopterus albus and sea cucumbers.

(4) Iron:

1.① Normal value of adults: male: 38.20 (? G/g) Female: 32.30 (? G/g)

② Normal value of children: male: 32.05 (? G/g) Female: 27.25 (? G/g)

2. What are the symptoms of iron deficiency?

Iron deficiency can easily lead to anemia, weaken the activities of cytochrome and iron-containing enzymes, make the transportation and supply of oxygen insufficient, make the processes of oxidation-reduction, electron transfer and energy metabolism disordered, reduce the immune function, and affect the growth and development. Weakness of limbs, listlessness, loss of appetite, apathy, susceptibility to colds, dysphagia, pale face, headache, stomatitis and liver cancer.

3. How to treat iron deficiency?

① Health care therapy: supplement iron crystal, spirulina, blood iron and sugary iron oxide.

② Dietotherapy: pig blood, lean meat, spinach, shellfish, animal liver, heart, kidney, egg yolk, black dates and black fungus.

(5) Copper:

1.① Normal value of adults: male: 10. 10 (? G/g) Female: 1 1.40 (? G/g)

② Normal value of children: Male: 1 1.85 (? G/g) Female: 1 1.70 (? G/g)

2. What are the symptoms of copper deficiency?

Copper deficiency can easily lead to malnutrition, anemia, neutropenia, central nervous system degeneration, bone defect, elevated serum cholesterol, cardiovascular injury, infertility, impaired immune function, ulcer, arthritis, hair fading, sclerosis, curly syndrome, arterial abnormality, brain disorder, growth retardation, irritability and coronary heart disease.

3. How to treat copper deficiency?

① Health care therapy: copper acetate, copper citrate, 1% copper sulfate solution, copper salt in food and dietary supplements.

② Diet therapy: river shrimp, oyster, grain, animal liver, fish, dairy products, shrimp skin, lotus seeds and black sesame seeds.

(6) Manganese:

1.① Normal value of adults: male: 4.27 (? G/g) Female: 4.85 (? G/g)

② Normal value of children: male: 3.88 (? G/g) Female: 4. 12 (? G/g)

2. What are the symptoms of manganese deficiency?

Manganese deficiency can easily lead to malnutrition, slow growth, abnormal bones and cartilages, scar sores on cartilages, mental retardation, brain dysfunction, nervous disorder and inhibition of reproductive function. Abnormal glucose tolerance, temporary dermatitis, congenital malformation, hair and beard discoloration, inner ear imbalance, epilepsy, hereditary dyskinesia, liver cancer.

3. How to treat manganese deficiency?

① Health care therapy: supplement manganese acetate, manganese citrate, Huang Xi tea and high manganese rattan tea.

② Diet therapy: soybean, tea, wheat, laver, amaranth, millet, walnut, lotus leaf, auricularia auricula and kelp.

(7) strontium:

1.① Normal value of adults: male: 2. 18 (? G/g) Female: 2.63 (? G/g)

② Normal value of children: male: 1.84 (? G/g) Female: 2. 10 (? G/g)

2. What are the symptoms of strontium deficiency?

Strontium deficiency can easily lead to fracture healing difficulties, whipping caused by parathyroid insufficiency and other reasons, and blood strontium is obviously reduced. White hair, dental caries, senile osteoporosis.

3. How to treat strontium deficiency?

① Health care therapy: oral strontium bromide, strontium iodide, strontium lactate and strontium salicylate.

② Diet therapy: wheat, flour, grain, hawthorn, sea cucumber, seaweed, black dates, lettuce and black sesame.

(8) Chromium:

1.① Normal value of adults: male: 0.82 (? G/g) Female: 0.96 (? G/g)

② Normal value of children: male: 0.96 (? G/g) Female: 1.05438+0 (? G/g)

2. What are the symptoms of chromium deficiency?

Chromium deficiency can easily lead to insulin deficiency, auxiliary elements, decreased activity, increased blood sugar and cholesterol, while cardiovascular diseases such as insufficient protein synthesis, impaired glucose tolerance, insulin dysfunction, atherosclerosis, diabetes and hyperglycemia, increased blood lipid, peripheral nerve diseases and encephalopathy, coronary heart disease and gallstones.

3. How to treat chromium deficiency?

① Health care therapy: supplement chromium chloride, chromium acetate, chromium yeast, chromium gluconate and chromium yeast.

② Diet therapy: ginseng, astragalus, chicken, fish, seafood, shellfish, laver, sea cucumber, mutton and pumpkin.

(9) molybdenum:

1.① Normal value of adults: male: 0.38 (? G/g) Female: 0.49 (? G/g)

② Normal value of children: male: 0.3 1 (? G/g) Female: 0.38 (? G/g)

2. What are the symptoms of molybdenum deficiency?

Molybdenum deficiency can easily lead to malnutrition syndrome, growth retardation, uric acid clearance disorder, cardiovascular diseases, gastric ulcer, kidney calculi's disease, esophageal cancer, gouty arthritis, impotence and dental caries.

3. How to treat molybdenum deficiency?

① Health care therapy: sodium molybdate and bilitian nutrient solution.

② Diet therapy: coarse grains, animal liver and kidney, flat vegetables, soybeans, radish tassels, walnuts, mung beans, red dates and black sesame seeds.

(10) cobalt:

1.① Normal value of adults: male: 0.06 (? G/g) Female: 0.06 (? G/g)

② Normal value of children: male: 0.04 (? G/g) Female: 0.05 (? G/g)

2. What are the symptoms of cobalt deficiency?

Cobalt deficiency can easily lead to pernicious anemia, neurodegeneration, milk stasis, emaciation, asthma, cardiovascular diseases, myelitis, abnormal intraocular pressure and glaucoma.

3. How to treat cobalt deficiency?

① Health care treatment: vitamin B 12, cobalt chloride, cobalt acetate and iron-cobalt-chromium mixture for intravenous injection were supplemented.

② Diet therapy: sea cucumber, cuttlefish, kelp, lotus seeds, pork, black dates and black sesame seeds.

(1 1) Se:

1.① Normal value of adults: male: 0.65 (? G/g) Female: 0.75 (? G/g)

② Normal value of children: male: 0.37 (? G/g) Female: 0.49 (? G/g)

2. What are the symptoms of selenium deficiency?

Selenium deficiency can easily lead to cardiovascular diseases, arthritis, sudden infant death syndrome, protein's disease, energy deficiency malnutrition, hemolytic anemia, chromosome damage, cataract, diabetic retinopathy, cancer, Kaschin-Beck disease, hypertension, liver necrosis, cardiomyopathy, ischemic heart disease, pancreatitis, muscular dystrophy, multiple sclerosis, aging and myopathy.

3. How to treat selenium deficiency?

① Health care therapy: application of sodium selenite, selenium yeast and high selenium eggs.

② Diet therapy: loach, chicken liver, sea crab, garlic, soybean, mushroom, frog and silkworm chrysalis.

(12) Nickel:

1.① Normal value of adults: male: 0.84 (? G/g) Female: 0.76 (? G/g)

② Normal value of children: male: 0.24 (? G/g) Female: 0.34 (? G/g)

2. What are the symptoms of nickel deficiency?

Nickel deficiency can easily lead to liver cirrhosis, chronic uremia, renal failure, abnormal metabolism of liver lipid and phosphorus, low metabolism of glycogen, decreased nitrogen utilization and iron metabolism.

3. How to treat nickel deficiency?

① Health care therapy: nickel chloride injection and oral nickel salt.

② Diet therapy: cucumber, eggplant, onion, kelp, day lily, red dates, lotus seeds and beef.

(13) lead:

1.① Adult allowable value: male: 7. 14 (? G/g) Female: 7.42 (? G/g)

② Allowable value for children: male: 7.35 (? G/g) Female: 7.82 (? G/g)

2. What are the symptoms of too much lead?

Mental retardation, excitability, hyperactivity, short attention span, aggressive behavior, slow response, anemia, arrhythmia, diabetes, encephalitis, neuritis, hypertension, stillbirth, abortion, infertility and cancer affect the absorption of vitamin D, Ca (Ca), Zn (Zn) and Cu (Cu).

3. How to treat lead exceeding the standard?

① Health care therapy: Lead-expelling oral liquid, zinc olives, chitin and Qian Qian Ling.

② Diet therapy: sea cucumber, jellyfish, kelp, laver, Rosa roxburghii, kiwi fruit, seabuckthorn and fruit.

(14) Cadmium:

1.① Adult allowable value: male: 0.42 (? G/g) Female: 0.36 (? G/g)

② Allowable value for children: male: 0.22 (? G/g) Female: 0.20 (? G/g)

2. What are the symptoms of excessive cadmium?

It seriously affects children's intellectual development and leads to nervous system dysfunction. It is harmful to the development of placenta, with high deformity rate and many types, such as chronic bronchitis, emphysema, proteinuria, nephritis, kidney calculi's disease, arterial hypertension, toxemia, cancer and aging.

3. How to treat cadmium exceeding the standard?

① Health care therapy: chitin, zinc olives, Qian Qian Ling, calcium and zinc supplements.

② Diet therapy: oysters, mutton, mushrooms, dried dates, walnuts, garlic, kelp and fruits.

(15) aluminum:

1.① Adult allowable value: male: 56.4 (? G/g) Female: 76.2 (? G/g)

② Allowable value of children: male: 53.4 (? G/g) Female: 69.20 (? G/g)

2. What are the symptoms of too much aluminum?

It has been clearly classified as a harmful element. Fetal growth stagnation, short stature, brain injury, Alzheimer's disease, nerve and behavior degeneration, reducing the activity of superoxide dismutase and accelerating human aging.

3. How to treat too much aluminum?

① Health care therapy: chitin, zinc olive and Qian Qian Ling.

② Diet therapy: jellyfish, kelp, black sesame, garlic, celery, hawthorn and fruit.