versatile
Li Yu, the empress of the Southern Tang Dynasty, was originally named Jia Cong, and was later named Zhongshan Hermit, Zhongfeng Hermit, Lianfeng Laishu, Zhongfeng An Baili Laishu and Xuzhou (now Xuzhou, Jiangsu) Laishu. He was the sixth son of the Southern Tang Dynasty, and was called Li Houzhu in history. His grandfather was Li Yang, the founding emperor of the Southern Tang Dynasty.
Li Yu was different from others since he was a child, especially in appearance, rich forehead and teeth, and heavy eyes. According to the fortuneteller, he is very rich. Li Yu is versatile, not only outstanding in writing, but also good at painting and calligraphy, with profound attainments. In addition, he is kind, so he is loved by everyone. According to the general order, he didn't have a chance to be emperor, but all his five brothers died young, so Li Yucai was named the king of Wu, the prince and the heir to the throne.
A few years before Li Yu succeeded to the throne, the national situation in the Southern Tang Dynasty declined. His father finally ceded the territory of Jiangbei under the powerful offensive of the Later Zhou Dynasty, and the Southern Tang Dynasty and the Later Zhou Dynasty confronted each other across the Yangtze River. However, in the face of the strong development momentum of the later Zhou Dynasty, the Southern Tang Dynasty just followed the fate and was unable to recover the defeat.
The young emperor has no strategy.
After the establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty, Li Yu's father moved the capital of the Southern Tang Dynasty to Nanchang and established Du Nan. He and the Minister of Civil and Military Affairs moved there, leaving Prince Li Yu in Jinling. A few months later, Li Yu's father died of illness and Li Yu officially succeeded to the throne at the age of 25. Li Yu believed in Buddhism and was used by the emperor of the Northern Song Dynasty. Li Yu used the money from the palace to recruit monks. There are as many as ten thousand monks in Jinling. After Li Yu retired from the DPRK, he and the queen put on monk's clothes and recited scriptures. The monk committed a crime and was not punished according to law. Instead, he was asked to recite Buddha and was pardoned. When the Emperor of the Northern Song Dynasty heard about it, he chose a young man who was eloquent, clever and eloquent, and went to Li Houzhu to discuss life and life with him. Li Houzhu believed in it and thought it was a rare real Buddha. Since then, he has paid little attention to the country and the border guards, but has been chanting Buddhism all day.
Li Yu is essentially a scholar and a talented poet. He is very interesting and pays attention to luxury and ostentation. His calligraphy, painting and articles are excellent. In short, he is an excellent scholar. But in the position of emperor, he didn't have the heroism and ambition to unify the whole country like the emperor, especially Zhou Shizong, so he was not interested in military affairs. Even if a general mentioned it, he tried to suppress it. Lin, who stayed, said that he was willing to lead tens of thousands of people to the north to recover the old land. Lin also drew up an excuse for Li Yu: when the war started, Li Yu sent a message that Lin had defected, letting the Song Dynasty know that if things succeeded in the future, it would be the country's. If they failed, Li Yu would kill his family and Li Yu would not have to bear any responsibility. In this way, Li Yu has thought of an excuse plan, but he didn't agree. All he knows is chanting Buddha, adding words, living in a drunken dream and waiting for death. In the second week, he didn't dare to go to war with the north, even the weak wuyue in the east. Lu Jiang once said to him, "wuyue is our enemy, and he will definitely attack us with the Song Dynasty in the future and be his accomplice. We should kill him first to avoid future trouble. " Li Yu said, "wuyue was a vassal of the Northern Dynasties. How can it act rashly and send troops to attack? " Lu Jiang said: "I ask your Majesty to denounce it in the name of territorial rebellion, and then ask wuyue for reinforcements. When their reinforcements arrive, your Majesty will send troops to stop them, and then I will lead the troops to sneak attack and destroy wuyue in one fell swoop. " Li Yu didn't listen at all. The minister of civil and military affairs had to wait with him for the Northern Song army to clean up the Southern Tang Dynasty.
Degrade and seek stability
After the Southern Han Dynasty was destroyed in the Northern Song Dynasty, Li Yu was extremely frightened, so he gave the above report to Song Taizu, changed the Tang State to the ruler of the south of the Yangtze River, and then degraded himself. His book was not called imperial edict, but was renamed religion, and the central administrative organs also changed their names, such as Shangshu Province, which was renamed Sihuifu.
Although I don't like put in order's armament and the Northern Expedition, Li Yu's ci has made great achievements. His father is very talented, and his words are well supplemented. Under the influence of his father and the rich cultural environment at that time, Li Yu's ci rose to a new height. In addition, Feng Yansi, his favorite minister, was also good at adding ci, and learned skills from the monarch and the minister, and finally completed the territory study. However, his ci achievements occupied a very important position in the history of ancient China literature. Summarizing Li Yu's ci, we can find a rule, which is divided into three stages. The first is to describe the luxury and affairs in the palace, the second is to reflect the extremely sad mood, and the third is to write words reflecting the feelings of national subjugation when under house arrest after national subjugation. This is the highest achievement of Li Yu's ci, but he died soon.
Among the words describing the extravagant life of the court, Yumenchun is a masterpiece: makeup Xiaoming, spring palace flowers filed. The sound of bagpipes breaks the clouds and clouds, and a song "Nishang" rushes all over. Who smells better in the breeze? Drunk and patting the railing without cutting. Don't dye the candles red when you come back, until you step on a horseshoe to clear jathyapple.
There is also a song called "Huanxisha": the red sun is three feet high, the golden stove adds fragrance to the beast, and the red brocade lichen wrinkles every step. Beauty dances with golden hairpin, wine can't smell flowers, and other halls can smell flute and drum.
As the king of a country, Li Yu has also implemented some benevolent measures to reduce taxes and relax penalties, which should be affirmed. However, if he does not advance or retreat in the face of strong enemies, he is actively preparing for war. Instead, he drowned his sorrows by drinking and allowed the country to decline. The historical situation is one of the reasons, but it is artificial. As long as he works hard, everything will get better. Later, the Northern Song Dynasty sent troops to attack, and the Southern Tang Dynasty was able to resist for more than a year, which showed that the country still had great strength after a long period of economic development. If Li Yu worked as hard as post-Zhou Shizong, Nantang would not resist the painful ending of falling into national subjugation and being captured in just one year.
Li Yu didn't make great efforts, but she drowned her sorrows with wine. However, the level of words written under this true emotion is still very high. The representative word in this respect is "Qingpingle": Don't come in the middle of spring, it's heartbreaking. The order of autumn may be like snow in the snow, brush it off and then flow down full. Hongyan has flown back, the journey is far away, and the dream is hard to come true. The sadness of parting is like weeds in spring, which go further and further.
There is also a song "Hui Huan": There is nothing to say when you go to the West Building alone, the moon is like a hook, and the lonely phoenix tree locks the autumn in the deep courtyard. Cut constantly, the reason is still chaotic, in order to leave sorrow, the in the mind has a special taste.
Although wine can wash away sorrow temporarily, a few pots of wine can't wash away the army in the Northern Song Dynasty, and bad luck has finally come. In the autumn of the seventh year of Kaibao (AD 974), Zhao Kuangyin sent messengers to invite Li Yu to Kaifeng. Li Yu knew that she would never come back when she went, so she said she was ill and didn't go. Soon, in winter, Zhao Kuangyin's army crossed the Yangtze River and surrounded Jinling. The frontline soldiers fought to the death, and Li Yu also wrote a poem "Linjiang Fairy" in the palace: cherry leaves in spring, butterflies flying over the pink powder, son-in-law crying in the west of Xiaolou, and jade hooks hanging down. Don't be lonely in the alley, hope that the smoke will fade away. The stove is fragrant and idle, and the phoenix is empty. In retrospect, I hate Yiyi.
It is said that before the first sentence was finished, Song Jun captured Jinling, and the last three sentences were added later. In the twelfth lunar month, Li Yu became a prisoner in the Northern Song Dynasty. Later, he was escorted to Kaifeng, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty. Didn't kill Li Yu, because he used to be a courtier of Song Dynasty. Instead, he gave him a vital seal, which is actually a veritable conquered person who enjoys advanced treatment.
Li Yu became a poet after his national subjugation.
Unfortunately, the dead country is fortunate to be a poet.
As a prisoner, Li Yu's life has changed greatly. Although he has no worries about food and clothing, his identity is different after all, and he cannot live and enjoy as he pleases. Coupled with the pain of national subjugation, all these personal experiences are integrated into Li Yu's ci, thus giving birth to the most touching and accomplished works in the history of ci. There are three most representative words in this respect.
One is "young beauty": when is the spring flower and autumn moon? What do you know about the past! The small building was easterly again last night, and the old country could not bear to look back on the moon. Carved fences made of jade should be particularly good, but Zhu Yan changed them. How much sadness can you have? Like a river flowing eastward.
The second is "Tidying up the Sand": the rain outside the curtain is gurgling, and the spring is fading away. Allred-rochow is too cold to stand. I don't know if I am a guest in my dream, and I want to have fun in one day! Lonely, not relying on fences, infinite mountains and rivers! It's easier to see when it's not. The running water is gone, the spring is gone, heaven and earth!
The third is "broken array": in the past 40 years, the country has traveled three thousand miles. How many times did you know each other because of a fight? Once classified as a minister, I bent down and pressed my temples. On the day when he resigned from the temple in a hurry, Jiao Fang still played farewell songs and cried for Gong E. ..
In the last period of his life, Li Yu's ci reached its peak. His ci is pure natural without any traces of carving, which can be described as uncanny workmanship. Poetry with high achievements in past dynasties is a combination of emotion and artistic techniques. Ordinary poems are either too popular or too obscure, which can't make readers understand his feelings smoothly. Li Yu's poems deify these two factors, but his spoken language contains feelings that are difficult for ordinary people to possess and understand. It can be said that Li Yu's poetry has reached the highest level and achieved the highest artistic achievement. It opened up a new field of vision for the development of Ci in Song Dynasty.
Ci made Li Yu's Ci school famous, but the poem Yu Meiren, which was sung through the ages, also sent him to the west. On Tanabata night, Li Yu was depressed, so she asked the geisha to play music loudly and everyone could hear it outside. Song Taizong was very angry when he learned about it. He also heard that Li Yu's words included "the east wind blew in the small building last night" and "a river flows eastward", which made him even more angry. That night, he sent poison to Li Yu. Li Yu was only 42 when he died.
Li Yu indulged Zhou Xiao, and later Li Yu and Zhou Xiao were defeated by Zhao Kuangyin, and Li Yu and Zhou Xiao were captured. Ye Zhao was jealous of her beauty, murdered Li Yu, and then died of double suicide.
Like him, Meng Changjun, the master of Shu in the Five Dynasties, was also a monarch who loved poetry, the moon, flowers and "Mrs. Huarui". Later, Meng Chang and Mrs. Hua Rui were also ruined by Zhao Kuangyin. He and his wife, Hua Rui, also met the same fate as Li Yuhe, but Mrs. Hua Rui began to pretend to obey and later attempted to assassinate Zhao He.
There is also Song Huizong's famous notes in the Song Dynasty, named Evonne (A.D. 1082 ~ 1 135), who once had a crush on Li Shishi, the son of Shenzong1and the brother of Zhezong. Zhezong died of illness, and the queen mother made him emperor. After 25 years in office, Guo Wu was captured and tortured to death at the age of 54. He was buried in You Yong Mausoleum (now 35 miles southeast of Shaoxing County, Zhejiang Province).
He was successively named King Suining and King Duan. Zhezong died childless in the first month of A.D. 1 100, and made him emperor in the same month. In the second year, the year number was changed to "Jianzhong Guo Jing".
Shortly after Evonne acceded to the throne, he reused Cai Jing, Wang Fu, Tong Guan, Liang Shicheng, Li Yan and Zhu Mian, and called them six thieves. Evonne also branded Sima Guang, Wen Yanbo and others as "Yuan traitors" and Zhang Moulin as "Fu Yuan partisans" under the banner of "Shao Shu", and carved stones in the court to show contempt.
Evonne lived a luxurious life, and with the six thieves, he increased taxes excessively, plundered the people's fat paste, and built palaces and gardens such as Huayang Palace. He sent Zhu Xun to set up Suzhou-Hangzhou Yingfeng Bureau to collect exotic flowers and stones in the south of the Yangtze River, named "Flower Stone Class", transported Bianjing, and built a "rich, comfortable and luxurious" garden named "Root Moon", which quickly squandered the wealth accumulated by the Northern Song government for many years. The "petrochemical gang" has caused many people to lose their money and their families to be destroyed. As long as anyone has flowers and stones, Zhu Li will lead the officers into the people's homes, cover them with yellow paper, indicate that they are the emperor's favorite things and must not be damaged, then tear down the door and destroy the wall to carry flowers and stones and transport them out of Bianjing by fleet. Once a four-foot-high Taihu stone was transported, and thousands of civilian workers were forced to rock boats and pull fibers along the way. When the bridge was too low or the water gate of the city wall was too small, Zhu Li ordered the bridge to be demolished and the door destroyed. Some flower stones are too big to be transported by river, so Zhu Li ordered them to be transported by sea, and the boat often capsized. The people suffered greatly, and peasant uprisings such as Song Jiang and Fang La broke out, and Evonne sent troops to carry out bloody repression.
Evonne also believed in Taoism, built a large number of temples, claimed to be the founder of Daojun Emperor, and often invited Taoist priests to tell fortune. His birthday was May 5th, and the Taoist thought it was unlucky, so he changed his name to10+00. His zodiac sign is a dog, so killing dogs is forbidden in Bianjing City.
1 125, 10 years, the Jin army invaded the south on a large scale, and the East Route Army led by the commander of the Jin army took Bianjing directly under the command of Guo, a rebel in the Northern Song Dynasty. Evonne received the newspaper, hastily ordered the cancellation of Hua Shigang, and wrote a letter to the guilty person, admitting some of his mistakes, in order to save the hearts of the people. Nomads from the army marched in haste, approaching Bianjing. Huizong was afraid and anxious, holding the minister's hand and saying, "I didn't expect Jin people to treat me like this." Before I finished, I choked and fainted in front of the bed. After being rescued, he reached for a pen and paper and wrote the words "Pass on the Crown Prince". In 65438+February, he announced his abdication, claiming to be "the emperor's father" and giving way to Zhao Huan (Qin Zong). Cai Jing, Tong Guan and other thieves fled to Mengcheng, Bozhou, Anhui (now Mengcheng, Anhui). In April of the following year, the nomads who besieged Bianjing were repelled by Li Gang and returned to the north, and Zhao was returned to Bianjing.
At the end of a.d. 1 126 leap 1 1, the nomads from the army went south again. 65438+February 65438+May 5, Bianjing was breached, Di Chin abolished Evonne, and Zhao Huan was Shu Ren. 1 127 at the end of March, escort Hui Di and Qin, together with thousands of empresses, royalty and officials, as well as musicians, skilled craftsmen, French drivers, ceremonial ceremonies, crown costumes, ritual vessels, astronomical instruments, treasures and toys, imperial books and maps of the world's state capitals, to the north of Bianjing. So it happened in Jingkang period, which is called "Jingkang Change" in history.
It is said that when Evonne heard that the treasure was looted, he didn't care. When he heard that the Royal Library was also robbed, he sighed. Evonne was humiliated on the way to be escorted. First, the love princess Wang Wanrong was forcibly taken away by Jinjiang. Then, after arriving in the capital of Xu Jin Guo, he was ordered to wear mourning clothes with Zhao Huan and visit the temple in Akuta, Jin Taizu, which means that Di Chin dedicated the prisoners to his ancestors. Later, Evonne was humiliated by Di Chin and imprisoned in Hanzhou (now Changtu County, Liaoning Province), and then moved to Wu Guocheng (now yilan county, Heilongjiang Province) to be imprisoned. During his imprisonment, Evonne suffered mental torture and wrote many gloomy, sad and desolate poems, such as:
The west wind broke the door all night, and Eden was depressed; Looking back at my hometown, there are no geese flying in the south of the mountain.