Present situation: water resources are short, water pollution is serious, soil erosion is serious, water price is seriously low, and water resources are seriously wasted.
There is more water in the south and less water in the north.
There is less water in the west and more water along the coast.
What happened this year? The United Nations decided that the publicity theme of this year's World Water Day was "Clean Water, Healthy World", and the publicity theme of China to commemorate World Water Day and launch China Water Week was "Strict water resources management to ensure sustainable development".
Solve the increasingly complex water resources problem in China.
First, implement total water consumption control to promote the sustainable utilization of water resources.
The second is to build a water-saving society and improve the efficiency and benefit of water use.
The third is to strengthen the standardized management of water functional areas and effectively protect water resources.
The fourth is to promote the connection between rivers and lakes and enhance the capacity of water resources allocation.
Fifth, strengthen scientific engineering scheduling and improve the level of water resources security.
Sixth, do a good job in waterfront management and promote the restoration of aquatic ecosystems.
Seventh, strengthen the unified management of water resources and promote the reform of water management system.
Eighth, lay a solid foundation for industry management and improve the level of water resources management.
I hope it helps you.
First, the present situation of water resources in China
1, uneven distribution, large regional differences in total water resources;
2. The total amount of water resources is rich, but the per capita possession is less;
3. Water resources changed greatly during and between years.
Second, the outstanding problems in the utilization of water resources in China
1, water shortage
2. Water pollution
3. Waste of water resources
4. Serious soil erosion.
5. Unreasonable development and utilization
Present situation and utilization of water resources in China
Water resources refer to dynamic water resources generated by local precipitation, available for people's production and life, existing in rivers, lakes and underground aquifers, and renewable year by year, mainly including surface water and groundwater. Water resources have four characteristics: circulation and finiteness, uneven distribution in time and space, irreplaceability and duality of economic benefits.
The total water resources in the world is 410.022 billion cubic meters, and the per capita water resources are 7342 cubic meters per person. 1995, the global water resources utilization was 3.8 trillion cubic meters, and the consumption was 2 1000 cubic meters, of which the agricultural water consumption was 2.5 trillion cubic meters; Industrial water consumption is 750 billion cubic meters; The domestic water consumption of residents is 350 billion cubic meters; All kinds of losses are 200 billion cubic meters.
Facing the following water resources problems on a global scale:
◆ Global water supply security is facing severe challenges. According to the Global Water Outlook issued by the World Water Council, there are currently 654.38+0.2 billion people (accounting for 65.438+0/5 of the global population) without access to safe drinking water, 3 billion people (accounting for 65.438+0/2 of the global population) lack sanitation facilities, and 3 million to 4 million people die of water-borne diseases every year.
◆ The shortage of water resources is increasingly becoming a global problem. From 1900 to 1995, the global water consumption increased from 600 billion cubic meters to 3.8 trillion cubic meters, an increase of five times, more than twice the population growth in the same period. 1993 The United Nations assessment of the world's fresh water resources shows that13 of the population lives in areas with moderate and high water shortage. According to the United Nations report, the global total water consumption will reach 4,484 billion cubic meters in 2025. By then, the world population trapped by water shortage will increase to 2/3 of the total, and the per capita available water resources will be reduced from 7800 cubic meters in 1990 to 4800 cubic meters in 2025.
◆ The world water environment tends to deteriorate. In most developed countries and countries with economies in transition, a lot of economic progress is at the expense of serious damage to the natural environment. In the 20th century, the world's wetland area was reduced by half, resulting in a significant loss of biodiversity. In developing countries, the quality of surface water and groundwater in all big cities is deteriorating rapidly, threatening people's health and natural value.
I. General situation of water resources in China
1, total water resources
The total amount of water resources in China is 2.8 trillion cubic meters. Among them, 2.7 trillion cubic meters of surface water and 0.83 trillion cubic meters of groundwater. Because surface water and groundwater are mutually transformed and replenished, after deducting the amount of repeated calculation, the amount of groundwater resources that are not repeated with river runoff is about 0. 1 trillion cubic meters. According to internationally recognized standards, the per capita water resources below 3000 cubic meters are mild water shortage; The per capita water resources below 2000 cubic meters are moderately short of water; The per capita water resource 1000 cubic meter is a serious water shortage; Water resources below 500 cubic meters per capita are extremely short of water. At present, there are 16 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) with per capita water resources (excluding transit water) below the severe water shortage line, and there are 6 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) with per capita water resources below 500 cubic meters.
2. Main characteristics of water resources in China.
The total amount is not rich, and the per capita possession is lower. China ranks sixth in the world in total water resources, with a per capita possession of 2,240 cubic meters, which is about 1/4 of the world's per capita, and ranks 88th among the 153 countries continuously counted by the World Bank.
Uneven regional distribution and mismatch of water and soil resources. The land area of the Yangtze River basin and its south area only accounts for 36.5% of the whole country, and the water resources account for 8 1% of the whole country. Huaihe river basin and its northern area account for 63.5% of the national land area, and water resources only account for 19% of the national total water resources.
During the year, the annual distribution was uneven, with frequent droughts and floods. In most areas, the precipitation for four consecutive months accounts for more than 70% of the whole year, which is more common in rainy or dry years.
Second, the development and utilization of water resources in China
1, achievements in water resources development and utilization
The 5,000-year history of Chinese civilization is also a history of fighting floods and droughts. After the founding of New China, water conservancy construction has made remarkable achievements. By 2000, 85,000 reservoirs will be built with a total storage capacity of 565.438 billion cubic meters; Develop irrigation area of 820 million mu; 270,000 kilometers of dikes were built, which initially controlled frequent floods in major rivers; Controlling soil erosion covers an area of 800,000 square kilometers; Hydropower installed capacity was 76.8 million kilowatts, and rural electrification was realized in 653 counties.
2. Analysis of water resources development and utilization
In 2000, the total water consumption in China was 549.8 billion cubic meters, of which agriculture was 378.4 billion cubic meters, accounting for 68.8%, industry 1 139 billion cubic meters, accounting for 20.7%, and domestic water consumption was 57.5 billion cubic meters, accounting for 10.5%. From the analysis of development and utilization degree, the development and utilization rate of water resources in China reaches 20%, the controlled utilization rate of surface water in Haihe River basin with the highest development and utilization degree reaches 94%, the exploitation rate of shallow groundwater in plain area is 100%, and the total consumption rate of water resources reaches 96%. From the analysis of water consumption index, the per capita water consumption in China is 430 cubic meters, the per capita water consumption per 10,000 yuan GDP is 6 10 cubic meters, the per capita water consumption per 10,000 yuan industrial output value is 78 cubic meters, the per capita water consumption per mu for farmland irrigation is 479 cubic meters, the per capita domestic water consumption in cities and towns is 2 19 liters/day, and the per capita domestic water consumption in rural areas is 89 liters/day.
3. Main problems in the development and utilization of water resources.
(1) The contradiction between supply and demand has increased.
The first is agricultural drought and water shortage. With the development of economy and the change of climate, agriculture in China, especially in the north, is suffering from drought and water shortage. At present, only irrigation areas in China lack about 30 billion cubic meters of water every year. In the 1990s, the average drought-affected area of farmland was 26.67 million hectares, and drought and water shortage became the main restrictive factors affecting agricultural development and food security. There are more than 20 million people and tens of millions of livestock in rural areas in China who have difficulty drinking water, and 1/4 people's drinking water does not meet the hygiene standards.
Secondly, the city is short of water. The phenomenon of urban water shortage in China began in the 1970s, and then expanded year by year, especially since the reform and opening up. According to statistics, among the 663 cities in China, 400 cities are short of water, of which 1 10 is seriously short of water, and the annual water shortage is about10 billion cubic meters, which affects the industrial output value by about 200 billion yuan every year.
(2) The water utilization efficiency is not high.
At present, the annual water consumption of agricultural irrigation in China is about 380 billion cubic meters, accounting for nearly 70% of the total water consumption in China. The utilization coefficient of agricultural irrigation water in China is mostly only about 0.3-0.4. Developed countries began to adopt water-saving irrigation as early as 1940s-1950s. At present, many countries have realized seepage prevention and piping of water conveyance channels, field sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation, scientific and automatic irrigation, and the irrigation water utilization coefficient has reached 0.7 ~ 0.8.
Secondly, industrial water waste is also very serious. At present, China's industrial output value is about 8 billion cubic meters, which is 10 ~ 20 times that of developed countries. The reuse rate of water in China is about 40%, while that in developed countries is 75 ~ 85%.
The waste of urban domestic water in China is also very serious. According to statistics, the loss rate of tap water pipe network in most cities in China is only 15%-20%.
(3) water environment deterioration
In 2000, the total sewage discharge was 62 billion tons, of which about 80% was directly discharged into rivers, lakes and reservoirs without any treatment, and more than 90% of urban surface water bodies and 97% of urban underground aquifers were polluted. Because the groundwater exploitation in some areas exceeds the recharge, there are 164 groundwater overexploitations in China, with a total area of180,000 square kilometers, which has caused a series of ecological problems such as land subsidence and seawater intrusion.
(4) Lack of rational allocation of water resources
The degree of water resources development in North China has been very high, and water shortage has affected the ecological environment. At present, the Yellow River is increasingly cut off, but 9 billion cubic meters of water is transferred to the Huaihe River and Haihe River every year. Therefore, the rational allocation and layout of water resources and the allocation of water resources between regions depend on unified planning and rational layout, including water transfer projects.
(5) Economic development and distribution of productive forces do not give enough consideration to water resources.
Under the planned economy system, the layout of industries in the past did not fully consider the conditions of water resources, but arranged many industries with large water consumption in water-deficient areas; The blind development of rice with large water consumption in water-deficient areas has artificially aggravated the contradiction of rational allocation of water resources.
To sum up, China's total water resources are not rich, the regional distribution is uneven, and the distribution is concentrated during the year. The development and utilization of water resources in some areas in the north has exceeded the carrying capacity of resources and environment, and the sustainable utilization of water resources in the whole country has become the main restrictive factor of the national sustainable development strategy.
Third, the situation and challenges of water resources in China
265438+the beginning of the 20th century is a crucial period for China to realize the third-step strategy of socialist modernization. According to the forecast of national economic and social development, the following factors have become the main driving force of water resources demand.
Population growth. In 2030, the population of China will reach its peak, approaching 65.438+0.6 billion. It is predicted that the urban domestic water consumption quota will be 265.438+0.8 L/person-day and the rural domestic water consumption quota will be 65.438+0.10.4 L/person-day, so the domestic water consumption in 2030 will be 95.65438 billion cubic meters.
Urbanization development. In 2030, the level of urbanization will reach about 40%, the proportion of urban industrial and domestic water will be further increased, and agricultural water will basically remain at the current level.
Adjustment of industrial structure. In 2030, the GDP reached 53.8 trillion yuan, and the industrial structure was adjusted to 7.9: 48.5: 43.6 three times. It is predicted that the industrial output value will reach 106.8 trillion yuan in 2030, and the industrial focus will shift from south to north and from east to west, aggravating the already tense water resources situation in the north. Considering the adjustment of industrial structure, the industrial water demand will reach 1960 in 2030.
Food security. Under the basic national policy of food self-sufficiency, the grain output will reach 700 million tons at the peak of population, and the effective utilization rate of agricultural water will be improved through water-saving measures, and the agricultural irrigation water will remain at the current level of 390 billion cubic meters per year.
To sum up, by 2030, the minimum demand for water resources for social and economic development will reach 710 billion cubic meters, an increase of14 billion cubic meters on the basis of the existing water supply capacity. According to experts' analysis, after deducting the necessary ecological water demand, the actual available water resources in China are about 800-900 billion cubic meters. The above estimated water consumption is close to the upper limit of reasonable water consumption, and there is little potential for further development of water resources. National flood control security, ecological security, food security, improvement of people's living standards and sustainable economic and social development put forward higher requirements for water resources security.
References:
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