The internal relations of road network structure, public buildings and residential layout, group combination, green space system and spatial environment should be comprehensively considered to form a perfect and relatively independent organic whole, and the following principles should be followed:
1. It is convenient for residents' life and beneficial to organization and management;
2. Organize public activity centers suitable for the size of the permanent population to facilitate operation, use and socialized services;
3. Reasonable organization of people flow and traffic flow is conducive to safety and defense;
4. Reasonable layout, rich space, beautiful environment and rich local characteristics. The spatial environment design of residential areas should follow the following principles:
1). Reasonable arrangement of public service facilities to avoid pollution and interference of smoke, gas, smell, dust and noise to residents;
2) The architecture should reflect the local style and highlight the individuality, and the group architecture and spatial level should change in coordination;
3) Carefully set up architectural sketches to enrich and beautify the environment;
4) Pay attention to the integrity of landscape and space. Small buildings such as municipal public places and parking garages should be arranged in combination with residential or public buildings; Power supply, telecommunications, street lamps and other pipelines should be buried underground;
5) The environmental design of public activity space should deal with the relationship between buildings, roads, squares, courtyards, green spaces and architectural sketches, as well as their relationship with human activities.
The planning and design of residential buildings in residential areas should be determined by comprehensive consideration of land use conditions, type selection, orientation, spacing, green space, number and density of floors, layout, group combination, spatial environment and other factors.
Public service facilities in residential areas include education, health care, culture and sports, commercial services, financial posts and telecommunications, municipal utilities, administrative management and other facilities. * * * Service facilities project indicators shall be determined in accordance with relevant specifications.
Green space in residential areas should include public green space, green space beside houses, green space belonging to supporting public buildings and road green space. The rate of green space construction in the new district should not be less than 30%; The transformation of old areas should not be less than 25%.
Residential roads are divided into four grades: residential roads, residential roads, group roads and residential paths, and their road planning and design should comply with relevant regulations.
Second, building the foundation
It can also be called building land. Refers to the construction land approved by the relevant land management departments. The building basement should give the dimensions or coordinates of the surrounding area. The base should be connected with the road red line, otherwise, a passage should be set to connect with the road red line.
When the base is connected with the road red line, the road red line is generally used as the building control line. If urban planning requires, the competent department may set up a building control line outside the road red line. The ground of the construction base should be higher than the pavement of urban roads, otherwise there should be measures to eliminate surface water. If the base is likely to be invaded by landslides, floods or tides, safety protection measures should be taken. For bases with large traffic (including taxi stations and parking lots, etc.). ), the location of its access to urban roads should comply with relevant regulations.
The foundation of densely populated buildings (electric power *, theaters, auditoriums, Expo buildings, business centers, etc.). The safety of personnel evacuation should be considered, and the normal traffic of the city should not be affected, and it should comply with the provisions of local planning departments and relevant special building design codes.
Third, the residential floor area ratio.
It is the ratio of residential building area or total residential building area to residential land per hectare.
Building floor area ratio is an important index in building planning and design. It can control the scale and height of buildings in the building base, so as to set aside a certain amount of open space for greening the traffic square, and also control the number of floors of buildings to meet the requirements of urban planning. For the base that needs to be built, the local urban planning department should put forward the building volume ratio index.
Fourth, the building red line
The building red line consists of the road red line and the building control line. The road red line is the planning control line of urban roads (including residential roads); Building control line is the control line of building basement position.
On the side of the base adjacent to the road, the red line of the road is generally used as the building control line. For example, due to the needs of urban planning, the competent department can set up a building control line outside the road route, which is generally called the red line construction of the back road.
No building shall exceed a given property line. The General Principles for the Design of Civil Buildings (JGJ 37-87) stipulates that the steps, platforms, window wells, underground buildings and building foundations of buildings shall not protrude the road red line except the pipelines connecting cities in the base. Building protrusions that are allowed to protrude the road red line:
1. Above the sidewalk:
1), window sash and window cover are allowed to protrude beyond 2m, and the protruding width is not more than 0.4m;
2), more than 2.50 meters, the allowable prominent sunshade, prominent width should not be greater than the sidewalk width minus 1 m, and should not be greater than 3 meters;
3) Balcony, bay window seal, canopy and overhangs that are allowed to protrude above 3.50 meters, and the protruding width should not be greater than 65438 0 meters;
4), more than 5 meters allowed to highlight the canopy, overhangs, protruding width should not be greater than the sidewalk width minus 0 meters, not more than 3 meters.
2. On the road without sidewalks:
1), the allowable protruding sash and window cover exceeding 2.50m, and the protruding width should not be greater than 0.4m;
2), more than 5 meters allowed to highlight the canopy, overhangs, protruding width should not be greater than 1 m..
Verb (abbreviation of verb) topographic map
According to a certain projection method, scale and special symbols, the terrain and features on the ground are drawn through measurement, which is an important data basis for planning and general layout design. The scale on the topographic map is the ratio of the length on the ground to the corresponding length on the map.
For example, the scale of topographic map is 1: 1000, that is, the length of 1000 meters on the ground is reflected on the map as 1 meter. According to the needs of different purposes, the scale of topographic map can be different. The scale of geographic topographic map is 1: 25000 or1:50000; The scale of topographic map of regional location is 1: 5000 or 1: 10000, and the contour spacing is 1 ~ 5m. The topographic group scale of the plant site is 1: 500, 1: 1000 or 1: 2000, and the contour spacing is 0.25 ~ 1 m. Topographic maps of off-site projects, off-site railways, roads, water supply and drainage pipelines, heating pipelines, transmission lines and finished raw materials.
The direction on the topographic map is indicated by the arrow pointing north, and the word "North" or "N" is marked at the arrow pointing north. Generally speaking, the upper part of the topographic map is north-oriented, and the lower part is south-oriented, which is the so-called upper north and lower south.
Sixth, the wind rose map
According to the wind meteorological data observed by weather stations in a certain area, the graph drawn is called the wind rose map.
It can be divided into wind direction rose chart and wind speed rose chart, and wind direction rose chart is generally used.
The wind direction rose chart shows the wind direction and the frequency of the wind direction.
The frequency of wind direction is the percentage of the frequency of various wind directions in a certain period of time to all observation times. According to the frequency of the wind in all directions, blow it according to the center of the wind direction with a corresponding proportional length, draw it on the diagram represented by eight directions or 16 directions, and then connect the endpoints of all adjacent directions with straight lines to draw a closed broken line in the form of a rose, which is the wind rose diagram.
The longest line segment in the picture is the local dominant wind direction. The location and orientation of buildings are closely related to the local dominant wind direction. For example, clean buildings are arranged in the upwind direction of the dominant wind direction; Arrange the polluted buildings in the downwind direction of the dominant wind direction to avoid being affected by the harmful substances discharged by the polluted buildings.
The wind rose map is an overview of the wind in a region, especially in the plain, but it has a direct impact on the wind climate because of the different topography and landforms. Because topography and ground conditions often cause changes in local airflow, wind direction and wind speed, we should pay full attention to local microclimate changes when designing the general layout of buildings, make good use of topography and landforms in the design, and comprehensively consider the layout of buildings.
Seven. General layout of building
According to the nature, scale, composition and use requirements of construction projects, combining local natural conditions and environmental relations according to local conditions, and according to relevant national policies, norms and regulations, the buildings are rationally arranged, traffic lines are organized, and greening is arranged to meet the requirements of use functions or production processes, so as to be technically and economically reasonable, conducive to production development and convenient for workers' lives, which is called the general layout of buildings.
The general plan shall have necessary explanations and design drawings. The contents of the description should mainly explain the basis, principles, functional zoning, traffic organization, street view space organization, environmental beautification design, architectural sketch, greening arrangement, etc.
The general layout plan shall include the following aspects:
1. Coordinate network and coordinate values for topographic and feature survey; Site construction coordinate network and coordinate values; Survey coordinates and construction coordinates around the site.
2. The location of buildings and structures (civil air defense works, underground garages, oil depots, water storage tanks and other concealed works are indicated by dotted lines), including the coordinates (or related dimensions), names (or numbers), floors and interior design elevations of main buildings and structures.
3. The scope and boundaries of the demolition of abandoned buildings, and the names and floors of adjacent buildings.
4. Main coordinates (or related dimensions) of roads, railways and drainage ditches.
5. Greening and beautifying the layout of facilities.
6. Wind rose map, compass.
7. Main technical and economic indicators and bill of quantities.
8. Description column: size unit, scale, surveying and mapping unit, date, name of height system, relationship between site construction coordinate network and survey coordinate network, supplementary legend and other necessary explanations, etc.
Eight, vertical layout
According to the use requirements of construction projects, combined with the topographical features and construction technical conditions, the elevations of buildings, structures and roads are determined. Reasonable determination, in order to make full use of the terrain and make the design economical and reasonable, is the main work of vertical layout design.
The purpose of vertical layout is to transform and use the terrain, so that the determined design elevation and design ground can meet the reasonable requirements of traffic between buildings and structures and inside and outside the site, ensure the organized drainage of surface water, and strive to minimize the amount of earthwork.
Vertical design should explain the design basis, such as the elevation, technical requirements, traffic, topography, drainage and water supply level of urban roads and pipelines, as well as the earthwork balance, points, sites and leveling methods of soil borrowing or spoil. It should also explain the vertical layout (flat slope or step type), surface water drainage (open ditch or culvert system), etc. If the open trench system is adopted, the topography and elevation of the discharge site should also be described.
The vertical layout shall include the following aspects:
1. Site construction coordinate map and coordinate values.
2. Names (or numbers) of buildings and structures and indoor and outdoor design elevations.
3. The key elevation of the ground outside the road, railway, canal or site.
4. Design elevation of starting point, slope change point, turning point and end point of highway, railway and drainage ditch.
5. Use the slope direction arrow to indicate the slope direction of the ground. 6. compass. 7. Description column: size unit, proportion, advanced system name, etc.
Nine, pipeline synthesis
At the same time of building general layout design, according to relevant codes and regulations, comprehensively solve the pipeline layout and its contradictions of various professional engineering technologies, make all kinds of pipeline layout reasonable and economical from a comprehensive point of view, and finally uniformly arrange all kinds of pipelines on the pipeline comprehensive plan.
According to the media, characteristics and different requirements of various pipelines, the laying sequence of various pipelines is reasonably arranged. Underground pipelines should be laid outside the roadway, and only after reinforcement measures are taken under special difficulties can water supply pipes or drainage pipes with less maintenance be arranged under the roadway.
Underground pipelines should avoid laying drinking water pipelines together with pipelines for life and production of sewage outfalls or pipelines containing alkali corrosion and toxic substances. If laid side by side, a certain safe distance should be ensured. As far as possible, arrange pipelines with similar properties and similar buried depth together.
When crossing underground pipelines, the following conditions shall be met:
1. From the lateral order of the building, from near to far, it is: power pipeline or telecommunication pipeline, gas pipeline, heating pipeline, water supply pipeline, rainwater pipeline and sewage pipeline.
2. The vertical arrangement order of all kinds of pipelines should be: telecommunication pipeline, heating pipeline, power cable less than 10kv, power cable greater than 10kv, gas pipeline, water supply pipeline, rainwater pipeline and sewage pipeline. Underground pipelines can be laid in green belts, but not under trees. When there is a contradiction in pipeline laying, temporary pipelines should be used instead of permanent pipelines; Small diameter makes the diameter bigger; Make inflexible or difficult to bend; Flexible. The new design creates originality; Under pressure, let yourself flow; The principle of small construction quantity should be treated as the principle of large construction quantity.
X. building modulus
The standard size units selected by buildings and their components (or assemblies) are called building module units as value-added units in size coordination. The basic dimension unit selected in building module coordination is 100mm, and the symbol is m, that is,1m =100 mm. At present, most countries in the world adopt this basic module.
The integer value of the basic modulus is called the extended modulus. Integer divided by basic modulus is called fractional modulus. Modulus is a unit of measurement, and the value of this unit of measurement is expanded into a series to form a module series.
Modular series can be obtained by multiplying the basic modulus m, which plays an important role in the industrial production of buildings, because with its help, some parts or semi-finished products can be separated without any spare parts and sent to the machine accurately. Modulus can be used as a measure of architectural design basis, which determines the exact size of building components and the position of building components in the system and the building itself.
Modularity in architectural design is represented by modular grid. The size unit of the grid is the basic modulus or expansion modulus. In architectural design, every building component must establish a certain relationship with grid lines. The center line, eccentric line or sideline of building components are generally located on the grid line. The main building components in architectural design, such as load-bearing walls, columns, beams, doors and windows, should meet the requirements of modularity and strictly abide by the rules of modularity, so as to facilitate the industrial production and assembly construction of building components.
XI。 locating shaft
The line that determines the position of the main structure, such as the width or column spacing, depth or span of the building, is called the positioning axis.
Grid lines other than the positioning axis are called positioning lines, which are used to determine the dimensions of modular parts.
Modular grid can adopt uniaxial positioning, biaxial positioning or both, which should be determined comprehensively according to the conditions of architectural design, construction and component production, and continuous modular grid can adopt uniaxial positioning. Two-axis positioning can be used when modular grids need to be spaced to produce intermediate areas. The positioning axis should coincide with the main grid axis. Distance between positioning lines (such as span, column spacing, height, etc.). ) shall conform to the module size to determine the position and elevation of the structure or member. The connection between structural members and plane positioning lines should be conducive to the unification and interchange of horizontal members, beams, slabs, roof trusses, vertical members, walls and columns, and make the structural members bear reasonable forces and simplify the structure. The determination of the positioning line of industrial workshop should comply with the relevant regulations, so as to gradually unify the buildings and components of the workshop and improve the level of design standardization, production industrialization and construction mechanization.
Twelve. Body shape coefficient
The sum of the areas (F↓0) of all faces of the exposed part of the building is divided by the volume (V↓0) of the building, and the value obtained is called the shape coefficient of the building. In order to reduce the heat loss caused by the large area of the free surface of the building envelope, the shape coefficient of the building is limited in the building energy efficiency standard, and the shape coefficient of the house in different areas should be limited within the limited value. Building energy consumption increases with the increase of shape coefficient, and the shape coefficient is smaller, so the energy consumption effect of the building is better.
In order to reduce the shape coefficient of the building, the following points can be adopted in the design:
1. The plane layout of the building is compact, which reduces the convex and concave changes of the external wall, that is, reduces the length of the external wall.
2. Increase the depth of the building.
3. Increase the number of floors in the building.
4. Increase the volume of the building.
Thirteen. zhuzhaishiyongmianji
The actual use area of residential rooms does not include the area of walls, columns and other structural structures and insulation layers. The usable area in the residential suite is equal to the sum of the usable area of each functional space in the suite; The usable area of each functional space is equal to the sum of the horizontal projection areas surrounded by the inner surface of the wall of each functional space.
The calculation of usable area in the suite shall meet the following requirements:
1. The usable area of the suite includes the total usable area of bedroom, living room (hall), kitchen, bathroom, dining room, lobby, aisle, front hall, storage room and wardrobe.
2. Stairs in duplex apartments are included in the usable area according to the sum of usable areas of natural floors;
3 chimneys, ventilation pipes and tube wells are not included in the use area;
4. The indoor usable area is calculated according to the surface size of the structural wall, and if there is a composite insulation layer, it is calculated according to the surface size of the composite insulation layer;
5. When using the space in the sloping roof, the space with the clear height between the lower surface of the roof and the ground below 1.20m is not counted as the usable area; For the space with a clear height of1.20 ~ 2.10m, the usable area is calculated as1/2; All spaces with clear height exceeding 2 2. 10/0m are included in the usable area;
6. The usable area of the sloping roof shall be calculated separately, not included in the usable area of the standard floor and the construction area of the standard floor. When the total construction area needs to be calculated, the use area coefficient of the standard floor should be used for back calculation. The balcony area should be calculated separately according to the projected net area of the structural floor, not included in each set of usable area or construction area.
Fourteen, the use of area coefficient
The usable area coefficient is generally regarded as a technical and economic index of residential building design, which is equal to the total usable area (square meters) divided by the total construction area (square meters), and then multiplied by it, expressed as a percentage.
The larger the use area coefficient, the smaller the public transportation and structural area of landmark buildings, indicating that the use area of buildings is large and the economy of buildings is good. Because of different building types, different building schemes and different building floors, their usable area coefficients are also different. Different building structures and wall materials will also affect the usable area of the building. When evaluating the economic index of a building, whether it is economical or not can not be simply determined by using the area coefficient. The economy of the building should be comprehensively considered according to the specific situation of the building scheme.
Fifteen, the average width of each set.
The value obtained by dividing the length of a residential building unit by the number of families served by the unit is called the average width of each unit. The average width of each set is one of the technical and economic indicators of residential buildings. In the case of a certain building area, the smaller the average width of each set, the greater the depth of the building. 、
Increasing the depth of the building is conducive to saving construction land and building energy conservation. In order to reduce the width of the building, the plane layout of three depths and four depths can be generally adopted in the design of residential buildings to increase the depth of the building. Other residential designs take the form of inner patios and stairs to increase the depth of the building and reduce the width of the building. When evaluating the residential design scheme with the average width of each apartment, the comparison scheme should have basically the same apartment type and construction area in order to be comparable. Otherwise there is no comparability.
The average area of each bedroom and living room with a good orientation is one of the items of economic and technical evaluation of residential buildings.
It is an index to measure the room area of a house that gets sunshine in winter and determine the quality of the house. Adequate indoor sunshine is beneficial to people's physical and mental health. The so-called good orientation guide is East-West 15. Most areas in China face south, and different regions may have different understandings of good orientation because of different geographical locations and climatic conditions. All localities can adjust measures to local conditions and determine the orientation position.
Sixteen. Xing Tao
Complete sets of housing types composed of different use areas and living spaces. The house should be designed according to the layout, and each house should have basic spaces such as bedroom, living room (hall), kitchen and bathroom.
Ordinary residential Xing Tao is divided into one to four categories, and the living area and use area shall not be less than the following provisions:
A type of residence, with 2 living spaces and a usable area of 34 square meters;
Class II residence, with 3 living spaces and a usable area of 45 square meters;
Class III residence, with 3 living spaces and a usable area of 56 square meters;
Four types of apartment, four living spaces, with a usable area of 68 square meters.
The above usable area does not include balcony area. The space of the suite shall meet the following requirements:
1. Bedroom and living room.
1), the bedrooms should not cross each other, and the bedrooms should have direct lighting and natural ventilation, and the use area should not be less than the following provisions. The double bedroom is 10 square meter; Single bedroom 6 square meters; Living room and bedroom 12 m2.
2) The living room (hall) should have direct lighting and natural ventilation, and its use area should not be less than 12 square meters.
3) The layout of the door opening of the living room (hall) should comprehensively consider the functional requirements, and reduce the number of doors that directly open to the living room (hall). The straight line length of the furnished wall of the living room (hall) should be more than 3 meters.
4) The use area of the hall without direct lighting should not be greater than 10 square meter.
2. the kitchen.
1), the usable area of the kitchen shall not be less than the following provisions: the first and second class houses shall be 4 square meters; Three or four types of houses are 5 square meters.
2), the kitchen should have direct lighting, natural ventilation, and should be arranged near the entrance.
3) The kitchen shall be equipped with facilities such as washing pool, counter, cooker, range hood, etc. or reserved positions, which shall be arranged according to the cooking operation flow, and the net length of the operation surface shall not be less than 2 2. 10/0m.
4) The net width of single-row equipment kitchen should not be less than1.50m; The clear distance between two rows of kitchen equipment with double rows of equipment should not be less than 0.90 meters.
3. Bathroom.
1), each house should have a bathroom, and the fourth type of house should have two or more bathrooms. Each house should be equipped with at least three sanitary wares, and the use area of toilets with different sanitary wares combinations should not be less than the following provisions: toilet, bathtub (bathtub or shower) and washbasin are 3 square meters each; 2.50 square meters sanitary ware with toilet and bathtub; Bathroom and washbasin two sanitary ware 2 square meters; Single toilet 1. 10 square meter.
2) The bathroom door without front hall should not be directly opened to the living room (hall) or kitchen.
3) The bathroom should not be directly arranged on the upper floor of the bedroom, living room (hall) and kitchen of the lower-level residents, but can be arranged on the upper floor of the bedroom, living room (hall) and kitchen of this suite; And should have waterproof, sound insulation and easy maintenance measures.
4) The position of the washing machine should be set in the set.